Buildings

21 pages, 6611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shear Behavior of High-Strength and Lightweight Cementitious Composites Containing Hollow Glass Microspheres and Carbon Nanotubes

by Dongmin Lee, Seong-Cheol Lee, Oh-Sung Kwon and Sung-Won Yoo

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2824; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092824 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2024

Abstract

In this study, an experimental program was conducted to investigate the shear behavior of beams made of high-strength and lightweight cementitious composites (HS-LWCCs) containing hollow glass microspheres and carbon nanotubes. The compressive strength and dry density of the HS-LWCCs were 87.8 MPa and1.52 [...] Read more.

In this study, an experimental program was conducted to investigate the shear behavior of beams made of high-strength and lightweight cementitious composites (HS-LWCCs) containing hollow glass microspheres and carbon nanotubes. The compressive strength and dry density of the HS-LWCCs were 87.8 MPa and1.52 t/m³, respectively. To investigate their shear behavior, HS-LWCC beams with longitudinal rebars were fabricated. In this test program, the longitudinal and shear reinforcement ratios were considered as the test variables. The HS-LWCC beams were compared with ordinary high-strength concrete (HSC) beams with a compressive strength of 89.3 MPa to determine their differences; the beams had the same reinforcement configuration. The test results indicated that the initial stiffness and shear capacity of the HS-LWCC beams were lower than those of the HSC beams. These results suggested that the low shear resistance of the HS-LWCC beams led to brittle failure. This was attributed to the beams’ low elastic modulus under compression and the absence of a coarse aggregate. Furthermore, the difference in the shear capacity of the HSC and HS-LWCC beams slightly decreased as the shear reinforcement ratio increased. The diagonal compression strut angle and diagonal crack angle of the HS-LWCC beams with shear reinforcement were more inclined than those of the HSC beams. This indicated that the lower shear resistance of the HS-LWCCs could be more effectively compensated for when shear reinforcement is provided and the diagonal crack angle is more inclined. The ultimate shear capacities measured in the tests were compared with various shear design provisions, including those of ACI-318, EC2, and CSA A23.3. This comparison showed that the current shear design provisions considerably overestimate the contribution of concrete to the shear capacity of HS-LWCC beams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on the Durability of Construction Materials and Structures)

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24 pages, 8406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flexural Behavior of Precast Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Beams with Intermediate Connection Filled with High-Performance Concrete

by Ahmed Hamoda, Mohamed Emara, Mizan Ahmed, Aref A. Abadel and Vipulkumar Ishvarbhai Patel

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2823; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092823 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2024

Abstract

Precast rectangular reinforced concrete (PRRC) beams are joined on construction sites using concrete in situ to achieve the desired length. Limited research exists on the effect of intermediate connection shapes and the types of infilled concrete on the flexural performance of PRRC beams. [...] Read more.

Precast rectangular reinforced concrete (PRRC) beams are joined on construction sites using concrete in situ to achieve the desired length. Limited research exists on the effect of intermediate connection shapes and the types of infilled concrete on the flexural performance of PRRC beams. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation into the performance of PRRC beams with various intermediate connection geometries and infilled materials under flexural loading. The study examines rectangular, triangular, and semi-circular intermediate connections, along with the performance of beams infilled with normal concrete (NC), engineered cementitious composites (ECC), ultra-high-performance ECC (UHPECC), and rubberized ECC (RECC). The experimental results indicate that the rectangular intermediate connection exhibits superior performance in terms of strength and energy absorption compared to the triangular and semi-circular shapes. Beams incorporating UHPECC demonstrated the most significant improvements in strength and energy absorption, outperforming those with ECC and RECC for any shape of intermediate connection. Moreover, beams with rectangular connections and UHPECC infill exhibited the most significant increase in energy absorption and ultimate load compared to the beams with ECC and RECC. The ultimate load of the beams with UHPECC and tensile reinforcement bar diameters of 10 mm and 12 mm increased by 13% and 29%, respectively, compared to the control beam. The energy absorption of the beams with tensile reinforcement bar diameters of 10 and 12 mm was found to be 75% and 184% higher, respectively, than the control beam. In addition, an increase in tensile bar diameter was found to enhance both the energy absorption and the ultimate load capacity of the beams, regardless of the type of infill concrete. Beams incorporating UHPECC demonstrated the most significant improvements in strength and energy absorption, outperforming those with ECC and RECC. In particular, beams with rectangular connections and UHPECC infill exhibited an increase in energy absorption and ultimate load of up to 184% and 29%, respectively. UHPC was calculated to be as high as 184%, and 29%, respectively, compared to the control beams. In addition, an increase in tensile bar diameter was found to enhance both energy absorption and ultimate load capacity. Finite element modeling (FEM) was developed and validated against the experimental results to ensure accuracy. A parametric study was conducted to study the effects of various concrete types in triangular and semi-circular connections, as well as the influence of intermediate connection length on semi-circular connections under flexural loads. The findings reveal that increasing the length of intermediate connections increases the ultimate load of the beams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development of Concrete and Composite Structures)

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26 pages, 12046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Opportunities and Gaps in the Transformation of Modern Rural Housing in Southern China to Net Zero Energy Buildings

by Dawei Xia, Zonghan Chen, Jialiang Guo and Yukai Zou

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2822; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092822 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study explores modern residential buildings in rural areas of Wuhan and Guangzhou to assess the feasibility of achieving net zero energy buildings (NZEBs) through the transformation of existing buildings in southern China’s hot-summer–cold-winter and hot-summer–warm-winter regions. Energy simulations under various climatic scenarios [...] Read more.

This study explores modern residential buildings in rural areas of Wuhan and Guangzhou to assess the feasibility of achieving net zero energy buildings (NZEBs) through the transformation of existing buildings in southern China’s hot-summer–cold-winter and hot-summer–warm-winter regions. Energy simulations under various climatic scenarios identify effective energy-saving measures, such as the use of photovoltaic power generation. The results highlight substantial renovation potential, with energy reductions of approximately 85 kWh/m² (RCP2.6), 90 kWh/m² (RCP4.5), and 115 kWh/m² (RCP8.5). Living patterns significantly influence energy use, especially in buildings with more rooms, where the gaps in the energy demand with net zero standards can reach 560.56 kWh. At the monthly scale, different climate scenarios impact the feasibility of achieving NZEBs, particularly under RCP8.5, where eight rural housing types fail to meet the requirements, with six exceeding 200 kWh energy deficits and the largest energy deficit occurs in June 2090 in Guangzhou, reaching 592.53 kWh, while under RCP2.6, only two buildings with more rooms fail to meet NZE. In summary, in the hot-summer cold-winter region, the energy demand is higher but so is the solar yield. Therefore, under the most adverse RCP8.5 scenario, NZEBs are achievable for 9 months of the year, which is 2 months more compared to Guangzhou under similar conditions. Even after net zero transformation, new rural housing will face greater energy-saving challenges in future climatic conditions, especially under higher concentration pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Performance Simulation and Building Energy Consumption Analysis)

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36 pages, 5399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying and Rating the Energy Resilience Performance of Buildings Integrated with Renewables in the Nordics under Typical and Extreme Climatic Conditions

by Hassam ur Rehman, Vahid M. Nik, Rakesh Ramesh and Mia Ala-Juusela

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2821; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092821 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2024

Abstract

The future buildings and society need to be resilient. This article aims to propose a novel concept of the energy resilience framework and implement a color-based rating system to quantify and rate the energy resilience performance of buildings in Nordic climates. The objective [...] Read more.

