Animals

20 pages, 14355 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Interaction between Tetrahymena pyriformis and Bacteria Under Different Physicochemical Conditions When Infecting Guppy Using the eDNA Method

by Jialu Wang, Xiaosong Wang, Lihui Liu, Xiang Wang, Jiarui Wang, Yue Zheng, Li Wang and Xuming Pan

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2194; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152194 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

In the aquaculture system of ornamental fish, the interaction between bacterial microbiota and ciliate protozoa can prevent or promote disease outbreaks, and different physicochemical conditions will affect the relationships between them. We investigated the interaction between bacterial microbiota and the parasite Tetrahymena pyriformis [...] Read more.

In the aquaculture system of ornamental fish, the interaction between bacterial microbiota and ciliate protozoa can prevent or promote disease outbreaks, and different physicochemical conditions will affect the relationships between them. We investigated the interaction between bacterial microbiota and the parasite Tetrahymena pyriformis when infecting Poecilia reticulata (guppy) under different physicochemical conditions. The abundance of T. pyriformis in water, the relative abundance of bacterial species, and histopathological observation were studied or monitored using environmental DNA (eDNA) extraction technology, the qPCR method, and 16s rRNA sequencing, respectively. The morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of T. pyriformis were carried out. The infected guppy tissue was also stained by the hematoxylin and eosin methods. The results showed: (1) the bacterial communities of water samples were mainly composed of species assigned to Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and Tabrizicola and Puniceicoccaceae were positively correlated with fish mortality, T. pyriformis abundance, and temperature. (2) Arcicella and Methyloversatilis universalis with different correlations between ciliates appeared in different treatment groups, the result of which proved that environmental factors affected the interaction between bacteria and T. pyriformis. (3) Lower temperatures and a higher pH were more beneficial for preventing disease outbreaks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Parasitology: Ecology, Risk Assessment and Environmental Implications)

14 pages, 1996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rabies in the Endemic Region of Algeria: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Survey among University Students

by Mohamed Lounis, Mousab Zarif, Zoubida Zeroug, Salma Soulaf Ferial Brahimi and Zineb Meddour

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2193; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152193 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: Rabies is a neglected zoonosis considered to be one of the most significant health threats in the world, responsible of thousands of deaths globally. Algeria is one of the main countries of concern, with more than 15 deaths and more than [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Rabies is a neglected zoonosis considered to be one of the most significant health threats in the world, responsible of thousands of deaths globally. Algeria is one of the main countries of concern, with more than 15 deaths and more than 100,000 bites by rabid-suspected animals being reported annually. This study was conducted to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) toward this disease among university students in the endemic region of Algeria. (2) Methods: a cross-sectional online survey was conducted between June 2023 and March 2024 using a self administered questionnaire. (3) Results: a total of 409 students completed the questionnaire. Overall, 91.2% of them were singles, 70.7% were females, and two-thirds (66%) were between their twenties and thirties in regard to age. The majority were studying for Bachelor’s degrees, and the most represented fields of study were Humanities (31.5%) and Natural and Life Sciences (29.1%).The findings revealed a moderate level of knowledge (63% of correct responses), a positive attitude, and appropriate practices. However, the surveyed students have certain gaps in their information regarding disease transmission, its risk factors, and its clinical signs. In addition, some of them have also shown some negative attitudes, including approving of the systematic killing of a dog who bites someone regardless of its vaccine status (59.2%), and inappropriate practices, especially in regard to unawareness of the importance of early washing of bite wounds, which was reported among 64.5% of the surveyed students. The study also revealed the association of health sciences education with knowledge (AOR: 2.723, CI 95%: 1.317–5.634), attitude (AOR: 2.306, CI 95%: 1.113–4.779) and practice (AOR: 3.560, CI 95%: 1.632–7.769), and the effect of the high level of knowledge on the attitude of surveyed students (AOR: 1.607, CI 95%: 1.052–2.456). (4) Conclusion: These results provide the first report regarding rabies KAP among Algerian university students. Based on these results, the health deciders could adopt their preventive strategy by raising awareness of the less-informed categories, which would consequently affect their behaviors regarding this fatal disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoonotic Diseases: Etiology, Diagnosis, Surveillance and Epidemiology)

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25 pages, 8221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automatic Perception of Typical Abnormal Situations in Cage-Reared Ducks Using Computer Vision

by Shida Zhao, Zongchun Bai, Lianfei Huo, Guofeng Han, Enze Duan, Dongjun Gong and Liaoyuan Gao

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152192 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Overturning and death are common abnormalities in cage-reared ducks. To achieve timely and accurate detection, this study focused on 10-day-old cage-reared ducks, which are prone to these conditions, and established prior data on such situations. Using the original YOLOv8 as the base network, [...] Read more.

Overturning and death are common abnormalities in cage-reared ducks. To achieve timely and accurate detection, this study focused on 10-day-old cage-reared ducks, which are prone to these conditions, and established prior data on such situations. Using the original YOLOv8 as the base network, multiple GAM attention mechanisms were embedded into the feature fusion part (neck) to enhance the network’s focus on the abnormal regions in images of cage-reared ducks. Additionally, the Wise-IoU loss function replaced the CIoU loss function by employing a dynamic non-monotonic focusing mechanism to balance the data samples and mitigate excessive penalties from geometric parameters in the model. The image brightness was adjusted by factors of 0.85 and 1.25, and mainstream object-detection algorithms were adopted to test and compare the generalization and performance of the proposed method. Based on six key points around the head, beak, chest, tail, left foot, and right foot of cage-reared ducks, the body structure of the abnormal ducks was refined. Accurate estimation of the overturning and dead postures was achieved using the HRNet-48. The results demonstrated that the proposed method accurately recognized these states, achieving a mean Average Precision (mAP) value of 0.924, which was 1.65% higher than that of the original YOLOv8. The method effectively addressed the recognition interference caused by lighting differences, and exhibited an excellent generalization ability and comprehensive detection performance. Furthermore, the proposed abnormal cage-reared duck pose-estimation model achieved an Object Key point Similarity (OKS) value of 0.921, with a single-frame processing time of 0.528 s, accurately detecting multiple key points of the abnormal cage-reared duck bodies and generating correct posture expressions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automated Monitoring of Livestock and Poultry with Machine Learning Technology, Volume II)

14 pages, 2619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Morphometric, Densitometric, and Mechanical Properties of Skeletal Locomotor Elements in Three Duck Species (Anatidae: Anatinae)

by Cezary Osiak-Wicha, Ewa Tomaszewska, Siemowit Muszyński, Marian Flis, Michał Świetlicki and Marcin B. Arciszewski

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2191; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152191 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Ducks (Anatinae) play a crucial role in wetland ecosystems, contributing to seed dispersal and nutrient cycling. This study investigates the skeletal adaptations of three duck species: the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula), and Green-Winged Teal [...] Read more.

