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Appl. Sci., Volume 14, Issue 21 (November-1 2024) – 241 articles

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26 pages, 2953 KiB  
Article
Development of a Flexible Information Security Risk Model Using Machine Learning Methods and Ontologies
by Alibek Barlybayev, Altynbek Sharipbay, Gulmira Shakhmetova and Ainur Zhumadillayeva
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9858; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219858 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
This paper presents a significant advancement in information security risk assessment by introducing a flexible and comprehensive model. The research integrates established standards, expert knowledge, machine learning, and ontological modeling to create a multifaceted approach for understanding and managing information security risks. The [...] Read more.
This paper presents a significant advancement in information security risk assessment by introducing a flexible and comprehensive model. The research integrates established standards, expert knowledge, machine learning, and ontological modeling to create a multifaceted approach for understanding and managing information security risks. The combination of standards and expert insights forms a robust foundation, ensuring a holistic grasp of the intricate risk landscape. The use of cluster analysis, specifically applying k-means on information security standards, expands the data-driven approach, uncovering patterns not discernible through traditional methods. The integration of machine learning algorithms in the creation of information security risk dendrogram demonstrates effective computational techniques for enhanced risk discovery. The introduction of a heat map as a visualization tool adds innovation, facilitating an intuitive understanding of risk interconnections and prioritization for decision makers. Additionally, a thesaurus optimizes risk descriptions, ensuring comprehensiveness and relevance despite evolving terminologies in the dynamic field of information security. The development of an ontological model for structured risk classification is a significant stride forward, offering an effective means of categorizing information security risks based on ontological relationships. These collective innovations enhance understanding and management of information security risks, paving the way for more effective approaches in the ever-evolving technological landscape. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
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16 pages, 2633 KiB  
Systematic Review
Evaluating the Current Situation of River and Lake Shoreline Planning and Utilization Using an Improved Matter-Element Extension Model
by Bo Wang, Shihua Li, Kang Yang, Xinyu Zhu and Fan Luo
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9857; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219857 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Based on the analysis of the influencing factors of the current planning and utilization of river and lake shorelines, an index system of the current planning and utilization of river and lake shorelines is constructed. Based on the triangular fuzzy number method and [...] Read more.
Based on the analysis of the influencing factors of the current planning and utilization of river and lake shorelines, an index system of the current planning and utilization of river and lake shorelines is constructed. Based on the triangular fuzzy number method and the improved CRITIC method, the evaluation indicators are weighted and analyzed and then integrated to obtain the combined weight. An improved matter-element extension model was constructed to evaluate the current situation of shoreline planning and utilization in typical regions. At the same time, the TOPSIS evaluation model and the cloud theory evaluation model were compared and analyzed to verify the accuracy of the model. The improved matter-element model accounts for indicator incompatibility and the uncertainty of evaluation boundaries, offering a clearer reflection of the planning and utilization status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecology Science and Engineering)
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23 pages, 4260 KiB  
Article
A Thermogravimetric Analysis of Biomass Conversion to Biochar: Experimental and Kinetic Modeling
by Cătălina Călin, Elena-Emilia Sîrbu, Maria Tănase, Romuald Győrgy, Daniela Roxana Popovici and Ionuț Banu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9856; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219856 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
This study investigates the pyrolytic decomposition of apple and potato peel waste using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), the influence of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical characteristics [...] Read more.