The future buildings and society need to be resilient. This article aims to propose a novel concept of the energy resilience framework and implement a color-based rating system to quantify and rate the energy resilience performance of buildings in Nordic climates. The objective is to conduct a comparative analysis between old (1970s) and new (2020s) single-family buildings integrated with renewable energy sources and storage, assessing their energy resilience performance for heating during power outages, under extreme and typical climatic conditions. The study utilizes dynamic simulation of the buildings and renewable energy systems, conducting parametric studies to calculate proposed resilience indicators and rate their resilience performance, employing both passive and active methods. The total costs of the design variables are also calculated for economic evaluation. Given the complexities arising from climate change, the article uses a simplified method to synthesize regional climate to consider extreme climate change impacts on energy resilience performance. For the old building lacking PV, the robustness duration increased from 1 h to 3 h, and the degree of disruption (DoD) varied from 0.545 to 0.3 in extreme cold to warm climate scenarios, with the higher DoD number indicating worse performance. The impact of the season within the same climate scenario is also evident, as the habitability and robustness durations increased during spring compared to winter. The resilience improved with PV and battery. The new building showed that the robustness duration increased from 3 to 15 h, habitability durations increased, and the DoD varied from 0.496 to 0.22 from extreme cold to warm climates without renewables and storage. With the integration of PV and battery, the new building was able to achieve a lower DoD and better performance with lower PV and battery capacity, compared to the old building. Furthermore, utilizing the color grading method (red to green), optimal technical solutions and corresponding design variables were identified for each building type and climate scenario that could support decision-making. The total cost of the optimal solutions varied, as new buildings required lower costs to reach optimal performance. However, for optimal resilience performance during extreme cold climate scenarios, higher costs are required for each building type. The proposed resilience framework, indicators, color grading system, and costing could potentially support improvements in building regulations, ensuring the development of optimally resilient buildings, particularly in the face of extreme climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy in Buildings)

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23 pages, 2213 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Application and Evaluation of the LMDI Method in Building Carbon Emissions Analysis: A Comprehensive Review

by Yangluxi Li, Huishu Chen, Peijun Yu and Li Yang

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2820; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092820 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2024

Abstract

The Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method is widely applied in research on carbon emissions, urban energy consumption, and the building sector, and is useful for theoretical research and evaluation. The approach is especially beneficial for combating climate change and encouraging energy transitions. [...] Read more.

The Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method is widely applied in research on carbon emissions, urban energy consumption, and the building sector, and is useful for theoretical research and evaluation. The approach is especially beneficial for combating climate change and encouraging energy transitions. During the method’s development, there are opportunities to develop advanced formulas to improve the accuracy of studies, as indicated by past research, that have yet to be fully explored through experimentation. This study reviews previous research on the LMDI method in the context of building carbon emissions, offering a comprehensive overview of its application. It summarizes the technical foundations, applications, and evaluations of the LMDI method and analyzes the major research trends and common calculation methods used in the past 25 years in the LMDI-related field. Moreover, it reviews the use of the LMDI in the building sector, urban energy, and carbon emissions and discusses other methods, such as the Generalized Divisia Index Method (GDIM), Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), and Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) techniques. This study explores and compares the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and their use in the building sector to the LMDI. Finally, this paper concludes by highlighting future possibilities of the LMDI, suggesting how the LMDI can be integrated with other models for more comprehensive analysis. However, in current research, there is still a lack of an extensive study of the driving factors in low-carbon city development. The previous related studies often focused on single factors or specific domains without an interdisciplinary understanding of the interactions between factors. Moreover, traditional decomposition methods, such as the LMDI, face challenges in handling large-scale data and highly depend on data quality. Together with the estimation of kernel density and spatial correlation analysis, the enhanced LMDI method overcomes these drawbacks by offering a more comprehensive review of the drivers of energy usage and carbon emissions. Integrating machine learning and big data technologies can enhance data-processing capabilities and analytical accuracy, offering scientific policy recommendations and practical tools for low-carbon city development. Through particular case studies, this paper indicates the effectiveness of these approaches and proposes measures that include optimizing building design, enhancing energy efficiency, and refining energy-management procedures. These efforts aim to promote smart cities and achieve sustainable development goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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19 pages, 5845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Diameter Size on the Deformation and Failure Mechanism of Shield Precast Segmental Tunnel Lining under the Same Burial Depth

by Jun Zhou, Kaihang Han and Weitao Chen

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2819; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092819 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2024

Abstract

With the development of large-diameter shield tunnels, how to realize effective security and stability control of shield tunnel lining has become a significant research topic. This paper investigates the deformation and failure mechanism of lining large diameter shield tunnels in depth and discusses [...] Read more.

With the development of large-diameter shield tunnels, how to realize effective security and stability control of shield tunnel lining has become a significant research topic. This paper investigates the deformation and failure mechanism of lining large diameter shield tunnels in depth and discusses the deformation characteristics and influencing factors of the lining of the shield tunnel with various diameters through the software of finite element analysis ABACUS. A set of models with varying diameters is built under identical stress conditions in order to maintain control over the variable. The utilization of the elastic–plastic model is observed in the application of bolts and rebar. The utilization of the Concrete Damage Plasticity model has been taken into account for the concrete lining. For the sake of comparison, the crown displacement of the shield tunnel, strain in tension and compressive zones, bolt stress and strain, deformation and intemal force distribution around the shield tunnel, and cracks in the tension zone, are carefully studied. An in-depth analysis is conducted to elucidate the variations in damage evolution mechanisms across linings of different sizes, within the framework of plastic hinge theory. The results indicate that the convergence deformation of large-diameter tunnel lining increases significantly during loading compared with that of small-diameter tunnel. Moreover, the probability of brittle failure is higher in big-diameter shield tunnels compared to small-diameter tunnels, indicating that these larger tunnel structures are more prone to suffering geometric instability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience of Urban Underground Space: Planning, Design, Assessment and Enhancement)

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17 pages, 1489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Influence Mechanism of Tunnel Construction on Adjacent Pile Foundation and Resilience Assessment

by Jun Zhou, Kaihang Han and Weitao Chen

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2818; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092818 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2024

Abstract

To guarantee the safety of tunnel construction and the continued use of nearby structures, it is crucial to accurately forecast the size and extent of the plastic region that may occur due to tunnel excavation, as well as examine the impact on resilience. [...] Read more.

