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Volume 13
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Land, Volume 13, Issue 10 (October 2024) – 38 articles

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23 pages, 54003 KiB  
Article
Identification of Ecological Compensation Zones and Compensation Amounts: A Case Study of the Yellow River Delta
by Qingchun Guan, Hui Li, Chengyang Guan, Junwen Chen and Yanguo Fan
Land 2024, 13(10), 1582; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101582 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2024
Abstract
Accurately identifying ecological compensation areas and scientifically determining appropriate compensation amounts are crucial for establishing a robust ecological compensation mechanism, which in turn is key to promoting the coordinated development of ecological protection and high-quality economic growth. This study innovatively proposes a framework [...] Read more.
Accurately identifying ecological compensation areas and scientifically determining appropriate compensation amounts are crucial for establishing a robust ecological compensation mechanism, which in turn is key to promoting the coordinated development of ecological protection and high-quality economic growth. This study innovatively proposes a framework for ecological compensation termed “Accounting of Ecosystem Services Value–Identification of Priorities for Payers and Recipients–Calculation of Ecological Compensation Amount (ESV–PPR–ECA)”. It utilizes the InVEST model and the emergy method to assess the value of ecosystem services, constructs the Ecosystem Payment and Recipient Priority Sequence (EPRPS) Model to identify the payers, recipients, and their priorities for ecological compensation, and employs the conversion factor method to calculate the Ecological Compensation Amount (ECA). This framework aims to address the questions of “How should compensation be provided?”, “Who should compensate whom?”, and “How much compensation is necessary?”, ensuring the optimal use of ecological compensation funds and providing a scientific basis for inter-regional ecological compensation. The study’s findings indicate that the total Ecological Compensation Amount for the Yellow River Delta in 2020 was 3.848 billion RMB, with the total amount receivable being 4.032 billion RMB and the total amount payable being 184 million RMB. The compensation funds should be prioritized for tideland and the Yellow River, and venture, cropland and industrial land should be the first to contribute compensation. Additionally, the Ecosystem Service Value of the Yellow River Delta showed a declining trend from 2015 to 2020, underscoring the urgent need to establish a horizontal compensation mechanism for the region. Such a mechanism would incentivize environmental protection and the construction of ecological civilization, ultimately enhancing ecosystem service functions. Therefore, we recommend the implementation of horizontal fiscal transfers, where financial assistance is provided from paying areas to recipient areas, offering a scientific reference for the establishment of a horizontal compensation mechanism within the Yellow River Delta. Full article
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21 pages, 2001 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Impact of Long-Term Demographic Changes on Local Participation in Italian Rural Policies (2014–2020): A Spatial Autoregressive Econometric Model
by Francesco Mantino, Giovanna De Fano and Gianluca Asaro
Land 2024, 13(10), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101581 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2024
Abstract
This study elaborates on a typology of demographic change and tests this definition at the lowest granular level (LAU2, municipality) with official data. This typology distinguishes between fragile and resilient municipalities based on population dynamics (in terms of duration and intensity) over 1991–2021. [...] Read more.
This study elaborates on a typology of demographic change and tests this definition at the lowest granular level (LAU2, municipality) with official data. This typology distinguishes between fragile and resilient municipalities based on population dynamics (in terms of duration and intensity) over 1991–2021. This study’s second aim is to elaborate a spatial autoregressive econometric model to evaluate to what extent and in which direction the rate of participation of potential beneficiaries of the Rural Development Programmes (RDPs) of 2014–2020 is affected by demographic change and other explanatory variables. Regression models compare the results of the OLS (aspatial) and spatial autoregressive models (SAR) of four types of participation rates (all RDP schemes; all LEADER schemes; sectoral schemes of RDP and LEADER; non-sectoral schemes of RDPs and LEADER). This comparison makes it possible to understand the differences between centralised and decentralised management and between sectoral and broader rural-targeted schemes. The results of the models appear attractive in interpreting the role of RDP instruments in different regions and local areas. First, the rate of participation is strongly dependent on macro-regional differences. Regarding the demographic factors at the local level, this study highlights that demographic fragility does not necessarily hamper the use of RDP measures. Conversely, the participation rate in RDP policy schemes seems particularly significant in very fragile areas, whereas significance has yet to be proved in other demographic typologies. This result holds particularly true for the policy uptake of non-sectoral schemes. Furthermore, LEADER decentralised interventions fit the fragile areas more than resilient and vital ones due to the territorially targeted approach followed by the Local Action Groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territorial Impact Analysis of Rural Policies: Approaches, Methods and Results from a Multidisciplinary Point of View)
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18 pages, 21612 KiB  
Article
Establishing a Landslide Traces Inventory for the Baota District, Yan’an City, China, Using High-Resolution Satellite Images
by Sen Zhang, Chong Xu, Zhenjiang Meng, Tao Li, Chao Li, Yuandong Huang, Xiaoyi Shao, Liye Feng, Penghan Luo and Changyou Luo
Land 2024, 13(10), 1580; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101580 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2024
Viewed by 77
Abstract
The Baota District of Yan’an City, located in the Loess Plateau, is an important patriotic education base in China. The region’s fragile geological environment and frequent geological disasters pose significant threats to the production and livelihood of residents. Establishing a landslide traces inventory [...] Read more.