This study investigates the pyrolytic decomposition of apple and potato peel waste using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), the influence of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical characteristics and structural properties of biochar was studied. The degradation of biomass samples was studied between 25 °C and 800 °C. Although apple and potato peel decomposition present similar thermogravimetric profiles, there are some differences that can be evidenced from DTG curves. Potato peel showed one degradation peak in the range 205–375 °C with 50% weight loss; meanwhile, the apple peel exhibited two stages: one with a maximum at around 220 °C and about 38% weight loss caused by degradation of simple carbohydrates and a second peak between 280 °C and 380 °C with a maximum at 330 °C, having a weight loss of approximately 24%, attributed to cellulose degradation. To gain more insight into the phenomena involved in biomass conversion, the kinetics of the reaction were analyzed using thermal data collected in non-isothermal conditions with a constant heating rate of 5, 10, 20, or 30 °C /min. The kinetic analysis for each decomposed biomass (apple and potato) was carried out based on single-step and multi-step type techniques by combining the Arrhenius form of the decomposition rate constant with the mass action law. The multi-step approaches provided further insight into the degradation mechanisms for the whole range of the decomposition temperatures. The effect of temperature on biomass waste structure showed that the surface morphologies and surface functional groups of both samples are influenced by the pyrolysis temperature. A higher pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C results in the disappearance of the bands characteristic of the hydroxyl, aliphatic, ether, and ester functional groups, characteristic of a porous surface with increased adsorption capacity. Therefore, this study concludes that biomass waste samples (apple and potato) can produce high yields of biochar and are a potential ecological basis for a sustainable approach. The preliminary adsorption tests show a reasonably good nitrate removal capacity for our biochar samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Green Sustainable Science and Technology)
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22 pages, 3227 KiB  
Systematic Review
Connecting the Brain with Augmented Reality: A Systematic Review of BCI-AR Systems
by Georgios Prapas, Pantelis Angelidis, Panagiotis Sarigiannidis, Stamatia Bibi and Markos G. Tsipouras
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9855; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219855 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
The increasing integration of brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) with augmented reality (AR) presents new possibilities for immersive and interactive environments, particularly through the use of head-mounted displays (HMDs). Despite the growing interest, a comprehensive understanding of BCI-AR systems is still emerging. This systematic review [...] Read more.
The increasing integration of brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) with augmented reality (AR) presents new possibilities for immersive and interactive environments, particularly through the use of head-mounted displays (HMDs). Despite the growing interest, a comprehensive understanding of BCI-AR systems is still emerging. This systematic review aims to synthesize existing research on the use of BCIs for controlling AR environments via HMDs, highlighting the technological advancements and challenges in this domain. An extensive search across electronic databases, including IEEEXplore, PubMed, and Scopus, was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, resulting in 41 studies eligible for analysis. This review identifies key areas for future research, potential limitations, and offers insights into the evolving trends in BCI-AR systems, contributing to the development of more robust and user-friendly applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Neuroscience and Neural Engineering)
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14 pages, 4558 KiB  
Article
Impedance Spectroscopy of Lanthanum-Doped (Pb0.75Ba0.25)(Zr0.70Ti0.30)O3 Ceramics
by Małgorzata Adamczyk-Habrajska, Jolanta Makowska, Tomasz Pikula, Beata Wodecka-Duś, Joanna A. Bartkowska, Rafał Panek and Katarzyna Osińska
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9854; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219854 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
This study examines the effects of La3+ doping on (Pb0.75Ba0.25)(Zr0.70Ti0.30)O3(PBZT) ceramics, which were synthesized using the conventional solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the PBZT structure, including PBZT doped with [...] Read more.
This study examines the effects of La3+ doping on (Pb0.75Ba0.25)(Zr0.70Ti0.30)O3(PBZT) ceramics, which were synthesized using the conventional solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the PBZT structure, including PBZT doped with La3+ at concentrations x = 1 at.% and x = 2 at.%, exhibited a rhombohedral (R3c) space group, while higher doping levels of x = 3 at.% and x = 4 at.% led to a dominant cubic (Pm-3m) phase with approximately 30% of a remnant rhombohedral component. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL JSM-7100F TTL LV, Jeol Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were utilized to investigate the structure and morphology of these ceramics. The findings indicated that the chemical composition of the ceramic samples closely corresponded to the initial stoichiometry of the ceramic powder. An increase in the amount of lanthanum results in a decrease in the average grain size of the ceramics. The electrical properties were further evaluated using complex impedance spectroscopy (IS) over a range of temperatures and frequencies, as well as temperature dependence of DC conductivity. The similarity in the changes in activation energy for DC conductivity and grain boundary conductivity, caused by lanthanum ion modification, allows for the conclusion that grain boundaries are the primary microstructural element responsible for conductivity in these materials. Full article
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11 pages, 913 KiB  
Article
Acute Effects of Overload Running on Physiological and Biomechanical Variables in Trained Trail Runners
by Antonio Cartón-Llorente, Alberto Rubio-Peirotén, Silvia Cardiel-Sánchez, Pablo Díez-Martínez, Luis Enrique Roche-Seruendo and Diego Jaén-Carrillo
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9853; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219853 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: The biomechanical and physiological adaptations to resisted running have been well documented in sprinting; however, their impact at submaximal speeds, such as those typical of long-distance running, remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of running with a weighted vest, [...] Read more.