To guarantee the safety of tunnel construction and the continued use of nearby structures, it is crucial to accurately forecast the size and extent of the plastic region that may occur due to tunnel excavation, as well as examine the impact on resilience. In this paper, the influence mechanism of tunnel construction on adjacent pile foundation and resilience assessment is investigated. Firstly, the stratum deformation and stress induced by tunnel construction are derived based on the thin-walled theory considering the influence of tunnel structure stiffness. Moreover, the resilience assessment based on the characteristics of the stratum plastic region is proposed to describe the degree of disturbance caused by tunnel construction to the adjacent pile foundation. Then, a comparison with a numerical simulation is conducted to verify the correctness of the prediction method of the stratum plastic region proposed in this paper. Finally, parameter sensitivity analysis is carried out, which indicates that pile parameters, soil parameters, and different tunnel outline conditions have a great influence on the prediction results. In order to reasonably control the impact of tunnel construction on the surrounding environment, safety control techniques, including advance grouting reinforcement and grouting uplift, need to be carefully designed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience of Urban Underground Space: Planning, Design, Assessment and Enhancement)

18 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment: An Index System for Building Energy Retrofit Projects

by Pei Song, Lingyu Wu, Wenbo Zhao, Wenting Ma and Jianli Hao

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2817; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092817 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2024

Abstract

As a major contributor to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, the building sector is crucial in shaping energy and climate change policies. Understanding building energy consumption is essential for developing effective policies, and comprehensive datasets and analyses are increasingly important. This [...] Read more.

As a major contributor to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, the building sector is crucial in shaping energy and climate change policies. Understanding building energy consumption is essential for developing effective policies, and comprehensive datasets and analyses are increasingly important. This paper outlines a structured methodology for developing a sustainability assessment index for building energy efficiency retrofits throughout a building’s life cycle, covering the design, construction, use, and out-of-use phases. It highlights the interdependencies among these phases, with the design plan influencing energy efficiency and material selection, the construction plan ensuring these goals are met, and the plans for energy management, demolition, and resource recovery focusing on sustainable practices. The keys to energy-efficient retrofits are sustainable materials, energy-efficient equipment, and green technologies, which help reduce energy consumption, emissions, and operating costs. Oversight and regulation are necessary to maintain standards. This research combines a literature review, surveys, interviews, the Delphi method, and an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to develop a comprehensive evaluation system, categorizing 20 factors across a building’s life cycle and assigning weights based on environmental, economic, and social dimensions. The system provides a scientific basis for assessing the sustainability of energy efficiency programs, validated through consistency testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Project Development and Construction Management)

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14 pages, 3183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Optimal Flat Double-Layer Space Structures with Diverse Geometries through Genetic Algorithm

by Yaser Shahbazi, Mahsa Abdkarimi, Farhad Ahmadnejad, Mohsen Mokhtari Kashavar, Mohammad Fotouhi and Siamak Pedrammehr

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2816; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092816 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2024

Abstract

This paper investigates the structural performance of flat double-layer grids with various constitutive units, addressing a notable gap in the literature on diverse geometries. Six common types of flat double-layer grids are selected to provide a comprehensive comparison to understand their structural performance. [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the structural performance of flat double-layer grids with various constitutive units, addressing a notable gap in the literature on diverse geometries. Six common types of flat double-layer grids are selected to provide a comprehensive comparison to understand their structural performance. Parametric models are built using Rhino and Grasshopper plugins. Single- and multi-objective optimization processes are conducted on the considered models to evaluate structural mass and maximum deflection. The number of constitutive units, the structural depth, and the cross-section diameter of the members are selected as design variables. The analysis reveals that the semi-octahedron upon square-grid configuration excels in minimizing structural mass and deflection. Furthermore, models lacking a full pyramid form exhibit higher deflections. Sensitivity analyses disclose the critical influence of the design variables, particularly highlighting the sensitivity of structural mass to the number of constitutive units and cross-section diameter. These findings offer valuable insights and practical design considerations for optimizing double-layer grid space structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Performance of Buildings Structures and Materials)

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20 pages, 5317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Indoor Air Quality Management in Dubai: Assessing the Efficacy of Air Purifiers, Photocatalysts, and Window Ventilation in Reducing HCHO

by Chuloh Jung and Shams Mohammed Alshamasi

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2815; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092815 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2024

Viewed by 85

Abstract

This study investigates the characteristics of formaldehyde (HCHO) concentration and its reduction in newly constructed apartment buildings in Dubai. It addresses the significant health risks of high HCHO levels due to poor ventilation and extensive use of VOC-emitting materials. The research explores the [...] Read more.

This study investigates the characteristics of formaldehyde (HCHO) concentration and its reduction in newly constructed apartment buildings in Dubai. It addresses the significant health risks of high HCHO levels due to poor ventilation and extensive use of VOC-emitting materials. The research explores the effectiveness of various mitigation strategies, including air purifiers, photocatalyst applications, and window ventilation, in the living room, master bedroom (MBR), Room 1, and Room 2. HCHO concentrations were measured under different conditions: sealed windows, operation of an air purifier with a VOCs filter, and the application of a photocatalyst. The study followed a quantitative approach, recording real-time HCHO levels over 24 h. Results indicated that sealing windows led to HCHO concentrations surpassing the domestic standard of 0.1 ppm, with the MBR recording the highest concentration at 0.73 ppm. The air purifier showed minimal impact within the first 8 h but achieved an 18% reduction after 24 h of operation. Applying a photocatalyst to room surfaces resulted in a 50% reduction in HCHO levels. Ventilation through window openings significantly improved air exchange rates, with the air exchange per hour (ACH) increasing proportionally with window opening size. Smaller rooms with larger window-to-volume ratios, such as Room 1 and Room 2, maintained HCHO concentrations below the WHO standard of 0.1 ppm with partial window openings. The study concludes that window ventilation is the most effective strategy for reducing HCHO concentrations, highlighting the importance of integrating comprehensive ventilation designs in modern residential buildings to ensure healthier indoor environments in Dubai. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Environmental Quality and Human Wellbeing)

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13 pages, 4768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Failure Mechanism of Finned Pile Foundation under Horizontal Cyclic Loads

by Lunliang Duan, Meiling Fan, Bolin Zhan, Haicui Wang, Haiming Liu, Guangwu Tang and Bo Geng

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2814; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092814 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2024

Viewed by 111

Abstract

In order to study the failure mechanism of a finned pile foundation under horizontal cyclic loads, a physical model test of the pile–soil interaction of finned pile is designed in this paper. Based on the model tests, the pile top displacement, the cyclic [...] Read more.