The Baota District of Yan’an City, located in the Loess Plateau, is an important patriotic education base in China. The region’s fragile geological environment and frequent geological disasters pose significant threats to the production and livelihood of residents. Establishing a landslide traces inventory can provide crucial assistance for studying regional land disaster distribution patterns and implementing disaster prevention and mitigation measures. However, the Baota District has not yet established a comprehensive and detailed landslide traces inventory, resulting in a lack of clear understanding and comprehensive knowledge regarding the threats and impacts of landslide disasters in the area. Therefore, this study employed high-resolution satellite images, applying a human–computer interactive visual interpretation method in conjunction with field survey verifications, to develop the most detailed and comprehensive landslide traces inventory for the Baota District to date. The results indicate that within the 3556 km2 area of the Baota District, there are 73,324 landslide traces, with an average landslide density of 20.62 km-2 and a total landslide area of 769.12 km2, accounting for 21.63% of the total land area. These landslides are relatively evenly distributed throughout the district, with a higher concentration in the east compared to the west. Most of the landslides are small in size. This study can support disaster prevention and mitigation efforts in the Baota District and serve as a reference for establishing landslide inventories in other regions of the Loess Plateau. Full article
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15 pages, 3968 KiB  
Article
Crown Width–Tree Height Models for Magnolia grandiflora, Prunus cerasifera, and Acer negundo Growing in Cities in Northeastern Greece
by Styliani Chatziathanasiou, Kyriaki Kitikidou and Elias Milios
Land 2024, 13(10), 1579; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101579 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2024
Viewed by 73
Abstract
The objective of this study is the development of crown width–tree height (CW-H) models in cities in northeastern Greece, for better urban vegetation management. In the cities of Kavala, Xanthi, Komotini, Alexadroupolis, and Orestiada, in total, 700 trees of Magnolia grandiflora [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is the development of crown width–tree height (CW-H) models in cities in northeastern Greece, for better urban vegetation management. In the cities of Kavala, Xanthi, Komotini, Alexadroupolis, and Orestiada, in total, 700 trees of Magnolia grandiflora L., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh., and Acer negundo L. were selected. For each selected tree, the total height as well as the minimum and maximum crown diameter were measured, and the average of the minimum and maximum diameter was considered the crown width. The selected CW-H models exhibit satisfactory R2 values of 0.60 and above. There is not a common pattern in the value order (or rank) of R2 among the M. grandiflora, P. cerasifera, and A. negundo CW-H models in the studied cities. A medium-sized tree such as M. grandiflora, a small-medium sized tree such as A. negundo, and a shrub or small tree such as P. cerasifera did not exhibit substantial differences in estimated and observed crown widths. The results of this study will increase our understanding of CW-H allometries. The main use of these models will be in the selection of the proper above-ground spacing of tree lines and in the spatial planning of a tree’s establishment so that no problems arise from its proximity to infrastructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Evaluation of Terrestrial Ecosystems in the Mediterranean, Temperate and Tropical Climates)
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23 pages, 5661 KiB  
Article
The Renewal of Lost Space under Overpasses in Chengdu City Based on Residents’ Requirements for Cultural Services: The Case of the Longtan Overpass
by Xiaoping Zhang, Xiaoyu Gan, Ying Huang and Zhuoting Jiang
Land 2024, 13(10), 1578; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101578 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2024
Viewed by 135
Abstract
In modern urban development, utilizing the space under overpasses (SUO) contributes to connecting the cityscape and facilitating the transformation of SUO into a public urban space. However, existing studies sometimes fail to properly take into account user requirements, resulting in the neglect of [...] Read more.
In modern urban development, utilizing the space under overpasses (SUO) contributes to connecting the cityscape and facilitating the transformation of SUO into a public urban space. However, existing studies sometimes fail to properly take into account user requirements, resulting in the neglect of the SUO by the population. The solutions proposed are based on the assumption that the SUO can be renewed, but there is no thorough evaluation methodology to determine if the current state of the SUO can be renewed and in which areas it needs renewal. In this research, all the overpasses within the Third Ring Road in Chengdu are taken as samples. Based on cultural ecosystem services (CES) and external spatial quality (ESQ), an evaluation system for the renewal potential of SUO was established and the overpass with the most potential for regeneration was selected: the Longtan Overpass. Further, the KANO model was used to explore the categories of residents’ requirements for indicators of CES in the space under Longtan Overpass, so as to propose targeted renewal strategies. This study found a positive correlation between the satisfaction of residents living near Longtan Overpass and the natural aesthetics and facade landscape of the SUO. It also suggests that enhancing cultural service indicators such as sports, human aesthetics, customs and humanities, and geographical history can improve the attractiveness of the SUO. This study also found that quantitatively assessing the value of SUO through ecosystem cultural services is feasible, which provides new ideas and methods for updating SUO. These findings help urban designers understand how people feel. Full article
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15 pages, 5324 KiB  
Article
Empirical Analysis on the Mechanism of Industrial Park Driving Urban Expansion: A Case Study of Xining City
by Ming Tian, Zhuo He, Jinpeng Wei and Yicong Tian
Land 2024, 13(10), 1577; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101577 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 135
Abstract
Taking Xining City as an example, this article analyzes the mechanism by which industrial park construction drives the expansion of urban population size and built-up area, based on a review of the process of industrial park development and urban population growth. It also [...] Read more.
Taking Xining City as an example, this article analyzes the mechanism by which industrial park construction drives the expansion of urban population size and built-up area, based on a review of the process of industrial park development and urban population growth. It also discusses future urban governance models in light of urban development trends. The research finds: (1) In the process of urban development, industrial park construction is often the initial factor in the cumulative and cyclical development of a city; (2) As the level of development improves and the mode of economic growth changes, the government should timely adjust its strategies, shifting from the expansion of industrial park construction towards structural optimization and quality improvement. The most significant difference from previous research is that this paper emphasizes the importance of government planning. This study can not only demonstrate the general process of industrial parks promoting urban expansion, but more importantly, it explains the fundamental reasons for the transition of urban expansion to adjustment from a mechanism perspective, thereby eliminating the drawbacks of simply predicting urban scale evolution through data models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Transitions and Dynamics: Cultural, Ecological, Digital and Degrowth)
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16 pages, 3729 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Factors Shaping Urban Greenspace Interactions: A Case Study of Nagpur, India
by Shruti Ashish Lahoti, Shalini Dhyani and Osamu Saito
Land 2024, 13(10), 1576; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101576 - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 131
Abstract
This study aims to investigate how urban residents interact with Urban Green Spaces (UGSs) in Nagpur, India, specifically focusing on the patterns of visitation and engagement. Data were collected via a face-to-face questionnaire survey using the Survey 123 app. The analysis included interaction [...] Read more.
This study aims to investigate how urban residents interact with Urban Green Spaces (UGSs) in Nagpur, India, specifically focusing on the patterns of visitation and engagement. Data were collected via a face-to-face questionnaire survey using the Survey 123 app. The analysis included interaction (types of UGSs, visitation frequency, and UGS availability); engagement (activities); demographics (age, gender, and work status); and nature connection (self-reported) aspects. Using data from 2002 participants, the study employs statistical analyses using R software (4.3.2) to explore the correlations between these variables. The results revealed key factors influencing UGS usage, highlighting the interplay between environmental and social aspects. Neighborhood UGSs, proximity, and accessibility were found to be pivotal in promoting frequent visitation, while physical activity emerged as the most common activity among daily visitors. Older adults visited UGSs less frequently, suggesting potential barriers, while employed individuals visited more often. A strong association between nature connection and UGS interaction was highlighted, emphasizing the psychological and emotional aspects of UGS usage. For example, individuals who felt more connected to nature reported using UGSs for physical activities, mental relaxation, and socializing. These findings underscore the need for integrating UGSs within broader urban social-ecological systems, which means recognizing these spaces as vital components contributing to overall health and resilience and catering to the population’s diverse needs, ensuring that these spaces are accessible and enjoyable for all community members, including those from different cultural, age, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Additionally, fostering nature connectedness through education and exposure to natural environments is recommended to enhance UGS usage, supporting broader urban planning strategies to create sustainable and healthy urban environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers for Land Planning and Landscape Architecture Section)
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15 pages, 17890 KiB  
Article
Effects of Land Cover Changes on Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Using SlideforMAP Software (Mt. Nerone, Italy)
by Ilenia Murgia, Alessandro Vitali, Filippo Giadrossich, Enrico Tonelli, Lorena Baglioni, Denis Cohen, Massimiliano Schwarz and Carlo Urbinati
Land 2024, 13(10), 1575; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101575 - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 159
Abstract
Land cover changes in mountainous areas due to silvo-pastoral abandonment can affect soil stability, especially on steep slopes. In addition, the increase in rainfall intensity in recent decades requires re-assessing landslide susceptibility and vegetation management for soil protection. This study was carried out [...] Read more.