Ducks (Anatinae) play a crucial role in wetland ecosystems, contributing to seed dispersal and nutrient cycling. This study investigates the skeletal adaptations of three duck species: the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula), and Green-Winged Teal (Anas crecca). The focus is on the tibiotarsus and humerus bones to understand how these adaptations support their different locomotion and habitat preferences. Bone samples n = 6 of deceased ducks (both male and female) from each species (for a total of 36 samples) were cleaned and measured for length, weight, and density. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to determine bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), and mechanical properties like yield force and stiffness were tested using a 3-point bending test. The results show significant differences in body weight, bone weight, and bone length among the species, with Mallards being the largest and Teals the smallest. Male Teals displayed higher relative bone weight (RBW) in their tibia compared to male Mallards, and male Mallards had significantly lower RBW in the humerus compared to the other species. Female Teals had higher RBW than the other species. Teals also exhibited much lower BMD in the tibia, whereas female Mallards had lower BMD in the humerus. The Seedor index revealed that male Mallards had the highest values in the tibia, while female Teals had the lowest. Mechanical testing indicated that Teals had lower yield force and breaking force in the tibia, whereas Mallards showed the highest stiffness in both bones. Tufted Ducks had intermediate values, consistent with their diving behaviour. These findings suggest that the Mallard’s robust bones support its adaptability to various environments and diverse locomotion and foraging strategies. The Teal’s lighter and less dense bones facilitate rapid flight and agility in shallow wetlands. The Tufted Duck’s intermediate bone characteristics reflect its specialization in diving, requiring a balance of strength and flexibility. Understanding these skeletal differences may provide valuable insights into the evolutionary biology and biomechanics of these species, aiding in their conservation and enhancing our knowledge of their roles in wetland ecosystems. By exploring the functional morphology of these ducks, this study aims to shed light on the biomechanical mechanisms that underpin their locomotion and foraging behaviours. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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14 pages, 2413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ixodes Ticks from Bosnia and Herzegovina

by Jasmin Omeragić, Naida Kapo, Šejla Goletić, Adis Softić, Ilma Terzić, Emina Šabić, Vedad Škapur, Darinka Klarić Soldo and Teufik Goletić

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2190; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152190 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Viewed by 70

Abstract

Limited information is available regarding the presence of tick-borne pathogens and their distribution within Ixodes species in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This study aimed to identify Rickettsia spp., Babesia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) in Ixodes ticks collected from [...] Read more.

Limited information is available regarding the presence of tick-borne pathogens and their distribution within Ixodes species in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This study aimed to identify Rickettsia spp., Babesia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) in Ixodes ticks collected from domestic and wild animals and vegetation in different regions across Bosnia and Herzegovina. A total of 7438 adult ticks, including 4526 Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes canisuga, and Ixodes hexagonus, were collected. Real-time PCR screening of 450 pooled I. ricinus samples revealed a 22.1% infection rate with at least one pathogen. Rickettsia spp. (6.3%) were found in ticks from dogs, cats, and goats, Babesia spp. (3.1%) in ticks from dogs and cattle, A. phagocytophilum (8.8%) in ticks from dogs, goats, and cattle, and B. burgdorferi s.l. (3.4%) in ticks from dogs and cats. Mixed infections with B. burgdorferi s.l. and A. phagocytophilum, as well as B. burgdorferi s.l. and Rickettsia spp., were found in two pools of I. ricinus from dogs and cats, respectively. Additionally, co-infection with Rickettsia spp. and A. phagocytophilum was confirmed in three tick pools from dogs and goats. Each tick from these pooled samples was individually retested to confirm the presence of pathogens. In the examined pooled samples of I. canisuga (1) and I. hexagonus (6), none of the tested pathogens were detected. Our findings represent the first detection of Rickettsia spp., Babesia spp., A. phagocytophilum, and B. burgdorferi s.l. in I. ricinus collected from domestic animals and vegetation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Considering the established infection rates, the detection of tick-borne pathogens in adult ticks collected from domestic animals and vegetation enriches the current knowledge of the presence of tick-borne pathogens at the local, regional, national, and broader levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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19 pages, 4438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automatic Quality Assessment of Pork Belly via Deep Learning and Ultrasound Imaging

by Tianshuo Wang, Huan Yang, Chunlei Zhang, Xiaohuan Chao, Mingzheng Liu, Jiahao Chen, Shuhan Liu and Bo Zhou

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2189; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152189 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Viewed by 146

Abstract

Pork belly, prized for its unique flavor and texture, is often overlooked in breeding programs that prioritize lean meat production. The quality of pork belly is determined by the number and distribution of muscle and fat layers. This study aimed to assess the [...] Read more.

Pork belly, prized for its unique flavor and texture, is often overlooked in breeding programs that prioritize lean meat production. The quality of pork belly is determined by the number and distribution of muscle and fat layers. This study aimed to assess the number of pork belly layers using deep learning techniques. Initially, semantic segmentation was considered, but the intersection over union (IoU) scores for the segmented parts were below 70%, which is insufficient for practical application. Consequently, the focus shifted to image classification methods. Based on the number of fat and muscle layers, a dataset was categorized into three groups: three layers (n = 1811), five layers (n = 1294), and seven layers (n = 879). Drawing upon established model architectures, the initial model was refined for the task of learning and predicting layer traits from B-ultrasound images of pork belly. After a thorough evaluation of various performance metrics, the ResNet18 model emerged as the most effective, achieving a remarkable training set accuracy of 99.99% and a validation set accuracy of 96.22%, with corresponding loss values of 0.1478 and 0.1976. The robustness of the model was confirmed through three interpretable analysis methods, including grad-CAM, ensuring its reliability. Furthermore, the model was successfully deployed in a local setting to process B-ultrasound video frames in real time, consistently identifying the pork belly layer count with a confidence level exceeding 70%. By employing a scoring system with 100 points as the threshold, the number of pork belly layers in vivo was categorized into superior and inferior grades. This innovative system offers immediate decision-making support for breeding determinations and presents a highly efficient and precise method for assessment of pork belly layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Improvement in Pigs)

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15 pages, 8626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Biodiversity and Conservation Significance of Medog: A Camera-Trapping Survey on Mammals in the Southeastern Tibetan Mountains

by Qianqian Wang, Biao Yang, Ruifeng Zhu, Xin Wang, Shilin Li and Li Zhang

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2188; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152188 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Viewed by 182

Abstract

The Medog in southeastern Tibet is home to a diverse range of wild animals. However, research on these mammals’ species directories, distribution, and conservation status remains insufficient, despite their crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. The study carried out a camera-trapping survey to [...] Read more.