In order to study the failure mechanism of a finned pile foundation under horizontal cyclic loads, a physical model test of the pile–soil interaction of finned pile is designed in this paper. Based on the model tests, the pile top displacement, the cyclic stiffness of the pile foundation, and the response of pore water pressure within the soil around the pile were fully studied for the finned pile foundation under horizontal cyclic loads. It is found that the cyclic stiffness attenuation of the finned pile foundation is more severe than that of a regular single pile foundation, but the final stiffness at equilibrium is still greater than that of a regular single pile foundation. The accumulation of horizontal displacement at the pile top and pore water pressure within the soil around the pile mainly occurs in the first 1000 loading cycles, and an increase in fin plate size will reduce the magnitude of pore water pressure and pile top displacement. This study can not only deepen the understanding of the failure mechanism of finned pile foundation under horizontal cyclic loads, but also provide guidance for the design of the finned pile foundation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering Disaster Prevention and Performance Improvement)

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24 pages, 3586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptions, Tensions, and Contradictions in Timber Construction: Insights from End-Users in a Chilean Forest City

by Felipe Encinas, Ricardo Truffello, Mario Ubilla, Carlos Aguirre-Nuñez and Alejandra Schueftan

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2813; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092813 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2024

Viewed by 155

Abstract

The study addresses the underutilisation of wood in construction in Chile, particularly given the country’s robust forestry sector. The research investigates perceptions, tensions, and contradictions among end-users regarding timber construction in Valdivia, a city with a mixed forestry industry. Methods included a comprehensive [...] Read more.

The study addresses the underutilisation of wood in construction in Chile, particularly given the country’s robust forestry sector. The research investigates perceptions, tensions, and contradictions among end-users regarding timber construction in Valdivia, a city with a mixed forestry industry. Methods included a comprehensive survey of 96 households across various socioeconomic clusters, utilising descriptive and exploratory statistical analyses. Key findings reveal persistent negative perceptions about wood’s durability, fire resistance, and maintenance costs. However, positive aspects, such as lower construction costs and adequate thermal comfort, were also noted. Surprisingly, concerns were raised about wood’s environmental impact, including deforestation and its role in combating climate change, contrasting with the material’s known ecological benefits. The study concludes that these perceptions are deeply influenced by ideological and sociopolitical factors, suggesting that mere marketing strategies may not suffice to alter public opinion. Instead, a collaborative effort involving public policy, industry advancements, and transparent scientific communication is essential to promote the benefits of timber construction and address the entrenched biases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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20 pages, 983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Efficient Mortars for Sustainable Construction: A Comprehensive Approach

by Rui Reis, Aires Camões, Manuel Ribeiro and Raphaele Malheiro

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2812; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092812 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 257

Abstract

Cement production is responsible for approximately 7% of global carbon dioxide emissions. Despite our efforts, we have not been able to find a competitive substitute that is both reliable and environmentally friendly. The easiest way to solve the issue is to rationalize resources [...] Read more.

Cement production is responsible for approximately 7% of global carbon dioxide emissions. Despite our efforts, we have not been able to find a competitive substitute that is both reliable and environmentally friendly. The easiest way to solve the issue is to rationalize resources and try to minimize their use by replacing them with other materials. The current market shortage and reduced initial strength have limited the availability of blends that contain a significant amount of fly ash. Given the current economic, political, and environmental circumstances, it is predicted that a solution may be ternary blends with cement, fly ash, and MTK. Despite being “ancient” materials, there have been no recent global performance assessments. In this context, an investigation was carried out with ternary blend mortars. A significant volume of cement has been replaced with fly ash and metakaolin. The results show that these blends’ performance is promising because they offer a wide range of possibilities for replacing cement, maintaining or even improving its properties. MTK and fly ash’s synergies significantly enhance mechanical performance and durability. Furthermore, the global sustainability analysis shows that ternary blends are 36% more efficient than binary blends of cement and fly ash or metakaolin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

39 pages, 1960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges under the Influence of Natural Environmental Factors and Geomatic Technologies: A Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis

by Virgil Mihai Rădulescu, Gheorghe M. T. Rădulescu, Sanda Mărioara Naș, Adrian Traian Rădulescu and Corina M. Rădulescu

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2811; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092811 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 216

Abstract

Throughout their lifetimes, bridges are exposed to various forces that may lead to displacement and deformation, potentially compromising their structural integrity. Monitoring their structural integrity under environmental factors is essential for safety and maintenance under these conditions. This aspect is a fundamental component [...] Read more.

Throughout their lifetimes, bridges are exposed to various forces that may lead to displacement and deformation, potentially compromising their structural integrity. Monitoring their structural integrity under environmental factors is essential for safety and maintenance under these conditions. This aspect is a fundamental component of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). Many studies focus on Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), employing various theories, methodologies, and technologies that have advanced rapidly due to the expansion of information technology. The objective of this study is to pinpoint areas where research is lacking in the existing literature on the environmental factors that impact the displacement of bridges, along with the techniques and technology used to monitor these structures. To achieve this objective, the most critical environmental factors and technologies, particularly those that are sensor-based, have been identified through a systematic search of the most popular databases. Subsequently, the study utilized a bibliometric analysis, exploring the challenge and prospective research areas reflected in the specialized literature. The findings indicate a lack of scholarly investigation of environmental factors that influence the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of bridges, in particular studies regarding the effect of uneven sunlight on structures. The research provides a comprehensive understanding of the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of bridges and has practical implications for developing effective monitoring methodologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tradition and Innovation in Civil Engineering—C70 International Conference)

23 pages, 9925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Composition, Structure and Properties of Geopolymer Concrete Dispersedly Reinforced with Sisal Fiber

by Evgenii M. Shcherban’, Sergey A. Stel’makh, Alexey N. Beskopylny, Besarion Meskhi, Innessa Efremenko, Alexandr A. Shilov, Ivan Vialikov, Oxana Ananova, Andrei Chernil’nik and Diana Elshaeva

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2810; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092810 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 452

Abstract

The application of geopolymer composites in the construction of environmentally sustainable buildings and low-carbon structures has generated considerable interest, presenting an alternative and eco-friendly approach to composite materials. The purpose of this research is to develop a new composition of geopolymer concrete, dispersedly [...] Read more.