Land cover changes in mountainous areas due to silvo-pastoral abandonment can affect soil stability, especially on steep slopes. In addition, the increase in rainfall intensity in recent decades requires re-assessing landslide susceptibility and vegetation management for soil protection. This study was carried out using the software SlideforMAP in the Mt. Nerone massif (central Italy) to assess (i) the effects of land cover changes on slope stability over the past 70 years (1954–2021) and (ii) the role of actual vegetation cover during intense rainfall events. The study area has undergone a significant change in vegetation cover over the years, with a reduction in mainly pastures (−80%) and croplands (−22%) land cover classes in favor of broadleaf forests (+64%). We simulated twelve scenarios, combining land cover conditions and rainfall intensities, and analyzed the landslide failure probability results. Vegetation cover significantly increased the slope stability, up to three to four times compared to the unvegetated areas (29%, 68%, and 89%, respectively, in the no cover, 1954, and 2021 scenarios). The current land cover provided protection against landslide susceptibility, even during extreme rainfall events, for different return periods. The 30-year return period was a critical condition for a significant stability reduction. In addition, forest species provide different mitigation effects due to their root system features. The results showed that species with deep root systems, such as oaks, provide more effective slope stability than other species, such as pines. This study helps to quantify the mitigation effects of vegetation cover and suggests that physically based probabilistic models can be used at the regional scale to detect the areas prone to failure and the triggering of rainfall-induced shallow landslides. This approach can be important in land planning and management to mitigate risks in mountainous regions. Full article
17 pages, 7405 KiB  
Article
Association between Land Use and Urban Vitality in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area: A Multiscale Study
by Cefang Deng, Dailin Zhou, Yiming Wang, Jie Wu and Zhe Yin
Land 2024, 13(10), 1574; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101574 - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 137
Abstract
Urban vitality, which indicates the development level of a city and the quality of life of its residents, is a complex subject in urban research due to its diverse assessment methods and intricate impact mechanisms. This study uses multisource data to evaluate the [...] Read more.
Urban vitality, which indicates the development level of a city and the quality of life of its residents, is a complex subject in urban research due to its diverse assessment methods and intricate impact mechanisms. This study uses multisource data to evaluate the urban vitality of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) across social, economic, cultural, and environmental dimensions. It analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of urban vitality and examines the relationships between urban vitality and land use at both regional and city scales. The results indicate that the urban vitality in the GBA generally exhibits a spatial distribution pattern of a high central density and a low peripheral spread, where built-up areas and cropland emerge as key influencing factors. Cities with different developmental backgrounds have unique relationships between land use and urban vitality. In high-vitality cities, the role of the built-up area diminishes, and natural ecosystems, such as wetlands, enhance vitality. In contrast, in low-vitality cities, built-up areas boost urban vitality, and agriculture-related land types exert a lower negative or even positive effect. This research contributes to the understanding of the spatial structures of urban vitality related to land use at different scales and offers insights for urban planners, builders, and development managers in formulating targeted urban vitality enhancement strategies at the regional collaborative and city levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning and Designing Livable and Sustainable Regions: Integrating Urban and Regional Perspectives)
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18 pages, 2400 KiB  
Article
A Case Study of Story Mapping, Neighborhood Change, and Community Assets of Ballpark, Salt Lake City
by Ivis García, Anthony Biamont and Jacob Klopfenstein
Land 2024, 13(10), 1573; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101573 - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 172
Abstract
Gentrification and displacement of low-income and minority families is a frequently discussed phenomenon when it comes to community planning. To best address and redistribute resources for these neighborhoods, needs assessments are often conducted to identify the problem areas, such as crime, poverty, and [...] Read more.
Gentrification and displacement of low-income and minority families is a frequently discussed phenomenon when it comes to community planning. To best address and redistribute resources for these neighborhoods, needs assessments are often conducted to identify the problem areas, such as crime, poverty, and abandoned infrastructure. Although needs assessments are a great starting point, they often neglect the hand of valuable community assets that should be preserved when engaging with gentrifying neighborhoods. To engage in these neighborhoods, researchers, governments, non-profits, and redevelopment corporations are more often turning to an asset-based community development approach (ABCD) pioneered by Kretzmann and McKnight (1993). This ABCD approach utilizes an asset mapping technique to identify and better understand the present strengths of a community. This was an approach taken by researchers to assist in the Salt Lake City’s (SLC) initiatives to document the city’s transformation and potentially preserve assets for their plan, called “Thriving in Place: A SLC Anti-displacement Strategy”. Asset mapping includes surveying and plotting resources both physical and non-physical, such as sustainable food sources, churches, schools, relationships, social networks, and individuals. The product of the asset map was an ArcGIS StoryMap—which is a GIS-based map that can be used for storytelling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space)
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20 pages, 57658 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Landscape Ecological Risk and Its Driving Factors for the Ebinur Lake Basin from 1985 to 2022
by Ayinigaer Adili, Biao Wu, Jiayu Chen, Na Wu, Yongxiao Ge and Jilili Abuduwaili
Land 2024, 13(10), 1572; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101572 - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 165
Abstract
The Ebinur Lake Basin (ELB), which is a typical watershed in an arid region, has an extremely delicate natural ecosystem. Rapid urbanisation and economic growth have triggered substantial ecological and environmental transformations in this key economic hub of Xinjiang. However, a comprehensive and [...] Read more.
The Ebinur Lake Basin (ELB), which is a typical watershed in an arid region, has an extremely delicate natural ecosystem. Rapid urbanisation and economic growth have triggered substantial ecological and environmental transformations in this key economic hub of Xinjiang. However, a comprehensive and systematic knowledge of the evolving ecological conditions in the ELB remains limited. Therefore, this study modelled the landscape ecological risk index (LERI) using land use/land cover (LULC) data from 1985 to 2022 and assessed the drivers of landscape ecological risk (LER) using a geographical detector model (GDM). The findings revealed that (1) from 1985 to 2022, the construction land, cropland, and forestland areas in the ELB increased, whereas those of water bodies, grasslands, and barren land decreased. (2) Between 1985 and 2022, LER in the ELB showed a downward trend. Spatially, LER was predominantly characterised by lower and lowest risk levels. The higher and highest risk status has been around Ebinur lake and has continued to improve each year. (3) Climatic factors, particularly temperature and precipitation, were identified as the most significant drivers of the LER change from 1985 to 2022. The findings provide crucial scientific knowledge for advancing sustainable development and maintaining ecological security in the ELB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Landscape Ecology)
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23 pages, 17851 KiB  
Article
Unraveling Projected Changes in Spatiotemporal Patterns and Drought Events across Mainland China Using CMIP6 Models and an Intensity–Area–Duration Algorithm
by Jinping Liu, Junchao Wu, Sk Ajim Ali, Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh, Yanqun Ren and Masoud Jafari Shalamzari
Land 2024, 13(10), 1571; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101571 - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 154
Abstract
In the context of global warming, temperature increases have led to frequent drought events and a sharp increase in economic losses and social risks. In this study, five medium- and high-emission scenario models, the SSP245 and SSP585, CMIP6 monthly scale temperature and precipitation [...] Read more.