The Medog in southeastern Tibet is home to a diverse range of wild animals. However, research on these mammals’ species directories, distribution, and conservation status remains insufficient, despite their crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. The study carried out a camera-trapping survey to assess mammal biodiversity and the significance of mammal protection in their natural habitats in Gedang, Medog. Future directions and application prospects of the study for wildlife conservation in the southeastern Tibetan mountains were also discussed. The survey, spanning from April 2023 to May 2024, with 19,754 camera trap days, revealed 25 mammalian species across five orders and 14 families. Among these, four classified as Endangered, five as Vulnerable, two as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List, nine were categorized as Critically Endangered or Endangered on the Red List of China’s Vertebrates, and seven were China’s national first-class key protected wildlife. The order Carnivora exhibited the highest diversity, comprising 12 species. Furthermore, the study filled the knowledge gap regarding the underrepresentation of Gongshan muntjac Muntiacus gongshanensis in IUCN and provided new insights into the recorded coexistence of the Himalayan red panda Ailurus fulgens and Chinese red panda Ailurus styani along the Yarlung Zangbo River for the first time, and also documented new upper elevation limits for four large to medium-sized species. Regarding the relative abundance indices (RAI) captured by camera traps, the most prevalent species identified was the White-cheeked macaque Macaca leucogenys, followed by the Gongshan muntjac and Himalayan serow Capricornis thar. The monitoring also captured a number of domestic dogs and livestock, as well as human disturbances. These findings underscore the importance of conserving these mammals and emphasize the need for conservation efforts to protect their habitats and reduce human activities that threaten their survival, thereby maintaining the ecological balance of the region. Additionally, the research highlighted Gedang’s significance to global conservation efforts for mammalian diversity, providing essential data for effective wildlife conservation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Recent Advance in Wildlife Conservation)

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52 pages, 3934 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comprehensive Characterization of the Genetic Landscape of African Swine Fever Virus: Insights into Infection Dynamics, Immunomodulation, Virulence and Genes with Unknown Function

by Dhithya Venkateswaran, Anwesha Prakash, Quynh Anh Nguyen, Muhammad Salman, Roypim Suntisukwattana, Waranya Atthaapa, Angkana Tantituvanont, Hongyao Lin, Tapanut Songkasupa and Dachrit Nilubol

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2187; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152187 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 173

Abstract

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a lethal contagious hemorrhagic viral disease affecting the swine population. The causative agent is African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). There is no treatment or commercial vaccine available at present. This virus poses a significant threat to the global [...] Read more.

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a lethal contagious hemorrhagic viral disease affecting the swine population. The causative agent is African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). There is no treatment or commercial vaccine available at present. This virus poses a significant threat to the global swine industry and economy, with 100% mortality rate in acute cases. ASFV transmission occurs through both direct and indirect contact, with control measures limited to early detection, isolation, and culling of infected pigs. ASFV exhibits a complex genomic structure and encodes for more than 50 structural and 100 non-structural proteins and has 150 to 167 open reading frames (ORFs). While many of the proteins are non-essential for viral replication, they play crucial roles in mediating with the host to ensure longevity and transmission of virus in the host. The dynamic nature of ASFV research necessitates constant updates, with ongoing exploration of various genes and their functions, vaccine development, and other ASF-related domains. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the structural and functional roles of both newly discovered and previously recorded genes involved in distinct stages of ASFV infection and immunomodulation. Additionally, the review discusses the virulence genes and genes with unknown functions, and proposes future interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

24 pages, 1672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Blood Transcriptome and Multi-Tissue Trace Mineral Analyses of Healthy Stocker Cattle Fed Complexed or Inorganic Trace Mineral Supplement

by Matthew A. Scott, Kelsey M. Harvey, Brandi B. Karisch, Amelia R. Woolums, Rebecca M. Tracy, Jason R. Russell and Chanda L. Engel

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2186; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152186 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 141

Abstract

Supplementing trace minerals is common in managing bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in post-weaned cattle; however, its influence on host immunity and metabolism in high-risk cattle remains unclear. We aimed to assess the impact of three supplementation programs on liver and serum trace element [...] Read more.

Supplementing trace minerals is common in managing bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in post-weaned cattle; however, its influence on host immunity and metabolism in high-risk cattle remains unclear. We aimed to assess the impact of three supplementation programs on liver and serum trace element concentrations and blood gene expression. Fifty-six high-risk beef steers were randomly assigned to one of three groups over 60 days: (1) sulfate-sourced Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn (INR), (2) amino acid-complexed Cu, Mn, Co, and Zn (AAC), or (3) AAC plus trace mineral and vitamin drench (COMBO). Serum and liver biopsies for Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn at d0, d28, and d60 were analyzed from cattle free of BRD (n = 9 INR; n = 6 AAC; n = 10 COMBO). Differences and correlations of mineral concentrations were analyzed via generalized linear mixed models and Spearman’s rank coefficients, respectively (p < 0.05). Whole blood RNA samples from healthy cattle (n = 4 INR; n = 4 AAC; n = 4 COMBO) at d0, d13, d28, d45, and d60 were sequenced and analyzed for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) via glmmSeq (FDR < 0.05), edgeR (FDR < 0.10), and Trendy (p < 0.10). Serum and liver Cu and Co concentrations increased over time in all groups, with higher liver Cu in COMBO (487.985 μg/g) versus AAC (392.043 μg/g) at d60 (p = 0.013). Serum and liver Cu concentrations (ρ = 0.579, p = 6.59 × 10⁻⁸) and serum and liver Co concentrations (ρ = 0.466, p = 2.80 × 10⁻⁵) were linearly correlated. Minimal gene expression differences were found between AAC versus COMBO (n = 2 DEGs) and INR versus COMBO (n = 0 DEGs) over time. AAC versus INR revealed 107 DEGs (d13–d60) with increased traits in AAC including metabolism of carbohydrates/fat-soluble vitamins, antigen presentation, ATPase activity, and B- and T-cell activation, while osteoclast differentiation and neutrophil degranulation decreased in AAC compared to INR. Our study identifies gene expression differences in high-risk cattle fed inorganic or amino acid-complexed mineral supplements, revealing adaptive immune and metabolic mechanisms that may be improved by organically sourced supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

13 pages, 2614 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Phylogenetic and Genetic Variation Analysis of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in East Central China during 2020–2023

by Liumei Sun, Duo Li, Caijie Yan, Chengyue Wu, Feng Han, Zongyi Bo, Manman Shen, Yiwei Sun, Liyan Wang, Haoqin Zheng, Mengdong Wang and Zhendong Zhang

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152185 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 118

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a major causative pathogen of a highly contagious, acute enteric viral disease. This study evaluated the emergence of nine variants in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces of China from 2020 to 2023. S gene-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that [...] Read more.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a major causative pathogen of a highly contagious, acute enteric viral disease. This study evaluated the emergence of nine variants in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces of China from 2020 to 2023. S gene-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that three variants belong to the G1c subgroup, while the other six strains are clustered within the G2c subgroup. Recombination analyses supported that three variants of the G1c subgroup were likely derived from recombination of parental variants FR0012014 and a donor variant AJ1102. In addition, there are novel mutations on amino acid 141–148 and these likely resulted in changes in antigenicity in the three variants. These results illustrated that the study provides novel insights into the epidemiology, evolution, and transmission of PEDV in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections and Diarrhea of Enteric Coronaviruses in Pigs)

18 pages, 859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inclusion Effect of Various Levels of Jack Mackerel Meal in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Diets Substituting 50% Fish Meal with Duck By-Product Meal on Growth and Feed Utilization

by Md Rabiul Islam, Sung Hwoan Cho and Taeho Kim

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2184; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152184 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 154

Abstract

This experiment was performed to evaluate the inclusion impact of various levels of jack mackerel meal (JMM) in olive flounder (P. olivaceus) feeds substituting 50% FM by duck by-product meal (DBM) on growth, feed availability, and economic efficiency. Seven experimental diets [...] Read more.