The application of geopolymer composites in the construction of environmentally sustainable buildings and low-carbon structures has generated considerable interest, presenting an alternative and eco-friendly approach to composite materials. The purpose of this research is to develop a new composition of geopolymer concrete, dispersedly reinforced with sisal fiber, and investigate its structure and physical and mechanical properties. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed compositions, the fresh properties of the geopolymer concrete mixture—density and slump—and the properties of the hardened composite, namely, the compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption, were studied. The most rational composition of the alkaline activator was established, and sisal fiber (SF) was protected from alkaline degradation by adding styrene-acrylic copolymer at an amount of 5% and microsilica at an amount of 3% to the concrete mixture. It was determined that the most optimal SF content was 1.0%. The compressive strength exhibited a maximum increase of 12.8%, the flexural strength showed a significant increase of 76.5%, and the water absorption displayed a decrease of 10.3%. The geopolymer fiber-reinforced concrete developed in this study is an environmentally friendly replacement for traditional types of concrete with cement binders and can be used for the manufacture of small architectural forms and landscaping elements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Green and Intelligent Building Materials)

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19 pages, 12274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Load Identification on Prefabricated Girder Bridges Based on a CNN and Dynamic Strain Data

by Lun Zhao, Wenqi Wu, Xuetao Zhang, Liang Li, Pan Guo, Shaolin Yang and Yingchun Cai

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2809; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092809 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 198

Abstract

The vehicle load on a bridge is a critical and dynamic variable. It adversely affects bridges, especially when overloading occurs. Bridges are prone to fatigue damage or collapse. Therefore, identifying the size and type of dynamic vehicle loads on bridges is critical for [...] Read more.

The vehicle load on a bridge is a critical and dynamic variable. It adversely affects bridges, especially when overloading occurs. Bridges are prone to fatigue damage or collapse. Therefore, identifying the size and type of dynamic vehicle loads on bridges is critical for theoretical studies and practical applications, such as health monitoring, daily maintenance, safety assessment, and traffic planning. The paper proposes a method for identifying the dynamic load parameters based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) and dynamic strain data. The model is implemented in MATLAB. An initial finite-element model of a three-span precast beam bridge is established in the software ABAQUS and modified by combining the modal and experimental data derived from a segmental girder bridge. The dynamic strain response of the bridge under a moving vehicle load is simulated under different working conditions. The results are used as the training data of the CNN to identify the vehicle’s position, speed, and load on the bridge. The high prediction accuracy indicates the proposed model’s suitability for identifying the dynamic load parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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15 pages, 7619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microscopic Transport and Degradation Behavior of CO₂ in C-S-H with Varying Ca/Si Ratios during Carbonation

by Wangzhe Sun, Chengbo Liu, Fen Hong, Pan Wang, Yue Zhang, Xinpeng Wang, Dongshuai Hou and Muhan Wang

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2808; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092808 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 235

Abstract

Carbonation is a critical factor contributing to the degradation of reinforced concrete systems. Understanding the micro-mechanism of concrete carbonation is essential for mitigating corrosion losses. This study investigates the transport and reaction processes of water and CO₂ in CSH pores with varying [...] Read more.

Carbonation is a critical factor contributing to the degradation of reinforced concrete systems. Understanding the micro-mechanism of concrete carbonation is essential for mitigating corrosion losses. This study investigates the transport and reaction processes of water and CO₂ in CSH pores with varying calcium–silica ratios using reactive force field molecular dynamics. Simulation results reveal that CO₂ and its hydration products occupy adsorption sites on the CSH, hindering solution transport within the pores. As the Ca/Si ratio increases, the adsorption of Ca ions on the CSH matrix weakens, facilitating Ca’s reaction with CO₂ and its displacement from the CSH surface. Consequently, a wider distribution of Ca on the surface occurs, and CO₂ directly adsorbs onto the CSH matrix, widening the transport space and accelerating transport speed. Furthermore, the impact of bridging silica–oxygen on the CSH surface is analyzed, indicating that the absence of bridging silica–oxygen enhances adsorption sites for Ca ions, thus intensifying their adsorption on CSH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Properties of Cement-Based Materials and Concrete)

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32 pages, 5276 KiB

Open AccessReview

Critical Factors Driving Construction Project Performance in Integrated 5D Building Information Modeling

by Hui Sun, Terh Jing Khoo, Muneera Esa, Amir Mahdiyar and Jiguang Li

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2807; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092807 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 379

Abstract

Timeliness, budget consciousness, and quality are critical to the success of a project, and become increasingly challenging with increased project complexity. Five-dimensional building information modeling (BIM) integrates cost and schedule data with a 3D model, and enhances project management by addressing budgeting, timelines, [...] Read more.

Timeliness, budget consciousness, and quality are critical to the success of a project, and become increasingly challenging with increased project complexity. Five-dimensional building information modeling (BIM) integrates cost and schedule data with a 3D model, and enhances project management by addressing budgeting, timelines, and visualization simultaneously. However, a comprehensive assessment of 5D BIM’s impact on key performance indicators is currently lacking. This research aims to identify the critical factors influencing the adoption of 5D BIM and its impact on key project performance indicators. A thorough systematic literature review and qualitative analysis were conducted to achieve this goal. Relevant articles from the past decade (2014–2023) were examined from the Scopus and Web of Science databases, of which 222 were selected and screened using PRISMA procedures. This research found consistent and rapid updating of keywords, highlighting the dynamic evolution of 5D BIM and its expanding applications in the construction industry. Thirty critical factors affecting the adoption of 5D BIM were identified and categorized into the following six groups based on the technology–organization–environment (TOE) framework: technology, organization, environment, operator, project, and government policy. The 15 factors driving construction project performance in integrated 5D BIM were divided into cost, time, and quality performance based on key performance indicators. This review offers innovative insights into 5D BIM adoption, and can aid stakeholders in developing effective 5D BIM implementations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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1 pages, 139 KiB

Open AccessRetraction

RETRACTED: Amran et al. A Review on Building Design as a Biomedical System for Preventing COVID-19 Pandemic. Buildings 2022, 12, 582

by Mugahed Amran, Natt Makul, Roman Fediuk, Aleksey Borovkov, Mujahid Ali and Abdullah M. Zeyad

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2806; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092806 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 138

Abstract

The journal retracts the review article A Review on Building Design as a Biomedical System for Preventing COVID-19 Pandemic [...] Full article

14 pages, 6113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Whether a ‘Maze’-like Layout Contributes to the Improvement of Wind Environments in Traditional Coastal Villages—A Validation Study Based on Numerical Simulation

by Xiong Shen, Yaolong Wang, Jiarui Xu and Tiantian Huang

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2805; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092805 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 173

Abstract

The coastal regions of Fujian, characterized by a subtropical maritime monsoon climate, experience a high frequency of windy days throughout the year, which significantly impacts residents’ lives. Local traditional villages, through long-term practical exploration, have developed a unique “maze-like” spatial layout adapted to [...] Read more.