Background: The biomechanical and physiological adaptations to resisted running have been well documented in sprinting; however, their impact at submaximal speeds, such as those typical of long-distance running, remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of running with a weighted vest, loaded with 5% and 10% of body mass, on the physiological and mechanical variables of trained trail runners. Methods: Fifteen male trail runners completed an incremental protocol to exhaustion on a treadmill with 0%, 5%, and 10% of their body mass (BM), in random order, with one week of separation between the tests. The maximality of the test was confirmed by measuring lactate concentrations at the end of the test. Oxygen consumption (V˙O2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were recorded using a portable gas analyzer (Cosmed K5), and ventilatory thresholds 1 and 2 (VT1, VT2) were calculated individually. Running power was averaged for each speed stage using the Stryd device. Finally, the peak values and those associated with VT1 and VT2 for speed, power (absolute and normalized by body mass), V˙O2, RER, and the cost of transport (CoT) were included in the analysis. Results: One-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a detrimental effect of the extra load on maximum speed and speed at ventilatory thresholds (p ≤ 0.003), with large effect sizes (0.34–0.62) and a nonlinear trend detected in post hoc analysis. Conclusions: Using the aerobic running pace and controlling for effort intensity provides a more stable metric than speed regardless of additional load. Future research in trail running should investigate the effects of weighted vests across various terrains and slopes. Full article
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35 pages, 842 KiB  
Review
Perturbations During Gait on a Split-Belt Treadmill: A Scoping Review
by Katarzyna Chodkowska, Rafał Borkowski and Michalina Błażkiewicz
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9852; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219852 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: Humans encounter disturbances like slips, pushes, and trips while walking, mainly from external forces. Technological advances have improved methods to study these impacts on gait, with split-belt treadmills being particularly effective. This scoping review aims to examine the types of perturbations used [...] Read more.
Background: Humans encounter disturbances like slips, pushes, and trips while walking, mainly from external forces. Technological advances have improved methods to study these impacts on gait, with split-belt treadmills being particularly effective. This scoping review aims to examine the types of perturbations used during split-belt treadmill gait, explore the methods used to induce them, and consolidate current knowledge on the effects of split-belt treadmill-induced gait perturbations. Methods: The review included publications from January 2015 to May 2024, as searched via PubMed, EBSCO, and ScienceDirect. Results: The review examined 33 studies on split-belt treadmills, focusing on perturbations like slip-like, trip-like, lateral displacements, and tilts, with speed changes being the most common. Perturbations were mainly applied during initial contact. The results show that young, healthy adults adapt quickly to anticipatory and reactive adjustments, while older adults and those with neurological impairments use less efficient strategies like increased muscular co-contraction. Asymmetrical gait adaptations persist after perturbations, highlighting motor learning and the role of the central nervous system and sensory feedback. Conclusions: Despite their precision, split-belt and tilting treadmills may not fully replicate real-world walking complexities. The review highlights the strengths and limitations of split-belt treadmills, emphasizing the need to integrate diverse methods to enhance rehabilitation and improve gait stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromechanics: The Relationship between Neural Control and Musculoskeletal Biomechanics)
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14 pages, 48767 KiB  
Article
How Can Land Use Management in Traditional Cultural Landscapes Become a Policy Instrument for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change Mitigation? A Transylvanian Case Study
by Vlad Macicasan, Andreea Ocrain, Ramona Balc, Tiberius Dicu, Max D. V. Bodmer and Carmen Roba
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9851; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219851 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Changes in land use from high-nature-value grasslands to arable fields reduce the organic carbon stock in soil, increasing atmospheric carbon concentrations. Maintaining grasslands through traditional agricultural techniques can mitigate climate change by transferring atmospheric carbon to the soil. Benefits of soil organic carbon [...] Read more.