This experiment was performed to evaluate the inclusion impact of various levels of jack mackerel meal (JMM) in olive flounder (P. olivaceus) feeds substituting 50% FM by duck by-product meal (DBM) on growth, feed availability, and economic efficiency. Seven experimental diets were prepared. The control (Con) diet contained 60% FM. Fifty percent FM in the Con diet was substituted with DBM, and then the graded levels (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) of JMM were added instead of FM, named the DJ0, DJ10, DJ20, DJ30, DJ40, and DJ50 diets, respectively. All feeds were assigned to triplicate fish groups. At the end of 56 days’ feeding, fish fed the DJ40 and DJ50 diets exhibited comparable weight gain and specific growth rate to fish fed the Con diet. Higher feed consumption was observed in fish fed the Con, DJ40, and DJ50 diets compared to fish fed the DJ0 and DJ10 diets. Lower feed conversion ratio was observed in fish fed the Con diet compared to fish fed the DJ0, DJ10, DJ20, and DJ30 diets. Furthermore, the DJ50 diet led to the highest economic profit index (EPI). In conclusion, inclusion of 50% JMM in the olive flounder diet replacing 50% FM with DBM seems to be the most recommendable dietary treatment based on growth and feed consumption of olive flounder and EPI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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15 pages, 532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Field Application of an Innovative Approach to Assess Honeybee Health and Nutritional Status

by Cecilia Rudelli, Roberta Galuppi, Riccardo Cabbri, Thomas Dalmonte, Luca Fontanesi, Giulia Andreani and Gloria Isani

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2183; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152183 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 138

Abstract

Environment, forage quality, management practices, pathogens, and pesticides influence honeybee responses to stressors. This study proposes an innovative approach to assess colony health and performance using molecular diagnostic tools by correlating hemolymph proteins with common measures of colony strength, prevalent honeybee pathogens ( [...] Read more.

Environment, forage quality, management practices, pathogens, and pesticides influence honeybee responses to stressors. This study proposes an innovative approach to assess colony health and performance using molecular diagnostic tools by correlating hemolymph proteins with common measures of colony strength, prevalent honeybee pathogens (Varroa destructor and Nosema spp.), and essential trace elements (iron, zinc and copper). Colonies were selected from four apiaries located in different environmental and foraging conditions in the province of Bologna (Italy). Hemolymph samples were taken from June to October 2019. The Varroa infestation of the colonies was estimated by assessing the natural mortality of the mites, while the bees were tested for Nosema spp. spores using a microscopic method. Hemolymph proteins were quantified and separated using SDS-PAGE, and colony performance was assessed by determining adult bees, total brood, honey, and pollen reserves. The biomarkers measured proved to be useful for monitoring changes in performance and trophic conditions during summer and early autumn. Significant correlations were found between hemolymph proteins and colony performance measures. A positive correlation between pollen reserves, vitellogenin, and hexamerin 70a highlights the importance of these proteins for successful overwintering. In October, Varroa infestation was negatively correlated with total proteins, vitellogenin, apolipophorin II, transferrin, and hexamerin 70a, with negative implications for overwintering; furthermore, Varroa infestation was also negatively correlated with iron content, potentially affecting iron homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

15 pages, 2548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Replacing Alfalfa Hay with Common Vetch Hay in Sheep Diets on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Rumen Microbiota

by Chunhuan Ren, Xiaoan Zhang, Huiqing Wei, Sunze Wang, Wenjie Wang, Li He, Yuan Lu, Kefan Zhang, Zijun Zhang, Guanjun Wang and Yafeng Huang

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2182; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152182 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 216

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine whether the inclusion of 40% of common vetch (CV) hay as a feed ingredient in place of alfalfa hay (AH) would improve performance and ruminal fermentation and microbiota in fattening lambs. Twenty lambs were equally [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the inclusion of 40% of common vetch (CV) hay as a feed ingredient in place of alfalfa hay (AH) would improve performance and ruminal fermentation and microbiota in fattening lambs. Twenty lambs were equally divided into two groups: control group (fed 40% AH with 20% rice straw) and CV group (fed 40% CV hay with 20% rice straw). Concerning hay quality, CV hay had greater in vitro digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (p < 0.05) than AH. Lambs fed the CV diet had a higher average daily gain (ADG) and efficiency of feed and economy than lambs fed the control group. The NH₃-N content and estimated methane produced per unit of ADG of the CV diet group were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than control group. Multiple differential microbial genera were identified, with Prevotella being the most dominant genus and a tendency towards higher (p = 0.095) in lambs offered CV diet. The higher Ruminococcus abundance (p < 0.05) was found in animals of the CV group compared to the control group. In summary, CV can be incorporated into lamb diets as a low-cost forage alternative to AH to improve feed efficiency and animal performance and to reduce methane produced per unit of ADG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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34 pages, 2762 KiB

Open AccessReview

Genome-Wide Association Study as an Efficacious Approach to Discover Candidate Genes Associated with Body Linear Type Traits in Dairy Cattle

by Mingxue Long, Bo Wang, Zhangping Yang and Xubin Lu

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2181; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152181 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 188

Abstract

Body shape traits are very important and play a crucial role in the economic development of dairy farming. By improving the accuracy of selection for body size traits, we can enhance economic returns across the dairy industry and on farms, contributing to the [...] Read more.

Body shape traits are very important and play a crucial role in the economic development of dairy farming. By improving the accuracy of selection for body size traits, we can enhance economic returns across the dairy industry and on farms, contributing to the future profitability of the dairy sector. Registered body conformation traits are reliable and cost-effective tools for use in national cattle breeding selection programs. These traits are significantly related to the production, longevity, mobility, health, fertility, and environmental adaptation of dairy cows. Therefore, they can be considered indirect indicators of economically important traits in dairy cows. Utilizing efficacious genetic methods, such as genome-wide association studies (GWASs), allows for a deeper understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits through the identification and application of genetic markers. In the current review, we summarize information on candidate genes and genomic regions associated with body conformation traits in dairy cattle worldwide. The manuscript also reviews the importance of body conformation, the relationship between body conformation traits and other traits, heritability, influencing factors, and the genetics of body conformation traits. The information on candidate genes related to body conformation traits provided in this review may be helpful in selecting potential genetic markers for the genetic improvement of body conformation traits in dairy cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Analysis of Important Traits in Domestic Animals)

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12 pages, 761 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Specificity of Key Sex Determination Genes in a Mammal with Ovotestes: The European Mole Talpa europaea

by Alexey Bogdanov, Maria Sokolova and Irina Bakloushinskaya

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2180; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152180 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 208

Abstract

Here, for the first time, the structure of genes involved in sex determination in mammals (full Sry and partial Rspo1, Eif2s3x, and Eif2s3y) was analyzed for the European mole Talpa europaea with ovotestes in females. We confirmed male-specificity for Eif2s3y [...] Read more.