The coastal regions of Fujian, characterized by a subtropical maritime monsoon climate, experience a high frequency of windy days throughout the year, which significantly impacts residents’ lives. Local traditional villages, through long-term practical exploration, have developed a unique “maze-like” spatial layout adapted to withstand harsh wind conditions. This study aims to quantitatively analyze the climatic adaptability advantages of this traditional layout, providing theoretical support for the protection of historical cultural heritage and guidance for modern village construction. The methodology includes field wind measurement for data acquisition, construction of current and regularized divergent models, and comparative numerical simulations under scenarios of strong winter winds and typhoons. The results indicate that wind speeds within traditional villages are generally lower. The layout’s nonlinear roads and clusters of buildings form multiple buffer zones that effectively reduce wind speeds. In contrast, areas in the divergent model experience excessively high wind speeds, impacting outdoor activity safety and comfort. The traditional “maze-like” layout encapsulates the climate adaptation wisdom of ancestors, enhancing wind environment regulation, thermal comfort, and disaster resilience. This layout concept merits promotion and innovative application in the new era to construct livable, green, and sustainable human environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ventilation and Air Quality in Buildings)

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21 pages, 1611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Key Parameters in Building Energy Models: Sensitivity Analysis Applied to Residential Typologies

by Sofía Gervaz and Federico Favre

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2804; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092804 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 199

Abstract

Building energy modeling tools play a crucial role in quantifying and understanding the energy performance of buildings. These tools require substantial amounts of data, which can be challenging to obtain and are often associated with significant uncertainties. The incorporation of sensitivity analysis is [...] Read more.

Building energy modeling tools play a crucial role in quantifying and understanding the energy performance of buildings. These tools require substantial amounts of data, which can be challenging to obtain and are often associated with significant uncertainties. The incorporation of sensitivity analysis is a crucial step toward developing reliable models as it identifies the most critical parameters that require meticulous characterization. In this study, a sensitivity analysis based on the Morris method was conducted to assess the relevance of 14 input parameters affecting thermal loads across four dwelling typologies modeled in EnergyPlus. Different numbers of Morris trajectories and levels were considered to analyze the impact of the user-defined values of r and p when employing the Morris method. Convergence was achieved at r = 200 and p = 12, which are higher than the typically employed values (r = 10 and p = 4). Roof solar absorptivity, setpoint temperatures, orientation, and the roof conductance rank among the top five most influential parameters affecting thermal loads in all four of the studied typologies. Occupancy was also among the top five most relevant parameters in three of the four typologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Methods in Building Energy Efficiency Research)

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22 pages, 5936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Wind Pressure Coefficients on the Natural Ventilation Effectiveness of Buildings through Simulations

by Nayara Rodrigues Marques Sakiyama, Joyce Correna Carlo, Felipe Isamu Harger Sakiyama, Nadir Abdessemed, Jürgen Frick and Harald Garrecht

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2803; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092803 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 182

Abstract

Natural Ventilation Effectiveness (NVE) is a performance metric that quantifies when outdoor airflows can be used as a cooling strategy to achieve indoor thermal comfort. Based on standard ventilation threshold and building energy simulation (BES) models, the NVE relates available and required airflows [...] Read more.

Natural Ventilation Effectiveness (NVE) is a performance metric that quantifies when outdoor airflows can be used as a cooling strategy to achieve indoor thermal comfort. Based on standard ventilation threshold and building energy simulation (BES) models, the NVE relates available and required airflows to quantify the usefulness of natural ventilation (NV) through design and building evaluation. Since wind is a significant driving force for ventilation, wind pressure coefficients (

C_{p}

) represent a critical boundary condition when assessing building airflows. Therefore, this paper investigates the impact of different

C_{p}

sources on wind-driven NVE results to see how sensitive the metric is to this variable. For that, an experimental house and a measurement period were used to develop and calibrate the initial BES model. Four

C_{p}

sources are considered: an analytical model from the BES software (i), surface-averaged

C_{p}

values for building windows that were calculated with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations using OpenFOAM through a cloud-based platform (ii_a,b,c), and two databases—AIVC (iii) and Tokyo Polytechnic University (TPU) (iv). The results show a variance among the

C_{p}

sources, which directly impacts airflow predictions; however, its effect on the performance metric was relatively small. The variation in the NVE outcomes with different

C_{p}

’s was 3% at most, and the assessed building could be naturally ventilated around 75% of the investigated time on the first floor and 60% in the ground floor spaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Performance Simulation and Building Energy Consumption Analysis)

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16 pages, 5785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Propagation Law and Waveform Characteristics of a Blasting Shock Wave in a Highway Tunnel with the Bench Method

by Tao Yu, Junfeng Sun, Jianfeng Wang, Jianping Feng, Liangjun Chen, Guofeng Su, Jun Man and Zhen Wu

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2802; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092802 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 202

Abstract

In the bench method of tunnel excavation, the blasting impact from upper bench blasting poses significant risks to personnel and equipment. This study employed dynamic analysis software, ANSYS/LS-DYNA, and field testing to examine the propagation characteristics and attenuation behavior of tunnel shock waves. [...] Read more.

In the bench method of tunnel excavation, the blasting impact from upper bench blasting poses significant risks to personnel and equipment. This study employed dynamic analysis software, ANSYS/LS-DYNA, and field testing to examine the propagation characteristics and attenuation behavior of tunnel shock waves. The findings revealed that, near the central axis of the tunnel, shock wave overpressure was lower compared to areas near the tunnel wall due to reflections from the wall. As the shock wave traveled a distance six times the tunnel diameter, it transitioned from a spherical wave to a plane wave. The attenuation coefficient for the plane wave ranged from 1.03 to 1.17. A fitting formula for shock wave overpressure attenuation, based on field test results, was proposed, and it showed good agreement with the numerical simulation results. This provided valuable theoretical insights for predicting shock wave overpressure during bench method tunnel excavation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Analysis of Underground Space Construction)

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18 pages, 8691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation of the Near-Fault Pulse-like Ground Motion Characteristics with the Vulnerability of Buildings

by Ali Majdi, Denise-Penelope N. Kontoni and Hamad Almujibah

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2801; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092801 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 173

Abstract

Determining the impact of pulse-type earthquake characteristics on the vulnerability of base-isolated buildings under non-pounding conditions has yielded conflicting results in previous studies. Moreover, this issue has received less attention for pounding conditions, especially floor-to-floor pounding. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the [...] Read more.