In the context of global warming, temperature increases have led to frequent drought events and a sharp increase in economic losses and social risks. In this study, five medium- and high-emission scenario models, the SSP245 and SSP585, CMIP6 monthly scale temperature and precipitation datasets under different global warming contexts (1.5 °C and 2 °C), and the 1984–2014 weather station observations were selected. The latter dataset was used to improve the ability of the CMIP6 to simulate surface drought accuracy. A standardized precipitation–evapotranspiration index dataset was generated. The latest intensity–area–duration framework was adopted to identify regional drought events by considering their continuity and spatial dynamic characteristics. The parameters of intensity, area, and duration were used to characterize the dynamic evolution of drought events. Under the medium- to high-emission scenario model, with a continuous increase in global temperature to 1.5 °C, in the southeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) and southern Xinjiang (XJ) there is a significant increase in intensity, extent, and duration of drought events and some drought exacerbation in northeastern China. Under the high-emission SSP585 scenario model, the severity of these drought events is reduced when compared with the SSP245 scenario model, but this also shows an increasing trend, especially with the 2 °C global warming background. Significant drought aggravation trends were observed in southern XJ, northern QTP, and northern Northwest. In contrast, a small but significant drought-weakening trend was observed in southwestern south China. The results of this study provide a reference for society and government departments to make decisions in response to future drought events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating 30 Years of International Day against Desertification, and Drought)
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20 pages, 933 KiB  
Article
The Interconnectedness of Land–Crops–Livestock and Environmental Quality in Emerging Asian Economies: Challenges of Agriculturalization and Carbonization
by Abdul Rehman, Recep Ulucak, Hengyun Ma, Jing Ding and Junguo Hua
Land 2024, 13(10), 1570; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101570 - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 166
Abstract
The release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is a major contributor to global warming, endangering both human and nonhuman well-being, environmental integrity, economic development, and the planet’s long-term survival. This study delves into the interplay between crop production, livestock production, fertilizer utilization, and agricultural [...] Read more.
The release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is a major contributor to global warming, endangering both human and nonhuman well-being, environmental integrity, economic development, and the planet’s long-term survival. This study delves into the interplay between crop production, livestock production, fertilizer utilization, and agricultural land usage on CO2 emissions in four Asian economies: China, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Employing panel data analysis techniques, the research uncovers the significant impacts of various agricultural activities on environmental degradation. The findings derived from the panel autoregressive distributed lag (PARDL) estimation reveal that crop production in these emerging economies contributes to CO2 emissions, as evidenced by the positive coefficients and statistically significant results. Similarly, livestock production and agricultural land used for crop production exhibit a substantial impact on CO2 emissions, further highlighting their role in environmental degradation. While fertilizer usage also displays a positive coefficient, its impact on CO2 emissions is not statistically significant. The results of our study highlight the critical importance of addressing the environmental impacts of agricultural practices, particularly in emerging economies. Crop and livestock production, along with the expansion of agricultural land, significantly contribute to CO2 emissions, which underscores the urgent need for sustainable agricultural practices. These findings suggest that policymakers should prioritize the development and implementation of strategies that mitigate the environmental impacts of agriculture. This could include promoting sustainable land management practices, investing in technology that reduces emissions from crop and livestock production, and encouraging the adoption of eco-friendly fertilizers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability)
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14 pages, 3987 KiB  
Article
Wood Energy and Rural Planning: An Analysis of Land Use Policies in the Siting and Regulation of Forest-Based Bioenergy Technologies
by Sarah Mittlefehldt, Erin Bunting, Joseph Welsh, Emily Silver, Mya Curth, Mari McClure and Bradley Neumann
Land 2024, 13(10), 1569; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101569 - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 177
Abstract
Land use regulations have played a critical role in the siting and operation of renewable energy technologies. While there is a growing literature on the siting of wind and solar technologies, less is known about the relationship between local codes and planning decisions [...] Read more.
Land use regulations have played a critical role in the siting and operation of renewable energy technologies. While there is a growing literature on the siting of wind and solar technologies, less is known about the relationship between local codes and planning decisions and the development of wood-based bioenergy technologies, particularly in rural places. This research examines the relationship between local land use policies and the siting and operation of different types of wood-based bioenergy technologies in northern Michigan, USA. Land use codes including zoning laws and ordinances related to wood-burning devices from 506 cities, townships, and villages within 36 counties in northern Michigan were combined with US Census data in a GIS database. ArcGIS was used to examine geographical differences between communities and socioeconomic factors related to different regulatory approaches. We found that areas with greater population densities and higher income and education levels tended to have more nuanced land use codes related to all scales of wood-burning, including residential wood heating, commercial-scale heating, and power generation. This paper emphasizes the importance of local decision-making and land use policies in shaping the development of wood-based energy technologies, and suggests the need for greater attention to rural community dynamics in planning the shift to a lower-carbon economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land Environmental and Policy Impact Assessment)
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19 pages, 13402 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Ecosystem Services Value in Laos between 2000 and 2020
by Jun Ma, Jinliang Wang, Jianpeng Zhang, Suling He, Lanfang Liu and Xuzheng Zhong
Land 2024, 13(10), 1568; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101568 - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 183
Abstract
Land use and land cover changes significantly affect the function and value of ecosystem services (ES). Exploring the spatial correspondence between changes in land cover and ES is conducive to optimizing the land use structure and increasing regional coordinated development. Thus, this study [...] Read more.