Here, for the first time, the structure of genes involved in sex determination in mammals (full Sry and partial Rspo1, Eif2s3x, and Eif2s3y) was analyzed for the European mole Talpa europaea with ovotestes in females. We confirmed male-specificity for Eif2s3y and Sry. Five exons were revealed for Rspo1 and the deep similarity with the structure of this gene in T. occidentalis was proved. The most intriguing result was obtained for the Sry gene, which, in placental mammals, initiates male development. We described two exons for this canonically single-exon gene: the first (initial) exon is only 15 bp while the second exon includes 450 bp. The exons are divided by an extended intron of about 1894 bp, including the fragment of the LINE retroposon. Moreover, in chromatogram fragments, which correspond to intron and DNA areas, flanking both exons, we revealed double peaks, similar to heterozygous nucleotide sites of autosomal genes. This may indicate the existence of two or more copies of the Sry gene. Proof of copies requires an additional in-depth study. We hypothesize that unusual structure and possible supernumerary copies of Sry may be involved in ovotestes formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Genetic Mechanism and Evolution of Sex Determination and Chromosomes)

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19 pages, 5808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Heat-Treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7384 Combined with Fibersol-2 on the Intestinal Health of Cats Submitted to an Abrupt Dietary Change: A Randomized Controlled Study

by Fan Wang, Siyuan Gao, Qianqian Peng, Lili Tan, Siyu Chen and Zhaofei Xia

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2179; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152179 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 182

Abstract

Abrupt dietary change can disrupt the intestinal balance in felines. This study aimed to assess the impact of heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7384 combined with Fibersol-2 on the intestinal health of adult cats before and after dietary change. We selected 24 British shorthair cats, [...] Read more.

Abrupt dietary change can disrupt the intestinal balance in felines. This study aimed to assess the impact of heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7384 combined with Fibersol-2 on the intestinal health of adult cats before and after dietary change. We selected 24 British shorthair cats, dividing them into two groups. From day 1 to day 14, the control group received a lower protein (33%) concentration (LPF) diet, while the treated group received the same LPF diet supplemented with 0.16% functional additives, consisting of Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7384 combined with Fibersol-2. Subsequently, from day 15 to day 28, the control group transitioned to a higher protein (40%) concentration (HPF) diet, while the treated group received the same HPF diet supplemented with 0.16% functional additives. Blood and fresh feces were collected on day 0, 14, 17, 21, and 28 of the experiment. The results suggest that the use of heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7384 combined with Fibersol-2 may improve gastrointestinal function in cats by reducing serum LPS levels and fecal pH, while increasing fecal sIgA levels. In addition, the functional additive regulates the fecal microbiota and its function, promoting intestinal homeostasis and colonization with beneficial bacteria such as Blautia. Furthermore, on day 28, there was a significant difference in fecal microbiota beta diversity between the two groups. In summary, the addition of heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7384 combined with Fibersol-2 contributes to improving the intestinal health of adult cats affected by abrupt dietary change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application and Mechanism of Probiotics or Postbiotics on Improving Animal Gut Health)

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12 pages, 5847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trace Elements in Hermann’s Tortoises (Testudo hermanni) According to Sex, Season, and Sampling Region in Central Europe

by Christoph Leineweber, Gregor Geisler, Michael Pees, Sabine Öfner and Rachel E. Marschang

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2178; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152178 - 26 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Some trace elements are essential for the health of vertebrates, but little is known about their function, the amounts required, and the factors influencing their metabolism in tortoises. The aim of this study was therefore to measure trace elements (chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), [...] Read more.

Some trace elements are essential for the health of vertebrates, but little is known about their function, the amounts required, and the factors influencing their metabolism in tortoises. The aim of this study was therefore to measure trace elements (chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn)) in heparinized blood plasma of Hermann’s tortoises (Testudo hermanni) (n = 520) from March to September 2022 using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and to establish specific reference intervals. Additionally, the influence of sex, season, and region of sample collection on the measured values were evaluated. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) sex-specific differences were found for Cu, Mg, and Mn; seasonal differences were found for Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, and Se; and the region in which the tortoises were kept significantly impacted Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mo, and Se levels. The results show that all of these factors should be consider when establishing and interpreting blood trace element levels in tortoises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Herpetology)

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17 pages, 2317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of Organic Acid Type and Dosage in Drinking Water for Young Rabbits

by Adrián Ramón-Moragues, Chiara María Vaggi, Jorge Franch-Dasí, Eugenio Martínez-Paredes, Catarina Peixoto-Gonçalves, Luis Ródenas, Maria del Carmen López-Luján, Pablo Jesús Marín-García, Enrique Blas, Juan José Pascual and María Cambra-López

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2177; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152177 - 26 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Organic acids (OAs) are employed in animal feed to regulate gastrointestinal disorders and diarrhoea thanks to their ability to modulate the gastrointestinal environment and their antimicrobial capacity. However, there is not enough evidence regarding the most adequate OA and its effectiveness in rabbit [...] Read more.

Organic acids (OAs) are employed in animal feed to regulate gastrointestinal disorders and diarrhoea thanks to their ability to modulate the gastrointestinal environment and their antimicrobial capacity. However, there is not enough evidence regarding the most adequate OA and its effectiveness in rabbit farming. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen and evaluate the response of young rabbits to six OAs, administered via drinking water, at three different concentrations (pH levels). Organic acids (acetic, ACET; formic, FOR; propionic, PROP; lactic, LAC; citric, CIT; and butyric, BUT) were tested at three concentrations (pH 3, 4, and 5). A negative control (CON; non-acidified water) was also included. We used 240 weaned rabbits (28 days old) divided into 2 batches. In each batch, animals were randomly allocated to 1 of the 19 experimental treatments and were housed in group cages of 6 animals per cage, treatment, and batch. Among the 240 rabbits, an additional cage with 6 animals was included to determine the initial physiological state of the animals. All animals were fed with commercial pelleted feed throughout the whole experiment. The duration of the study was 7 days, until 35 days of age. At 31 and 35 days of age, in each batch, three animals per day and treatment were slaughtered. The pH of the digestive contents in the fundus, antrum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum, as well as the gastric pepsin enzyme activity, was measured. Water and feed consumption per cage and individual body weight (BW) were recorded daily. The type and dosage of OAs affected water intake. ACET 3, PROP 3, and BUT 3 reduced water intake compared to CON, negatively impacting feed intake and weight gain. FOR and CIT acids led to the highest BW and weight gain at 35 days, compared to PROP, LAC, and BUT (p < 0.05); showing ACET intermediate values. While OAs had limited effects on gastric and small intestine pH, acidified water at pH 4 and 5 lowered ileum and caecum pH (p < 0.05) compared to pH 3. Acidified water at pH 4 showed the highest (p < 0.05) pepsin activity compared to pH 3 and pH 5. Considering the limited sample size and short-term assessment period of our screening test, the OAs with the highest potential for use in post-weaning rabbits were FOR, ACET, and CIT at pH 4. The selected combinations did not exhibit any early adverse effects in young rabbits. These results should be further confirmed in a broader population of animals. It would also be advisable to extend the application of OAs over longer periods to evaluate their effects throughout the entire growing period of rabbits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feeding and Management Strategies for Improving Health, Welfare, Efficiency and Sustainability in Rabbit Production)