Determining the impact of pulse-type earthquake characteristics on the vulnerability of base-isolated buildings under non-pounding conditions has yielded conflicting results in previous studies. Moreover, this issue has received less attention for pounding conditions, especially floor-to-floor pounding. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the correlation between pulse-type earthquake characteristics and the seismic response of buildings under both pounding and non-pounding conditions. In the first stage, three base-isolated buildings and one fixed-base building are analyzed separately under 40 pulse-type earthquakes using the nonlinear time history method. Three scenarios are then considered to account for pounding with adjacent buildings. In the first pounding scenario, a base-isolated building with an intermediate moment frame (IMF) is placed between two fixed-base buildings. The second scenario involves changing the base-isolated building’s superstructure system to a special moment frame (SMF). Finally, the third scenario increases the base isolation period (T_b) of the base-isolated building used in scenario two. The correlation between earthquake characteristics and the seismic response of buildings is assessed by linear regression and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results demonstrate that peak ground acceleration (PGA) has a strong correlation with the seismic response of buildings under pounding conditions, while peak ground velocity (PGV) shows a stronger correlation under non-pounding conditions. However, predicting building vulnerability with a single pulse-type earthquake characteristic remains unreliable unless a large number of ground motions are considered. Otherwise, it is crucial to consider the correlation of all earthquake characteristics with seismic responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Computational Methods in Structural Engineering)

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22 pages, 6816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factorial Experiments of Soil Conditioning for Earth Pressure Balance Shield Tunnelling in Water-Rich Gravel Sand and Conditioning Effects’ Prediction Based on Particle Swarm Optimization–Relevance Vector Machine Algorithm

by Xingzhong Nong, Wenfeng Bai, Jiandang Chen and Lihui Zhang

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2800; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092800 - 5 Sep 2024

Viewed by 232

Abstract

The high permeability of gravel sand increases the risk of water spewing from the screw conveyor during earth pressure balance (EPB) shield tunnelling. The effectiveness of soil conditioning is a key factor affecting EPB shield tunnelling and construction safety. In this paper, using [...] Read more.

The high permeability of gravel sand increases the risk of water spewing from the screw conveyor during earth pressure balance (EPB) shield tunnelling. The effectiveness of soil conditioning is a key factor affecting EPB shield tunnelling and construction safety. In this paper, using polymer, a foaming agent, and bentonite slurry as conditioning additives, the permeability coefficient tests of conditioned gravel sand are carried out under different injection conditions based on the factorial experiment design. The interactions between different concentrations of conditioning additives are analyzed. A prediction model for soil conditioning during shield tunneling based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and relevance vector machine (RVM) algorithms is proposed to accurately and efficiently obtain the soil conditioning parameters in the water-rich gravel sand layer. The experimental results indicate that the improvement effect of the foaming agent on the permeability of the conditioned gravel sand gradually diminishes with the growing concentration of bentonite slurry. Under conditions of high polymer concentration, further increasing the concentration of bentonite slurry and foaming agent has a weak impact on the permeability coefficient when the concentration of bentonite slurry exceeds 10%. The significance of main effects, first-order interactions, and second-order interaction on the permeability of conditioned gravel sand are as follows: polymer concentration (A) > foaming agent concentration (B) > bentonite slurry concentration (C) > first-order interactions (A × B, A × C, B × C) > second-order interaction (A × B × C). The first-order interaction mainly manifests as a synergistic effect, while the second-order interaction primarily exhibits an antagonistic effect. Case studies show that the maximum relative error between predicted and experimental values is less than 3%. A field application of shield tunneling demonstrates the good performance of real-time optimization of soil conditioning parameters based on the PSO–RVM algorithm. This research provides a new method for evaluating the effectiveness of soil conditioning in the water-rich gravel sand layer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Construction Mechanical Behavior and Deformation Characteristics of Lining Structure—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 5080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Grouting Parameters to Control Ground Deformation in the Shield Tunneling

by Mei Wang, Chenyue Zhao, Songsong Yang and Jingmin Xu

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2799; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092799 - 5 Sep 2024

Viewed by 204

Abstract

In urban shield tunneling, reducing the disturbance of underground construction to the surrounding environment is important for both tunnel engineers and researchers. Among other factors, the quality of synchronous grouting is one of the crucial factors affecting the safe construction of shields. In [...] Read more.

In urban shield tunneling, reducing the disturbance of underground construction to the surrounding environment is important for both tunnel engineers and researchers. Among other factors, the quality of synchronous grouting is one of the crucial factors affecting the safe construction of shields. In order to determine a reasonable grouting pressure and grout amount during shield construction, the relationships among synchronous grouting pressure, grout amount and shield chamber pressure are analyzed using field monitoring data. Based on the tunnel face pressure and the ultimate yield conditions of the soil at the gap edge, a method for calculating the grouting pressure considering the overburdening load of the tunnel was proposed. Then, by linking the grout amount and the grouting pressure, an accurate calculation method for the simultaneous grout amount in shield construction was proposed. These methods were then used in the construction of the Jurong shield tunnel. The results show that the adopted grouting pressure and grout amount calculated by the proposed method, which considered the change of the overburdening load of the tunnel, can well control the ground deformation caused by the shield construction and significantly reduce the uneven settlement of the surface buildings. The proposed methods in this paper may provide a reference for other shield construction projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Development of Underground Space for Engineering Application)

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17 pages, 3423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Analysis with Detailed Indoor Building Models for Emergency Services

by Min-Lung Cheng, Fuan Tsai and Tee-Ann Teo

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092798 - 5 Sep 2024

Viewed by 232

Abstract

This paper presents a systematic approach to perform spatial analysis with detailed indoor building models for emergency service decision supports. To achieve a more realistic spatial application, this research integrates three-dimensional (3D) indoor building models and their attributes to simulate an emergency evacuation [...] Read more.