Land use and land cover changes significantly affect the function and value of ecosystem services (ES). Exploring the spatial correspondence between changes in land cover and ES is conducive to optimizing the land use structure and increasing regional coordinated development. Thus, this study aimed to examine changes in land use and land cover (30 × 30 m) in Laos between 2000 and 2020 and their effects on ecosystem services value (ESV) using the Global Surface Cover Database land use data for 2000 to 2020, ArcGIS technology, and the table of Costanza’s value coefficients. The study results indicated that forest (79.5%), cultivated land (10.6%), and grassland (8.3%) were the dominant land use types in Laos over the past two decades. The forest area decreased significantly, while there were increases in other land types, and the forest was transformed into cultivated land and grassland. ES in Laos was valued at about USD 140–150 billion, with forest contributing the most, followed by cultivated land and grassland. ESV over the last two decades in Laos has increased by USD 3.94 million. Large values were assigned to regulating services (40%) and supporting services (14%). The ESV of food production, soil formation, and water supply increased, and the ESV of climate regulation, genetic resources, and erosion control decreased. In addition, the elasticity value of artificial surfaces was more prominent, with a more evident impact on ESV. For future development, Laos should rationally plan land resources, develop sustainable industries, maintain the dynamic balance of second-category ESV, and achieve sustainable economic and ecological development. This study provides a scientific basis for revealing changes in ESV in Laos over the past two decades, maintaining the stability and sustainable development of the environment in Laos, and realizing the sustainable use and efficient management of the local environmental resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Remote Sensing and GIS for Monitoring Land Use Change and Its Ecological Effects)
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16 pages, 7347 KiB  
Article
Wetlands in Crisis: The Silent Desertification Threat on the Greek Wetlands
by Anastasios Zotos, Ioannis P. Kokkoris, Ioannis Charalampopoulos, Eleni S. Bekri and Panayotis Dimopoulos
Land 2024, 13(10), 1567; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101567 - 26 Sep 2024
Viewed by 475
Abstract
This study deals with the information gap on desertification risk for wetland habitat types in Natura 2000 network sites of Greece. Using the Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) index as a proxy, all Natura 2000 wetland habitat types have been assessed and assigned to [...] Read more.
This study deals with the information gap on desertification risk for wetland habitat types in Natura 2000 network sites of Greece. Using the Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) index as a proxy, all Natura 2000 wetland habitat types have been assessed and assigned to desertification risk categories. The assessment was conducted at the national, regional, and local scales in order to provide different outcomes for targeted support on decision and policy making regarding restoration and conservation measures. The main results document that circa 20% of wetland habitat types area are considered under desertification risk, while circa 10% are considered as potentially affected by desertification. It was also shown that there should be prioritization of the habitat types that need attention due to their inclusion in the different desertification risk categories. The study also highlights the administrative regions (NUTS2) and Natura 2000 sites and the need to structure, draft, and implement conservation projects to mitigate wetlands’ risk as well as the use of wetlands as primary nature-based solutions (NbS) in the battle with desertification and climate change. Management implications are also provided from the perspective of habitat restoration as well as for their exploitation as valuable NbS for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services maintenance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soils and Land Management under Climate Change)
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20 pages, 4537 KiB  
Article
Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Carbon Storage in Rapidly Urbanizing Shenzhen, China: Insights and Predictions
by Chunxiao Wang, Mingqian Li, Xuefei Wang, Mengting Deng, Yulian Wu and Wuyang Hong
Land 2024, 13(10), 1566; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101566 - 26 Sep 2024
Viewed by 217
Abstract
Rapid urbanization in developing countries leads to significant land-use and land-cover change (LULCC), which contributes to increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the degradation of carbon storage. Studying spatio-temporal changes in carbon storage is crucial for guiding sustainable urban development toward [...] Read more.
Rapid urbanization in developing countries leads to significant land-use and land-cover change (LULCC), which contributes to increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the degradation of carbon storage. Studying spatio-temporal changes in carbon storage is crucial for guiding sustainable urban development toward carbon neutrality. This study integrates machine-learning random forest algorithm, CA–Markov, and InVEST models to predict carbon storage distribution in Shenzhen, China, under various scenarios. The findings indicate that, over the past two decades, Shenzhen has experienced significant land-use changes. The transformation from high- to low-carbon-density land uses, particularly the conversion of forestland to construction land, is the primary cause of carbon storage loss. Forestland is mainly influenced by natural factors, such as digital elevation model (DEM) and precipitation, while other land-use and land-cover (LULC) types are predominantly affected by socio-economic and demographic factors. By 2030, carbon storage is projected to vary significantly across different development scenarios, with the greatest decline expected under the natural development scenario (NDS) and the least under the ecological priority scenario (EPS). The RF-CA–Markov model outperforms the traditional CA–Markov model in accurately simulating land use, particularly for small and scattered land-use types. Our conclusions can inform future low-carbon city development and land-use optimization. Full article
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18 pages, 9663 KiB  
Article
Research on the Evaluation System for Agricultural Land Consolidation and Ecological Restoration Projects Based on Nature-Based Solutions
by Chenbo Wei, Yueqi Song, Longhao Liu, Huihui Zheng, Yishan Wang, Meng Mao and Yan Xu
Land 2024, 13(10), 1565; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101565 - 26 Sep 2024
Viewed by 237
Abstract
Traditional agricultural land consolidation and ecological restoration measures can address the challenges faced by agricultural land in the short term, but they often overlook the ecological benefits of the land and human well-being. Here, while emphasizing foreseeable project outcomes, we define a conceptual [...] Read more.
Traditional agricultural land consolidation and ecological restoration measures can address the challenges faced by agricultural land in the short term, but they often overlook the ecological benefits of the land and human well-being. Here, while emphasizing foreseeable project outcomes, we define a conceptual framework of Agricultural Land Consolidation and Ecological Restoration through Nature-based Solutions (ALC&ER-NbS) from three dimensions: ecological sustainability, economic viability, and human well-being, integrating the NbS concept with engineering project evaluation. Our study establishes 8 guidelines and 27 indicators, including scientific restoration, ecological connectivity, biodiversity enrichment, economic feasibility, public participation, benefit coordination, dynamic monitoring, and the promotion of successful cases. This results in an evaluation checklist covering 63 engineering and management details throughout the entire project design life cycle. By using a self-assessment tool for quantifying compatibility, the aim is to quickly verify the project’s degree of adaptation. This study is significant as it introduces a comprehensive evaluation system that not only addresses ecological and economic challenges but also prioritizes human well-being, distinguishing it from previous research. The innovative integration of NbS into agricultural land consolidation ensures sustainable development and offers a new approach for enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services. Full article
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21 pages, 12547 KiB  
Article
From Solo to Cluster Governance: An Empirical Study of Transforming Rural Management in Guiyang, China
by Hailing Liu, Wenjun Fan, Xiaoyu Zhou, Yuting Wang, Chengcheng Yuan and Liming Liu
Land 2024, 13(10), 1564; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101564 - 26 Sep 2024
Viewed by 215
Abstract
As China shifts from urbanization to rural revitalization within its rural governance strategy, devising appropriate governance programs becomes crucial for the effective implementation of overarching strategies. This paper explores the policy pathway of the rural revitalization strategy via the lens of village relational [...] Read more.