Changes in land use from high-nature-value grasslands to arable fields reduce the organic carbon stock in soil, increasing atmospheric carbon concentrations. Maintaining grasslands through traditional agricultural techniques can mitigate climate change by transferring atmospheric carbon to the soil. Benefits of soil organic carbon sequestration include improved soil properties and enhanced ecosystem services and biodiversity. With Romania’s ratification of the Paris Agreement, it is crucial to review climate-related agricultural policies and incentivize carbon sequestration practices in organic soils. This paper presents a soil carbon study in Transylvania’s Târnava Mare region, Romania, known for its preserved cultural landscapes. Soil samples were taken at a depth of 60 cm to assess organic carbon pools under grassland and arable land management across three soil classes: Cernisoils, Hidrisoils, and Luvisoils. Several statistical tests were applied to evaluate the most significant drivers of soil organic carbon sequestration including land use, soil class, and soil depth. The results indicate that land management has the largest impact, with grasslands storing 45% more carbon than arable land on average. This finding should be integrated into national climate action plans, prioritizing the preservation of grasslands and sustainable agricultural practices to support soil organic carbon sequestration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Pollution and Remediation: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives)
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12 pages, 1685 KiB  
Review
A Literature Review on the Uncommon Use of Extraoral Periapical Radiography
by Andy Wai Kan Yeung
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9850; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219850 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Periapical radiography is a regular radiographic procedure performed by dentists. However, at times, it may not be possible to position the image receptor into a patient’s mouth in an optimized or practical way. For these cases, some dentists advocated the use of extraoral [...] Read more.
Periapical radiography is a regular radiographic procedure performed by dentists. However, at times, it may not be possible to position the image receptor into a patient’s mouth in an optimized or practical way. For these cases, some dentists advocated the use of extraoral periapical radiography (EOPA). This literature review aimed to review the dental literature on the use of EOPA. In October 2023, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched to identify papers that reported on the use of EOPA, supplemented by manual reference tracing and Google Scholar searches. After screening, 18 papers published between 2003 and 2022 were identified, including 14 original articles and 4 reviews. From very limited and conflicting evidence, it was found that root length/working length measurements between EOPA and IOPA did not significantly differ or EOPA showed inferiority. No data were available to compare EOPA with other extraoral modalities such as panoramic radiography. The technique used in EOPA to visualize posterior teeth in the maxilla and mandible varied across studies, such as the vertical angulation of the primary beam, whether mouth should be opened or closed, and whether a holder should be used or not. At the current time, EOPA probably should not be advocated for regular use. Full article
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10 pages, 7058 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Surface Preparation on Result Deviations During Roughness Measurements Using the Contact Method
by Michał Tagowski and Ireneusz Piotr Chmielik
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9849; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219849 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
This paper presents the influence of the preparation of the inspected surface on the deviations obtained when measuring the basic roughness parameters using the contact method. The problems described in the article are often encountered in industry when measurements are performed in mass [...] Read more.
This paper presents the influence of the preparation of the inspected surface on the deviations obtained when measuring the basic roughness parameters using the contact method. The problems described in the article are often encountered in industry when measurements are performed in mass production conditions, where a short measurement time is extremely important. Presented are the measurement results of five samples made of 1.0503 steel after the grinding process, subjected to various methods of preparation for roughness measurement: sample immediately after treatment, sample after treatment and after evaporation of liquid part of the coolant, sample after blowing with compressed air, sample after blowing with compressed air and washing in isopropyl alcohol, and the sample after blowing with compressed air and washing with acetone. The measurement results obtained from the contact profilometer provide the basis for developing recommendations regarding the preparation of surfaces for inter-operational and final measurements in the production process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Coordinate Measuring Technique)
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19 pages, 2164 KiB  
Article
Enhancing IoT Security Using GA-HDLAD: A Hybrid Deep Learning Approach for Anomaly Detection
by Ibrahim Mutambik
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9848; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219848 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
The adoption and use of the Internet of Things (IoT) have increased rapidly over recent years, and cyber threats in IoT devices have also become more common. Thus, the development of a system that can effectively identify malicious attacks and reduce security threats [...] Read more.