This paper presents a systematic approach to perform spatial analysis with detailed indoor building models for emergency service decision supports. To achieve a more realistic spatial application, this research integrates three-dimensional (3D) indoor building models and their attributes to simulate an emergency evacuation scenario. Indoor building models of a complicated train station with different levels of detail are generated from two-dimensional (2D) floor plans and Building Information Model (BIM) datasets. In addition to the 3D building models, spatial and non-spatial attributes are also associated with the created building models and the objects within them. The ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is modified to analyze the indoor building models for emergency service decision support applications. The detailed indoor models and the proposed spatial analysis algorithms are tested in simulated emergency evacuation scenarios to select the best routes during emergency services. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system is helpful for selecting the optimal route with the least cost at varying time stamps. Together with the developed spatial analysis framework, they have a great potential for effective decision support during emergency situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in AI, Digitization, Robotics, IoT, BIM, and Spatial Modeling in Building Sciences)

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28 pages, 877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards an Evidence-Based Critical Incidents and Suicides Response Program in Australian Construction

by Amanda Biggs, Keith Townsend, Rebecca Loudoun, Adam Robertson, Jemima Mason, Myfanwy Maple, James Lacey and Nicholas Thompson

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2797; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092797 - 5 Sep 2024

Viewed by 261

Abstract

Fatal and non-fatal accidents and suicides at work pose a substantial threat to workers’ physical and psychological safety, particularly within the construction industry. Managing these incidents is an essential component of workplace health and safety (WHS). Additionally, a formal program to support workers [...] Read more.

Fatal and non-fatal accidents and suicides at work pose a substantial threat to workers’ physical and psychological safety, particularly within the construction industry. Managing these incidents is an essential component of workplace health and safety (WHS). Additionally, a formal program to support workers and provide feedback to improve the existing WHS management system is increasingly important. However, knowledge of the factors contributing to an effective critical incident (CI) or postvention response is limited by the lack of published evidence-based interventions, especially for occupations and industries that are exposed to higher rates of fatal and non-fatal injuries due to accidents and suicides. In addition, broader concerns surrounding the effectiveness of conventional critical incident programs highlight the need to develop innovative and evidence-based critical intervention and postvention responses addressing acute stress symptoms arising from exposure. This research outlines the development of the MATES Respond Training Program, a component of the WHO-endorsed MATES in Construction program, which is a charity charged with the task of improving mental health and suicide prevention in the construction industry in Australia and New Zealand. Development of the MATES Respond Training Program was informed by the following three key sources: a rapid literature review, interviews with 11 workers trained in peer support suicide prevention interventions, and an analysis of site notes on 193 critical incident and postvention construction site attendances by MATES in Construction field officers, case managers and social workers. Insights and recommendations obtained from these sources, along with the resulting program, are discussed in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Sustainable and Healthy Work Environment in Construction Industry 4.0)

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31 pages, 15392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation and Optimization of Traditional Mountain Village Spatial Environment Performance Using Genetic and XGBoost Algorithms in the Early Design Stage—A Case Study in the Cold Regions of China

by Zhixin Xu, Xiaoming Li, Bo Sun, Yueming Wen and Peipei Tang

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2796; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092796 - 5 Sep 2024

Viewed by 244

Abstract

As urbanization advances, rural construction and resource development in China encounter significant challenges, leading to the widespread adoption of standardized planning and design methods to manage increasing population pressure. These uniform approaches often prioritize economic benefits over climate adaptability and energy efficiency. This [...] Read more.

As urbanization advances, rural construction and resource development in China encounter significant challenges, leading to the widespread adoption of standardized planning and design methods to manage increasing population pressure. These uniform approaches often prioritize economic benefits over climate adaptability and energy efficiency. This paper addresses this issue by focusing on traditional mountain villages in northern regions, particularly examining the wind and thermal environments of courtyards and street networks. This study integrates energy consumption and comfort performance analysis early in the planning and design process, utilizing Genetic and XGBoost algorithms to enhance efficiency. This study began by selecting a benchmark model based on simulations of courtyard PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) and MRT (mean radiant temperature). It then employed the Wallacei_X plugin, which uses the NSGA-II algorithm for multi-objective genetic optimization (MOGO) to optimize five energy consumption and comfort objectives. The resulting solutions were trained in the Scikit-learn machine learning platform. After comparing machine learning models like RandomForest and XGBoost, the highest-performing XGBoost model was selected for further training. Validation shows that the XGBoost model achieves an average accuracy of over 80% in predicting courtyard performance. In the project’s validation phase, the overall street network framework of the block was first adjusted based on street performance prediction models and related design strategies. The optimized model prototype was then integrated into the planning scheme according to functional requirements. After repeated validation and adjustments, the performance prediction of the village planning scheme was conducted. The calculations indicate that the optimized planning scheme improves overall performance by 36% compared with the original baseline. In conclusion, this study aimed to integrate performance assessment and machine learning algorithms into the decision-making process for optimizing traditional village environments, offering new approaches for sustainable rural development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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18 pages, 3651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reference Materials for Thermal Conductivity Measurements: European Situation

by Alain Koenen, Damien Marquis and Susanne Dehn

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2795; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092795 - 5 Sep 2024

Viewed by 274

Abstract

A reference material (RM), as defined by the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM 2012), must be homogeneous, stable, and suitable for use in measurements. Certified reference materials (CRMs) are RMs with documented property values, uncertainties, and traceability. ISO 17034:2018 outlines the requirements for [...] Read more.

A reference material (RM), as defined by the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM 2012), must be homogeneous, stable, and suitable for use in measurements. Certified reference materials (CRMs) are RMs with documented property values, uncertainties, and traceability. ISO 17034:2018 outlines the requirements for RM producers, ensuring that CRMs meet standards for stability, uniformity, and reproducibility. In Europe, CE marking, from French “conformité Européenne”, which means European conformity, has been mandatory for thermal insulation products since 2002, ensuring their thermal performance is verified by accredited laboratories using RMs like IRMM440 and ERM FC440. Annually, European manufacturers produce over 200 million cubic meters of thermal insulation, necessitating thousands of thermal conductivity measurements daily to maintain CE marking compliance. Key characteristics of Reference Materials include long-term stability, thermal conductivity within specified ranges, and minimal dependence on density, thickness, and applied load. Sample thickness must conform to apparatus specifications, and homogeneity must be quantified. Reference Materials must also have appropriate dimensions, surface smoothness, and manufacturability. The Joint Research Centre (JRC) Geel has produced two Reference Materials, IRMM 440 and ERM FC 440, with specific characteristics to meet these requirements. Both are glass wool fibers with low thermal conductivity and specific density and thickness. The qualification of RMs involves inter-laboratory comparisons to ensure the accuracy and traceability of thermal conductivity measurements. The European market’s organization, including the use of Reference Materials and CE marking, has significantly improved measurement consistency and product quality. This system has led to lower uncertainties in thermal conductivity measurements compared to North America, highlighting the impact of standardized RMs on industry practices. Future needs include developing RMs with lower conductivity and increased thickness to accommodate market trends towards super insulation materials and bio-based components, enhancing energy performance calculations for buildings. This paper will present the process of defining a reference material and how it affects the uncertainty level of the calculation of building energy performance. This level depends on the characteristics of the materials used, their implementation, and external factors, such as the weather, as well as the reference material used for calibration of all European thermal conductivity measurement devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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