As China shifts from urbanization to rural revitalization within its rural governance strategy, devising appropriate governance programs becomes crucial for the effective implementation of overarching strategies. This paper explores the policy pathway of the rural revitalization strategy via the lens of village relational governance. This paper builds a relational network of village governance using the Newtonian gravity model and proposes an effective relational governance policy by analyzing the impact of village cluster patterns under different policy rules. Empirical research was conducted in Guiyang County, Hunan Province, China. The findings of this paper are as follows. (1) Rural development in Guiyang County heavily relies on location advantages and natural resources, and there is an urgent need to reinvent the path of rural governance to foster potential rural clusters. (2) A comparative analysis of the relational networks shows that the assignment-based network has more high-clustering groups and fewer low-clustering clusters than the merit-based network, and it has more cluster types, resulting in a more balanced and diverse network structure. In contrast, the merit-based network has fewer cluster types and tends to have a centralized structure. (3) The assignment-type network has greater advantages in terms of agricultural productivity, preserving local culture, and protecting the environment. Simultaneously, its network path has the potential to boost the intrinsic vitality of rural areas and attract more groups to contribute to its development. This path is feasible due to the high level of organization within the Chinese villages. Consequently, this study recommends that the county government should actively decentralize power to villages and grant villages equal development rights to encourage villages to build network clusters with unique competitive advantages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural–Urban Gradients: Landscape and Nature Conservation II)
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19 pages, 2301 KiB  
Article
Do Differences in Modes of Production Affect the Ability of Ecological Restoration Projects to Improve Local Livelihoods?
by Bei Xiao, Dongying Zhang and Renjun Li
Land 2024, 13(10), 1563; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101563 - 26 Sep 2024
Viewed by 266
Abstract
Large ecological restoration projects have been widely implemented across the world since the 20th century, yielding complex ecological, economic, and social results. Today, balancing ecological restoration with local people’s livelihoods is a key issue. Based on the existing literature, this study proposes a [...] Read more.
Large ecological restoration projects have been widely implemented across the world since the 20th century, yielding complex ecological, economic, and social results. Today, balancing ecological restoration with local people’s livelihoods is a key issue. Based on the existing literature, this study proposes a “shock adaptation” mechanism to describe the response of rural residents’ livelihoods to the impact of ecological restoration projects. We hypothesize that adaptability varies across the modes of production. To verify our hypothesis, we used the machine-learning-based local projection (LP) method to analyze China’s Three-North Shelter Forest Program (TNSFP), with data for 596 counties from 2001 to 2020. After the TNSFP started, rural residents’ income dropped, rose, and then exceeded the starting point over 8 years. Moreover, significant heterogeneity exists between agricultural and pastoral areas. Agricultural areas recover faster and improve livelihoods, while pastoral areas take longer to bounce back. The results confirmed the “shock adaptation” mechanism and suggested the importance of the mode of production. Policymakers should add more social–ecological indicators to their evaluation systems, allow local communities more self-management, and offer extra help to those struggling to recover from shocks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Solutions for Land Degradation and Its Socio-Economic Impact in Rural and Peri-Urban Areas: Looking Back and into the Future)
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18 pages, 1747 KiB  
Article
Exploring Farmers’ Perspectives on Ecosystem Degradation and Restoration in Southern Hilly Regions of China
by Chang You, Chunqian Jiang and En Liu
Land 2024, 13(10), 1562; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101562 - 26 Sep 2024
Viewed by 215
Abstract
Ecosystem degradation has become a significant global environmental issue. Particularly in the south hilly regions, the necessity for ecological restoration is increasingly evident. This study takes Shiyan City in Hubei Province as an example and adopts a combination of extensive questionnaire surveys and [...] Read more.
Ecosystem degradation has become a significant global environmental issue. Particularly in the south hilly regions, the necessity for ecological restoration is increasingly evident. This study takes Shiyan City in Hubei Province as an example and adopts a combination of extensive questionnaire surveys and field interviews to deeply analyze farmers’ perceptions of the factors influencing ecosystem degradation and restoration. This research fills a gap in current studies at the local level. The results show that (1) farmers generally believe that government policy support and natural resource protection are crucial in ecological restoration, with an average score of 4.4, indicating a strong willingness to participate. (2) There is a significant positive relationship among human consciousness, social governance, and government regulation. Human consciousness not only directly enhances the level of social governance but also promotes the effectiveness of government regulation through social governance. (3) The positive impact between economic benefits and the green economy is confirmed, indicating that ecological restoration is not only an environmental protection requirement but also creates economic development opportunities for farmers. This study emphasizes the importance of constructing a multi-party participation strategy for ecological restoration. Policymakers should focus on the combination of environmental education, policy support, and economic incentives to stimulate farmers’ enthusiasm and achieve sustainable ecosystem management. This research not only provides a theoretical basis for local ecological restoration practices but also offers an important reference for promoting regional sustainable development. By emphasizing the win–win relationship between ecological restoration and economic development, this study provides important new perspectives for the design and implementation of future ecological policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystem Services and Residents’ Perceptions: Integrating and Innovating across Disciplinary Perspectives)
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22 pages, 4747 KiB  
Article
Integrating Ecosystem Services and Health into Landscape Functional Zoning: A Case Study of the Jinan Southern Mountainous Area, China
by Kai Li, Ying Hou, Ruhong Xin, Yuejing Rong, Xiang Pan, Zihan Gao, Ting Wang, Bingyang Lyu, Baimeng Guo, Haocheng Wang and Xi Li
Land 2024, 13(10), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101561 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 330
Abstract
Ecosystems and their services to society have exhibited dramatic degradation all over the world, and landscape planning based on ecosystem service (ES) science is a promising way to mitigate ES loss and improve human well-being. However, ecosystem health, which is crucial for intrinsic [...] Read more.
Ecosystems and their services to society have exhibited dramatic degradation all over the world, and landscape planning based on ecosystem service (ES) science is a promising way to mitigate ES loss and improve human well-being. However, ecosystem health, which is crucial for intrinsic ecosystem values, may be overlooked in ES-based landscape planning. Therefore, we proposed a landscape functional zoning method by combining the ES and EH using the Jinan Southern Mountainous Area as a case study. Specifically, we first quantified and mapped six ESs (including regulating, cultural, and provisioning services) and three EH properties (ecosystem vigor, organization, and resilience). Then, we used coupling coordination analysis to determine the coordination of the ES and EH, and adopted bundle analysis to reveal ES-EH compositions. Finally, landscape functional zones were delineated by spatially overlapping the maps of ES-EH bundle types and coupling coordination degrees. The results show that the different ESs and EH properties exhibited uneven spatial distributions. In terms of the ES-EH coupling coordination degree, high values were located along the mountains and aggregated in the eastern part of the study area, and the Caishi town had the highest coupling coordination degree on the town scale. Furthermore, five ES-EH bundle types were identified, i.e., bundles of multifunctionality, subordinate multifunctionality, the highest crop production, ESs and EH properties of medium levels, and ESs and EH properties of low levels. Finally, nine landscape functional zones based on the ES-EH bundle and coupling coordination were identified, and the grids within one zone were homogeneous in terms of their ES-EH compositions and coupling coordination. This study can contribute to the integration of ES and EH into landscape planning and provides a zoning method as a spatial instrument to achieve synergic ES-EH management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land Planning and Landscape Architecture)
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17 pages, 1140 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Park Green Space Areas on Urban Vitality: A Case Study of 35 Large and Medium-Sized Cities in China
by Guancen Wu, Dongqin Yang, Xing Niu and Zixuan Mi
Land 2024, 13(10), 1560; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101560 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 317
Abstract
Urban park green spaces not only significantly enhance urban environmental quality, but also increase social interactions, making them a crucial factor in urban vitality, particularly in densely populated and ecologically stressed metropolitan areas. This study utilizes panel data from 35 major cities in [...] Read more.