The adoption and use of the Internet of Things (IoT) have increased rapidly over recent years, and cyber threats in IoT devices have also become more common. Thus, the development of a system that can effectively identify malicious attacks and reduce security threats in IoT devices has become a topic of great importance. One of the most serious threats comes from botnets, which commonly attack IoT devices by interrupting the networks required for the devices to run. There are a number of methods that can be used to improve security by identifying unknown patterns in IoT networks, including deep learning and machine learning approaches. In this study, an algorithm named the genetic algorithm with hybrid deep learning-based anomaly detection (GA-HDLAD) is developed, with the aim of improving security by identifying botnets within the IoT environment. The GA-HDLAD technique addresses the problem of high dimensionality by using a genetic algorithm during feature selection. Hybrid deep learning is used to detect botnets; the approach is a combination of recurrent neural networks (RNNs), feature extraction techniques (FETs), and attention concepts. Botnet attacks commonly involve complex patterns that the hybrid deep learning (HDL) method can detect. Moreover, the use of FETs in the model ensures that features can be effectively extracted from spatial data, while temporal dependencies are captured by RNNs. Simulated annealing (SA) is utilized to select the hyperparameters necessary for the HDL approach. In this study, the GA-HDLAD system is experimentally assessed using a benchmark botnet dataset, and the findings reveal that the system provides superior results in comparison to existing detection methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies and Cybersecurity)
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15 pages, 7263 KiB  
Article
Reconstructing High Dynamic Range Image from a Single Low Dynamic Range Image Using Histogram Learning
by Huei-Yung Lin, Yi-Rung Lin, Wen-Chieh Lin and Chin-Chen Chang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9847; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219847 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
High dynamic range imaging is an important field in computer vision. Compared with general low dynamic range (LDR) images, high dynamic range (HDR) images represent a larger luminance range, making the images closer to the real scene. In this paper, we propose an [...] Read more.
High dynamic range imaging is an important field in computer vision. Compared with general low dynamic range (LDR) images, high dynamic range (HDR) images represent a larger luminance range, making the images closer to the real scene. In this paper, we propose an approach for HDR image reconstruction from a single LDR image based on histogram learning. First, the dynamic range of an LDR image is expanded to an extended dynamic range (EDR) image. Then, histogram learning is established to predict the intensity distribution of an HDR image of the EDR image. Next, we use histogram matching to reallocate pixel intensities. The final HDR image is generated through regional adjustment using reinforcement learning. By decomposing low-frequency and high-frequency information, the proposed network can predict the lost high-frequency details while expanding the intensity ranges. We conduct the experiments based on HDR-Real and HDR-EYE datasets. The quantitative and qualitative evaluations have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to the previous methods. Full article
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16 pages, 16410 KiB  
Article
A Tunable and Switchable Multi-Wavelength Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring Laser Enabled by Adjusting the Spectral Fringe Visibility of a Mach-Zehnder Fiber Interferometer
by Romeo Emmanuel Nuñez Gomez, Gilberto Anzueto Sánchez, Alejando Martínez Ríos, Ariel Fong González, Alfredo Olarte Paredes, Areli Marlen Salgado Delgado, Jesús Castrellón Uribe and René Salgado Delgado
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9846; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219846 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
This paper presents a tunable, switchable multi-wavelength emission from an erbium-doped fiber ring laser, enabled by adjusting the spectral fringe visibility of a fiber interferometer filter. The filter is formed with specially designed concatenated tapered fibers to configure a Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometer (MZFI). [...] Read more.
This paper presents a tunable, switchable multi-wavelength emission from an erbium-doped fiber ring laser, enabled by adjusting the spectral fringe visibility of a fiber interferometer filter. The filter is formed with specially designed concatenated tapered fibers to configure a Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometer (MZFI). The laser emission is highly flexible and reconfigurable, allowing for tuning between single- and dual-wavelength operation. The laser can switch sequentially from one up to six wavelengths by fixing the curvature and adjusting the polarization state. The lasing emission is generated over a stable wavelength range between 1559.59 nm and 1563.54 nm, exhibiting an optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) exceeding ~35 dB. The performance of amplitude and wavelength fluctuations were evaluated, indicating an appropriate stability of ~3 dB and a shift less than 0.1 nm within a 45 min period at room temperature. A detailed comparison with the literature is given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Fiber Optic Sensor: Technology and Applications)
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19 pages, 4717 KiB  
Article
Suitability of UR5 Robot for Robotic 3D Printing
by Martin Pollák, Marek Kočiško, Sorin D. Grozav, Vasile Ceclan and Alexandru D. Bogdan
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9845; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219845 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
The present paper describes the measurement of the drift of unidirectional pose accuracy, repeatability, and static compliance of a collaborative robot employing a measurement methodology that relies on the description of a virtual ISO cube placed in the robot’s workspace. The measurements aimed [...] Read more.