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16 pages, 1980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Incubation Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Egg Hatchability Pattern of Two-Spotted (Gryllus bimaculatus) and House (Acheta domesticus) Crickets

by Jamlong Mitchaothai, Rachakris Lertpatarakomol, Tassanee Trairatapiwan and Achara Lukkananukool

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2176; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152176 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 134

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the influence and optimal conditions of incubation temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the egg hatchability patterns of two-spotted (Gryllus bimaculatus) and house (Acheta domesticus) crickets. Experiment I involved 100 cricket eggs per hatching [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine the influence and optimal conditions of incubation temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the egg hatchability patterns of two-spotted (Gryllus bimaculatus) and house (Acheta domesticus) crickets. Experiment I involved 100 cricket eggs per hatching box for each species, with six replications for each controlled incubation temperature of 23, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33 °C at 70% RH. Experiment II used all the same procedures as Experiment I, except for incubation temperatures of 29, 30, 31, and 32 °C tested with varied RH levels of 65%, 70%, and 75%. In Experiment I, two-spotted crickets (9.47 ± 1.99 days) exhibited faster hatching than house crickets (13.70 ± 2.78 days). Additionally, the onset of hatching decreased with higher incubation temperatures for both types of crickets. In Experiment II, an incubation temperature of 31 °C and 70% RH resulted in a hatching rate of 79.75% for two-spotted crickets, with hatching beginning in 6 days. For house cricket eggs, the optimal conditions of 30 °C and 65–75% RH led to a peak daily hatching rate of 62.00–65.50% and hatching onset in 12 days. Thus, this study established the optimal incubation temperature and RH for egg hatching of two-spotted and house crickets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)

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12 pages, 2061 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Role of Erythropoietin in Bovine Sperm Physiology

by Vasiliki G. Sapanidou, Byron Asimakopoulos, Theodoros Lialiaris, Sophia N. Lavrentiadou, Konstantinos Feidantsis, Georgios Kourousekos and Maria P. Tsantarliotou

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152175 - 26 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone secreted mainly by the kidney, exerts its biological function by binding to its cell-surface receptor (EpoR). The presence of EPO and EpoR in the male and female reproductive system has been verified. Therefore, some of the key properties of [...] Read more.

Erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone secreted mainly by the kidney, exerts its biological function by binding to its cell-surface receptor (EpoR). The presence of EPO and EpoR in the male and female reproductive system has been verified. Therefore, some of the key properties of EPO, such as its antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects, could improve the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa. In the present study, the effect of two different concentrations of EPO (10 mIU/μL and 100 mIU/μL) on bovine sperm-quality parameters was evaluated during a post-thawing 4-h incubation at 37 °C. EPO had a positive effect on sperm motility, viability, and total antioxidant capacity. Moreover, EPO inhibited apoptosis, as it reduced both BCL2-associated X apoptosis regulator (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) ratio and cleaved cysteine-aspartic proteases (caspases) substrate levels in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, EPO induced sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction in spermatozoa incubated in capacitation conditioned medeia. These results establish a foundation for the physiological role of EPO in reproductive processes and hopefully will provide an incentive for further research in order to fully decipher the role of EPO in sperm physiology and reproduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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23 pages, 1135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influences on the Decision to Euthanize a Compromised Pig

by Julia Stoffregen, Tristan Winkelmann, Bettina Schneider, Michel Fehrmann, Kathrin Gerdes, Moana Miller, Jennifer Reinmold, Isabel Hennig-Pauka, Nicole Kemper, Christin Kleinsorgen, Karl-Heinz Tölle, Lothar Kreienbrock, Michael Wendt and Elisabeth grosse Beilage

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2174; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152174 - 26 Jul 2024

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Abstract

The decision to euthanize a compromised pig can be challenging for pig farmers and veterinarians. To understand more about the challenges in Germany, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted. Based on a hybrid design, the responses of 39 veterinarians and 62 pig farmers [...] Read more.

The decision to euthanize a compromised pig can be challenging for pig farmers and veterinarians. To understand more about the challenges in Germany, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted. Based on a hybrid design, the responses of 39 veterinarians and 62 pig farmers were analyzed to generate a list of common clinical signs associated with the euthanasia of sows, fatteners, and piglets. Moreover, a set of influences on the farm, due to economic and personal considerations, were found to shape the decision-making process. The two most salient reasons outlined for the delay of timely euthanasia were uncertainty and misinterpretation of the chance for healing. The lack of valid clinical signs or a sound justification was most frequently mentioned as a challenge to the general decision-making process. In summation, this study highlights the need to generate a valid taxonomy for clinical signs that includes their development in a compromised pig over time. Future studies should elaborate on the justification of euthanasia decisions to facilitate the resolution of ethical dilemmas among the involved pig farmers and veterinarians. Lastly, the results suggest that clinical reasoning and consultation skills should be included when decision-making behavior is to be trained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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15 pages, 6640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of a Steatosis Model in LMH Cells, Chicken Embryo Hepatocytes, and Liver Tissues Based on a Mixture of Sodium Oleate and Palmitic Acid

by Wuchao Zhuang, Ziwei Chen, Xin Shu, Jilong Zhang, Runbang Zhu, Manman Shen, Jianfei Chen and Xiaotong Zheng

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2173; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152173 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 174

Abstract

Research on hepatic steatosis in animal husbandry has been a prominent area of study. Developing an appropriate in vitro cellular steatosis model is crucial for comprehensively investigating the mechanisms involved in liver lipid deposition in poultry and for identifying potential interventions to address [...] Read more.

Research on hepatic steatosis in animal husbandry has been a prominent area of study. Developing an appropriate in vitro cellular steatosis model is crucial for comprehensively investigating the mechanisms involved in liver lipid deposition in poultry and for identifying potential interventions to address abnormalities in lipid metabolism. The research on the methods of in vitro liver steatosis in chickens, particularly the effects of different fat mixtures, is still lacking. In this study, LMH cells were utilized to investigate the effects of OA, SO, PA, SP, and their pairwise combinations on steatosis development, with the aim of identifying the optimal conditions for inducing steatosis. Analysis of triglyceride (TG) content in LMH cells revealed that OA and SP had limited efficacy in increasing TG content, while a combination of SO and PA in a 1:2 ratio exhibited the highest TG content. Moreover, Oil Red O staining results in LMH cells demonstrated that the combination treatment had a more pronounced induction effect compared to 0.375 mM SO. Additionally, RNA-seq analysis showed that 0.375 mM SO significantly influenced the expression of genes associated with fatty acid metabolism compared to the control group, whereas the combination of SO and PA led to an enrichment of key GO terms associated with programmed cell death. These findings suggest that varying conditions of cellular steatosis could lead to distinct disruptions in gene expression. The optimal conditions for inducing steatosis in LMH cells were also tested on chicken embryonic liver cells and embryos. TG detection and Oil Red O staining assays showed that the combination of SO and PA successfully induced steatosis. However, the gene expression pattern differed from that of LMH cells. This study lays the foundations for further investigations into avian hepatic steatosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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15 pages, 1537 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Introducing the Mellorater—The Five Domains Model in a Welfare Monitoring App for Animal Guardians

by Cristina L. Wilkins, Paul D. McGreevy, Suzanne M. Cosh, Cathrynne Henshall, Bidda Jones, Amy D. Lykins and William Billingsley

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152172 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 607

Abstract

When monitoring an animal’s welfare, it helps to have comprehensive and day-to-day information about the animal’s life. The goal is to ensure that animal guardians (carers, keepers, and owners) use such information to act in the animals’ best interests. This article introduces the [...] Read more.