Urban park green spaces not only significantly enhance urban environmental quality, but also increase social interactions, making them a crucial factor in urban vitality, particularly in densely populated and ecologically stressed metropolitan areas. This study utilizes panel data from 35 major cities in China from 2012 to 2022 to analyze the impact of per capita urban park green space areas on urban vitality. The results confirm the significant effect of per capita park green space areas on urban vitality. However, this impact diminishes under the single-threshold conditions of GDP and total park green space areas, as well as the double-threshold condition of total population. Based on these findings, the study proposes policy recommendations emphasizing the importance of park green space construction to promote sustainable urban development and improve residents’ quality of life. Full article
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19 pages, 9743 KiB  
Article
Soil Classification Based on Local and Scientific Knowledge in an Irrigated District in the Semi-Arid Region of Brazil
by Jucirema Ferreira da Silva, Miguel Ferreira Neto, Jeane Cruz Portela, Joaquim Emanuel Fernandes Gondim, Stefeson Bezerra de Melo, Diana Ferreira de Freitas, José Francismar de Medeiros, Nildo da Silva Dias, Tayd Dayvison Custódio Peixoto and Francisco Vanies da Silva Sá
Land 2024, 13(10), 1559; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101559 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 369
Abstract
Ethnopedology offers a unique opportunity to recognize and highlight invaluable local soil knowledge (LSK). We aimed to classify three soil profiles in a Brazilian irrigated district with salt-affected soils based on smallholder farmers’ LSK and scientific knowledge. The study occurred in the Baixo-Açu [...] Read more.
Ethnopedology offers a unique opportunity to recognize and highlight invaluable local soil knowledge (LSK). We aimed to classify three soil profiles in a Brazilian irrigated district with salt-affected soils based on smallholder farmers’ LSK and scientific knowledge. The study occurred in the Baixo-Açu irrigation district in Brazil’s semi-arid region. Three soil profiles were characterized by researchers (etic approach) and farmers (emic approach) in the following areas: P1 profile (area under banana cultivation), P2 profile (fallow area), and P3 profile (native forest area). Smallholder farmers identified the studied areas with salt problems based on the salt precipitation on the surface, changes in leaf color, and incidence of indicator plants of salinized areas. Researchers classified P1 profile as Pantohypereutric Calcaric Leptic Cambisol (Loamic, Humic), P2 as Pantohypereutric Calcaric Leptic Cambisol (Loamic, Humic), and P3 as Leptic Calcic Chernozem (Loamic). Smallholder farmers classified the P1 profile as “Terra de Salitre” (Salt Soil), the P2 profile as “Terra de Piçarro” (Saprolite Soil), and the P3 profile as “Terra Boa” (Good Soil). The results indicate that valuing local soil knowledge is effective and crucial for improved scientific research and land use, highlighting the importance of recognizing and utilizing their expertise and experience. Full article
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16 pages, 5745 KiB  
Article
Effects of Long-Term Fenced Enclosure on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Infiltration Ability in Grasslands of Yunwu Mountain, China
by Yuanyuan Qu, Qinxuan Wu, Ojimamdov Habib Darmorakhtievich, Junfeng Wang, Xiuzi Ren, Xiaohong Chai, Xuexuan Xu and Feng Du
Land 2024, 13(10), 1558; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101558 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 433
Abstract
Fenced enclosures, a proven strategy for restoring degraded grassland, have been widely implemented. However, recent climate trends of warming and drying, accompanied by increased extreme rainfall, have heightened soil erosion risks. It is crucial to assess the long-term effectiveness of fenced enclosures on [...] Read more.
Fenced enclosures, a proven strategy for restoring degraded grassland, have been widely implemented. However, recent climate trends of warming and drying, accompanied by increased extreme rainfall, have heightened soil erosion risks. It is crucial to assess the long-term effectiveness of fenced enclosures on grassland restoration and their impact on soil physicochemical properties and water infiltration capacity. This study investigated the effects of enclosure duration on soil organic matter, aggregate composition and stability, and infiltration capacity in Yunwu Mountain Grassland Nature Reserve, comparing grasslands with enclosure durations of 2, 14, 30, and 39 years. Results showed that grasslands enclosed for 14, 30, and 39 years had infiltration rates increased by 20.66%, 152.03%, and 61.19%, respectively, compared to those enclosed for only 2 years. After 30 years of enclosure, soil quality reached its optimum, with the highest root biomass, soil organic matter, aggregate stability, and a notably superior infiltration rate. The findings suggest that long-term fenced enclosures facilitate grassland vegetation restoration and enhance soil infiltration capacity, with the most significant improvement observed at the 30-year enclosure milestone, followed by a gradual decline in this effect. Full article
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29 pages, 5480 KiB  
Article
Artificial Cultivation of Aquatic Plants Promotes Nitrogen Transformation and the Abundance of Key Functional Genes in Agricultural Drainage Ditch Sediments in the Yellow River Irrigation Area in China
by Yu Hong, Ziqi He, Ruliang Liu, Wenhua Xiang, Pifeng Lei and Xi Fang
Land 2024, 13(10), 1557; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101557 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 316
Abstract
Excess nitrogen in agricultural drainage poses a serious threat to the water quality safety of the Yellow River basin. Utilizing aquatic plants to modify the rhizosphere microbial community structure and facilitate nitrogen transformation is a crucial strategy for mitigating regional water eutrophication. We [...] Read more.
Excess nitrogen in agricultural drainage poses a serious threat to the water quality safety of the Yellow River basin. Utilizing aquatic plants to modify the rhizosphere microbial community structure and facilitate nitrogen transformation is a crucial strategy for mitigating regional water eutrophication. We here compare key processes of nitrogen transformation occurring in the rhizosphere of sediments of a ditch artificially planted with a mix of species (Phragmites australis, Typha orientalis, Nymphaea tetragon) with the rhizosphere of a ditch occupied by naturally occurring aquatic vegetation, dominated either by P. australis or T. orientalis. Our results revealed a species effect, with an increased denitrification rate (DR) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium rate (DNRAR) in the cultivated ditch for P. australis, compared to the naturally occurring T. orientalis vegetation. The nitrogen fixation rate (NFR) increased in the artificial setting with T. orientalis in comparison to natural P. australis vegetation. The richness of the bacterial community and the relative abundances of Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Geobacter were significantly greater in the rhizosphere of the artificially cultivated ditch due a greater availability in nitrogen and organic carbon. In the artificially cultivated ditch, the dominant functional genes affecting DRNARs in the rhizosphere sediments of P. australis were nrfC and nrfA, whereas DRs were driven mainly by norB and napA, which were influenced by the nitrogen and carbon levels. The dominant functional genes affecting NFRs in the rhizosphere sediments of T. orientalis were nifD, nifK, and nifH. Our results provide a scientific basis for the use of aquatic plants for mitigating excess nitrogen levels in agricultural drainage. Full article
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14 pages, 22462 KiB  
Article
Effects of Patchiness on Soil Properties and Degradation of Alpine Meadow on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
by Wei Zhang, Shuhua Yi, Yu Qin and Jinglin Zhang
Land 2024, 13(10), 1556; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101556 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 308
Abstract
Patchiness is known to affect soil water and soil temperature, and may trigger or accelerate alpine meadow degradation. However, there is a lack of direct evidence concerning the role of the size and type of patches on soil conditions. Here, we estimated the [...] Read more.