When monitoring an animal’s welfare, it helps to have comprehensive and day-to-day information about the animal’s life. The goal is to ensure that animal guardians (carers, keepers, and owners) use such information to act in the animals’ best interests. This article introduces the Mellorater, an animal welfare monitoring app based on the 2020 Five Domains Model. This framework provides a means of capturing comprehensive information about the world in which individual animals exist. The Mellorater asks animal guardians to rate their agreement with 18 statements covering any focal animal’s nutrition, environment, health, and behavioural interactions using a five-point Likert scale. No specialist training is required other than following straightforward instructions on using the app, which are provided. The Mellorater is not proposed as a validated welfare auditing tool because it relies on reflective self-reporting and, thus, is vulnerable to the user’s subjectivity. If users’ subjectivity is stable over time, then the longitudinal data may be considered useful proxies for trends in quality of life. That said, it has the potential to be used by trained auditors if scientifically validated, species-specific indicators are applied. The Mellorater collects anonymous data and has been approved for a study to explore how the use of such scales may differ among guardians of different species and in different contexts. In this paper, we conduct the following: (1) summarise the app’s purposes; (2) clarify its capabilities and limitations; and (3) invite animal welfare scholars, veterinarians, health and welfare professionals, and animal guardians to use it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

15 pages, 2827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 3D Scans on Veterinary Students’ Learning Outcomes Compared to Traditional 2D Images in Anatomy Classes

by Rebecca Schirone, Giuliano Mario Corte, Jan P. Ehlers, Christina Herre, Maximiliane Schmedding, Roswitha Merle, Joëlle Pachtmann and Mahtab Bahramsoltani

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2171; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152171 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 222

Abstract

Students often struggle with interpreting traditional textbook images and translating them to anatomical structures. This study aimed to compare the impact of 3D scans versus 2D images on students’ learning outcomes when learning anatomical structures on skulls from horses and pigs. Furthermore, the [...] Read more.

Students often struggle with interpreting traditional textbook images and translating them to anatomical structures. This study aimed to compare the impact of 3D scans versus 2D images on students’ learning outcomes when learning anatomical structures on skulls from horses and pigs. Furthermore, the correlation between spatial ability and learning outcomes using 3D scans or 2D images was examined. Second-year veterinary medicine students either used 3D scans or 2D images, annotated with arrows or numbers as learning material. Students’ anatomical knowledge was tested before and after the learning session, and spatial ability was assessed using the mental rotation test. All groups improved significantly in the post-test. However, the differences between groups were not significant, suggesting that 3D scans do not necessarily lead to higher learning outcomes. The analysis of the correlation between spatial ability and learning outcomes did not prove that students with weaker spatial ability benefit from 3D scans. Students preferred 3D scans over 2D images despite similar outcomes, suggesting they are valuable for learning. However, results show that the introduction of novel learning materials likely amplified the impact of reduced learning time on the 3D group, as these materials necessitated additional time for effective comprehension and integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Problems of Veterinary Education, Science and Profession)

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22 pages, 6028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Premortem Stress on Protein Expression, Steak Color, Oxidation, and Myofibrillar Fragmentation Index in the Longissimus Lumborum

by Reganne K. Briggs, Jerrad F. Legako, Paul R. Broadway, Jeff A. Carroll, Nicole C. Burdick Sanchez, Nikole E. Ineck, Zachary K. Smith, Ranjith Ramanathan and Kara J. Thornton

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2170; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152170 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 238

Abstract

Forty castrated Holstein calves underwent an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge to assess the effects of premortem stress on the longissimus lumborum (LL) following harvest. LL biopsies were collected before the challenge, at different harvest times (2, 12, 24, and 48 h; n = [...] Read more.

Forty castrated Holstein calves underwent an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge to assess the effects of premortem stress on the longissimus lumborum (LL) following harvest. LL biopsies were collected before the challenge, at different harvest times (2, 12, 24, and 48 h; n = 10), and after 14 d aging. The expression of small heat shock proteins (SHSPs), deglycase 1 (DJ-1), and troponin were analyzed. Blood was analyzed throughout the ACTH challenge and at harvest for cortisol, oxidative stress, and complete blood count (CBC). Color and myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) were measured in aged samples. Unexpectedly, calves from different harvest times differed (p = 0.05) in cortisol response. Calves were divided into two different cortisol response groups (high or low; n = 20). Statistical analysis assessed the effects of cortisol response (n = 20), harvest time (n = 10), and their interaction. Harvest time altered SHSPs (p = 0.03), DJ-1 (p = 0.002), and troponin (p = 0.02) expression. Harvest time and cortisol response impacted steak color (p < 0.05), and harvest time altered steak pH (p < 0.0001). Additionally, various CBCs were changed (p < 0.05) by harvest time. Harvest time changed (p = 0.02) MFI. These data demonstrate that the protein expression, color, and MFI of the LL may be influenced by premortem stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carcass Traits and Meat Quality in Cattle)

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11 pages, 1990 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Interplay of TLR-NFκB Signalling Pathway and Functional Immune-Related Enzymes in the Inflammatory Response of Ciona robusta

by Luca Bisanti, Claudia La Corte, Mariano Dara, Federica Bertini, Jacopo Vizioli, Maria Giovanna Parisi, Matteo Cammarata and Daniela Parrinello

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2169; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152169 - 25 Jul 2024

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Abstract

The close phylogenetic relationship between ascidians (Tunicata) and vertebrates makes them a powerful model for studying the innate immune system. To better understand the nature and dynamics of immune responses and the mechanisms through which bacterial infections are detected and translated into inflammation [...] Read more.

The close phylogenetic relationship between ascidians (Tunicata) and vertebrates makes them a powerful model for studying the innate immune system. To better understand the nature and dynamics of immune responses and the mechanisms through which bacterial infections are detected and translated into inflammation in Ciona robusta, we applied an approach combining in vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, immune-labelling techniques and functional enzymatic analyses. The immunohistochemistry showed that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) were expressed during the inflammatory pharynx response 4 h post-LPS, with the formation of nodules in pharynx vessel lumen. Also, the endothelium vessels were involved in the inflammatory response. Observations of histological sections from naive and buffer-inoculated ascidians confirmed an immuno-positive response. Enzyme immune parameters—which included the activity of phenoloxidase, glutathione peroxidase, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and esterase—showed up-modulation 4 h after LPS injection, confirming their participation during ascidian inflammatory response. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the LPS-induced C. robusta response and suggest that a broad innate immune mechanism, as in vertebrates, is involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Further findings in this direction are needed to cover knowledge gaps regarding the organized set of molecular and cellular networks involved in universal immune interactions with pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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16 pages, 15135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Transmission and Evolution of PEDV Variants and Co-Infections in Northeast China from 2011 to 2022

by Feipeng Zhao, Xin’ao Ma, Jianfeng Yang, Zhiying Wei, Jiaxuan Li, Yanping Jiang, Wen Cui, Zhifu Shan and Lijie Tang

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2168; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152168 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 245

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a rapidly evolving virus that causes outbreaks in pig herds worldwide. Mutations in the S protein of PEDV have led to the emergence of new viral variants, which can reduce vaccine immunity against prevalent strains. To understand [...] Read more.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a rapidly evolving virus that causes outbreaks in pig herds worldwide. Mutations in the S protein of PEDV have led to the emergence of new viral variants, which can reduce vaccine immunity against prevalent strains. To understand the infection and variation pattern of PEDV in China, an extensive epidemiological survey was conducted in northeast China from 2015 to 2022. The genetic diversity of enteroviruses co-infected with PEDV and the PEDV S gene was analyzed, common mutation patterns that may have led to changes in PEDV virulence and infectivity in recent years were identified, and structural changes in the surface of the S protein resulting from mutations in the PEDV S gene from 2011 to 2022 were reviewed. Of note, two distinct mutations in the emerging 2022 HEB strain were identified. These findings provide a basis for a better understanding of PEDV co-infection and genetic evolution in northeast China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections and Diarrhea of Enteric Coronaviruses in Pigs)

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11 pages, 3898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bacterial Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance of Microorganisms Isolated from Teat Cup Liners in Dairy Farms in Shandong Province, China

by Guangwei Yan, Shengnan Wang, Yuehui Cui, Kun Xue, Yongxia Liu and Jianzhu Liu

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2167; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152167 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 263

Abstract

Global milk consumption exceeds 800 million tons a year and is still growing. Milk quality and its products are critical to human health. A teat cup makes direct contact with the cow’s teats during milking and its cleanliness is very important for the [...] Read more.

Global milk consumption exceeds 800 million tons a year and is still growing. Milk quality and its products are critical to human health. A teat cup makes direct contact with the cow’s teats during milking and its cleanliness is very important for the quality of raw milk. In this study, the microorganism from post-milking teat cup liners were collected from six dairy farms in Shandong Province of China, the bacterial species were identified using microbial mass spectrometry, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the isolated strains against ten antimicrobial agents were determined using the broth microdilution method, and the antimicrobial resistance genes were detected by PCR. The results indicated that the most frequently isolated bacteria in this study were Bacillus licheniformis (39/276, 14.13%), followed by Bacillus pumilus (20/276, 7.25%), Bacillus cereus (17/276, 6.16%), and Bacillus subtili (16/276, 5.80%). The isolates exhibited the highest average resistance to lincomycin (87.37%), followed by sulfadiazine (61.05%) and streptomycin (42.63%); the highest detection rate of resistance genes was Sul1 (55.43%), followed by ant(4’) (51.09%), tet(M) (25.36%), bla_KPC (3.62%) and qnrS (3.62%). These findings imply the necessity for enhanced measures in disinfecting cow udders and milking equipment, highlighting the persistently challenging issue of antimicrobial resistance in Shandong Province. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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18 pages, 1298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Fish Meal-Free Diets for Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata): Integrated Biomarker Response to Assess the Effects on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, Antioxidant Defense and Immunological Status

by Ana M. Fernandes, Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner, Gabriella V. Pereira, Ana Teresa Gonçalves, Jorge Dias, Johan Johansen, Tomé Silva, Fernando Naya-Català, Carla Piazzon, Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla, Benjamin Costas, Luís E. C. Conceição, Jorge M. O. Fernandes and Jaume Pérez-Sánchez

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2166; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152166 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 441

Abstract

The growth of the aquaculture industry requires more sustainable and circular economy-driven aquafeed formulas. Thus, the goal of the present study was to assess in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) how different combinations of novel and conventional fish feed ingredients [...] Read more.

The growth of the aquaculture industry requires more sustainable and circular economy-driven aquafeed formulas. Thus, the goal of the present study was to assess in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) how different combinations of novel and conventional fish feed ingredients supported proper animal performance in terms of growth and physiological biomarkers of blood/liver/head kidney. A 77-day feeding trial was conducted with three experimental diets (PAP, with terrestrial processed animal protein from animal by-products; NOPAP, without processed animal protein from terrestrial animal by-products; MIX, a combination of alternative ingredients of PAP and NOPAP diets) and a commercial-type formulation (CTRL), and their effects on growth performance and markers of endocrine growth regulation, lipid metabolism, antioxidant defense and inflammatory condition were assessed at circulatory and tissue level (liver, head kidney). Growth performance was similar among all dietary treatments. However, fish fed the PAP diet displayed a lower feed conversion and protein efficiency, with intermediate values in MIX-fed fish. Such gradual variation in growth performance was supported by different biomarker signatures that delineated a lower risk of oxidation and inflammatory condition in NOPAP fish, in concurrence with an enhanced hepatic lipogenesis that did not represent a risk of lipoid liver degeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Diets and Culture Conditions in Fish: Applications in Aquaculture)

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The Unseen Side of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility of Electrocardiography and Holter Monitoring

by Alexandra Cofaru, Raluca Murariu, Teodora Popa, Cosmin Petru Peștean and Iuliu Călin Scurtu

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152165 - 25 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common heart disease in cats, characterized by regional or diffuse hypertrophy of the left ventricular walls, with an uncertain etiology and heterogenous natural history. Several types of rhythm disturbances are often associated with the disease. This study conducts [...] Read more.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common heart disease in cats, characterized by regional or diffuse hypertrophy of the left ventricular walls, with an uncertain etiology and heterogenous natural history. Several types of rhythm disturbances are often associated with the disease. This study conducts a comprehensive review of the current literature, in order to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic effectiveness of electrocardiography and Holter monitoring in the management of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The main subjects of discussion will include general information about HCM and its connection to arrhythmias. We will explore the rhythm disturbances documented in the current literature on Holter monitoring, as well as the techniques used for Holter monitoring. Additionally, the review will cover classical electrocardiography (ECG) and its diagnostic utility. Prognostic indicators and anti-arrhythmic therapy will also be discussed in detail. The findings highlight the importance of understanding arrhythmias in feline HCM for accurate diagnosis, risk assessment, and therapeutic intervention. ECG and Holter monitoring may offer valuable insights into managing feline HCM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Clinical Pathology in Animals)

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Animals, Volume 14, Issue 15 (August-1 2024) – 58 articles

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