Patchiness is known to affect soil water and soil temperature, and may trigger or accelerate alpine meadow degradation. However, there is a lack of direct evidence concerning the role of the size and type of patches on soil conditions. Here, we estimated the effects of typical patch types on the critical factors of soil water and soil temperature through an in situ survey and then analyzed the potential impacts of patchiness on alpine meadow degradation. The results showed that (1) the soil water storage (SWS) of typical patch types was remarkably different, and vegetation patches had higher SWS than bare patches; (2) with abundant precipitation, the isolated vegetation patch (IV) had higher SWS than the original vegetation patch (OV), accompanied by a decrease in the SWS of the surrounding medium bare patch (MP); (3) patchiness significantly altered the surface soil temperature, with the IV having the highest soil temperature (ST), followed by the OV and bare patches; and (4) the maximum mean value of evapotranspiration was observed in IV (3.85 mm/day), about 12.78% and 46.66% higher than in the bare patches and OV. Our findings indicated that patchiness intensified the heterogeneity of soil water and soil temperature. The IV could absorb soil water from surrounding MP for excessive evapotranspiration through constant high ST, potentially inducing or aggravating degradation. Increasing the connectivity of IV and preventing the transition of OV to IV is important for the stability and restoration of alpine meadow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Ecological Risk in Mountain Areas)
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19 pages, 7034 KiB  
Article
Striped Field Mouse Invading Human-Modified Environments of Lithuania during Last Five Decades
by Linas Balčiauskas and Laima Balčiauskienė
Land 2024, 13(10), 1555; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101555 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 281
Abstract
The striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) is expanding in several European countries, but the details of this process are not always documented due to a lack of long-term studies. We conducted an analysis of changes in relative abundances and proportions of [...] Read more.
The striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) is expanding in several European countries, but the details of this process are not always documented due to a lack of long-term studies. We conducted an analysis of changes in relative abundances and proportions of A. agrarius in small mammal communities in nine different habitat groups in Lithuania during 1975–2023. We found an increase in the abundance and proportion of A. agrarius, increasing synanthropization of the species, and tolerance to anthropogenization of habitats. Temporal variations in the relative abundance and proportion of species were observed, with lower values in February–July and higher values in September–January. The main finding is a remarkable increase in species presence in the country after the 1990s, with a peak observed in the 2010s–2020s, confirmed by eight local studies. During these decades, it was the third most abundant species, representing 19.8–20.0% of the individuals caught. It is also important to note that A. agrarius has recently been most abundant in commensal habitats (0.029 ± 0.006 individuals/trap day), with the highest species proportion in agricultural areas (24.8 ± 1.8%). There are many indications that the expansion of A. agrarius in Lithuania is becoming invasive. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Dynamics of Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and Planning)
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17 pages, 1229 KiB  
Article
Residents’ Perceptions of Urban Greenspace in a Shrinking City: Ecosystem Services and Environmental Justice
by Sonja Wilhelm Stanis, Emily Piontek, Shuangyu Xu, Andrew Mallinak, Charles Nilon and Damon M. Hall
Land 2024, 13(10), 1554; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101554 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 360
Abstract
Although urban greenspace enhances ecological functioning and human well-being through ecosystem services (ES), it is oftentimes inequitably distributed. Environmental justice (EJ) encompasses aspects of distributive, procedural, and interactive justice related to accessibility and allocation of environmental benefits. Vacant land in shrinking cities has [...] Read more.
Although urban greenspace enhances ecological functioning and human well-being through ecosystem services (ES), it is oftentimes inequitably distributed. Environmental justice (EJ) encompasses aspects of distributive, procedural, and interactive justice related to accessibility and allocation of environmental benefits. Vacant land in shrinking cities has the potential to address greenspace inequalities and provide ES. This study investigated the perceptions of residents regarding urban ES and EJ in their communities in St. Louis (MO, USA)—a shrinking city that was undergoing green development, through semi-structured interviews. Altogether, 27 residents were selected from socio-economically disadvantaged neighborhoods characterized by high levels of vacancy due to legacies of redlining and systemic racism. Interview analysis revealed four themes: green benefits (including recreation opportunities), green costs (e.g., concerns for increased crime and nuisance animals), injustice issues (e.g., access to community greenspaces), and changes in the community (e.g., higher property taxes). Results revealed that residents perceived ES as closely connected with EJ when it comes to urban greening projects in their city. This study helps inform the process of urban greening projects, particularly in shrinking cities at risk of inequities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning for Socio-Spatial Justice and Quality of Life in the Face of Competing Urban Development Dynamics)
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20 pages, 21569 KiB  
Article
Correlations between an Urban Three-Dimensional Pedestrian Network and Service Industry Layouts Based on Graph Convolutional Neural Networks: A Case Study of Xinjiekou, Nanjing
by Xinyu Hu, Ruxia Bai, Chen Li, Beixiang Shi and Hui Wang
Land 2024, 13(10), 1553; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101553 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 329
Abstract
Urban high-density development has led to the emergence of complex three-dimensional pedestrian networks. As a crucial component of city centers, these networks significantly influence the spatial distribution of service industries. Understanding the correlation between pedestrian networks and service industry layouts is vital for [...] Read more.
Urban high-density development has led to the emergence of complex three-dimensional pedestrian networks. As a crucial component of city centers, these networks significantly influence the spatial distribution of service industries. Understanding the correlation between pedestrian networks and service industry layouts is vital for effective planning and development. This study proposes a technical framework for analyzing the relationship between three-dimensional pedestrian networks and service industry layouts. Using the Xinjiekou central area in Nanjing as a case study, we constructed a three-dimensional pedestrian network model using the sDNA method. Focusing on catering formats, we introduced a method to study the spatial distribution characteristics of service industries in three-dimensional spaces and employed a graph convolutional network model to systematically analyze the correlation between pedestrian network closeness and betweenness with catering formats. The results indicate that pedestrian network closeness is significantly positively correlated with the number and average spending of catering formats, while betweenness shows almost no correlation. High-closeness areas, due to their traffic convenience and walkability, are more conducive to the concentration of catering formats and higher spending levels. Our findings provide valuable insights for catering format location decisions and the optimization of three-dimensional pedestrian networks, contributing to sustainable urban development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Morphology: A Perspective from Space (Second Edition))
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