The present paper describes the measurement of the drift of unidirectional pose accuracy, repeatability, and static compliance of a collaborative robot employing a measurement methodology that relies on the description of a virtual ISO cube placed in the robot’s workspace. The measurements aimed to investigate and assess the suitability of the UR5 six-axis collaborative robot for its application in robotic 3D printing. An experimental laboratory measurement workstation was constructed to perform the measurements, and control measurements were performed. The measurements involved describing the TCP point of the robot tool at five measurement points located in a virtual ISO cube during a minimum of 30 repeated measurement cycles. A camera and six linear incremental sensors with assessment units were used for the measurements. The measurements were performed in compliance with the regulations of STN ISO 9283 standard for this type of measurement. As a result of the measurements, the technical specifications of the drift and static compliance of the controlled robotic arm were verified, and the results were compared with the values specified by the manufacturer. Following the measurements and assessment of the results, it was possible to assess the suitability of the used UR5 robotic arm for its application in robotic 3D printing and to propose possible recommendations for the calibration of the robot and the process settings of the printing system for the production of objects using FDM technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Additive Manufacturing Technologies)
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16 pages, 720 KiB  
Article
GBNSS: A Method Based on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) for Global Biological Network Similarity Search
by Yi Wang, Feng Zhan, Cuiyu Huang and Yiran Huang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9844; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219844 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Biological network similarity search plays a crucial role in the analysis of biological networks for human disease research and drug discovery. A biological network similarity search aims to efficiently identify novel networks biologically homologous to the query networks. Great progress has been achieved [...] Read more.
Biological network similarity search plays a crucial role in the analysis of biological networks for human disease research and drug discovery. A biological network similarity search aims to efficiently identify novel networks biologically homologous to the query networks. Great progress has been achieved in biological network similarity searches. However, it remains a challenge to mine the biological network information fully to improve the accuracy of query results without increasing time overheads. In this study, we propose a biological network similarity search method based on graph neural networks named GBNSS, which combines topological and biological information (GO annotations) of biological networks into graph neural networks to find topologically and biologically similar biological networks in the database. Additionally, GBNSS is a topology-free biological network similarity search method with an arbitrary network structure. The experimental results on four benchmark datasets show that GBNSS outperforms the existing methods in terms of computational efficiency and search accuracy. Case studies further demonstrate that GBNSS is capable of searching similar networks in real-world biological networks. Full article
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26 pages, 32948 KiB  
Article
Implications for Paleontological Heritage Conservation: The Spatial Distribution and Potential Factors Controlling the Location of Fossil Sites of Shandong Province in China
by Ying Guo, Yu Sun, Xiaoying Han, Yan Zhao, Song Zhou, Yachun Zhou, Tian He and Yingming Yang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9843; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219843 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Shandong Province in China is rich in paleontological fossils and has a long history of fossil research. However, research on the distribution characteristics and potential factors of discovered fossil sites in Shandong Province is limited and insufficient, making it difficult to comprehensively plan [...] Read more.
Shandong Province in China is rich in paleontological fossils and has a long history of fossil research. However, research on the distribution characteristics and potential factors of discovered fossil sites in Shandong Province is limited and insufficient, making it difficult to comprehensively plan for the protection and utilization of fossil sites in Shandong Province. The study constructs a basic geographical information system (GIS) database with 133 discovered fossil sites and geological and socio-economic data of Shandong Province and studies fossil sites’ spatial distribution characteristics and the spatial relationship with potential factors at a regional scale. The results are as follows: (1) The fossil sites in Shandong Province are concentrated in the mountainous area of central Shandong and the hilly area of the Shandong Peninsula, with significant uneven distribution characteristics, including two agglomeration areas and seven sub-agglomeration areas. (2) Natural geographical conditions, such as topography, paleogeography, and stratigraphy, play a positive role in the distribution of fossil sites, and there are apparent concentrations in the following areas: at an altitude greater than 100 m; the Lower Paleozoic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks; and the active areas of paleo-tectonics. (3) A certain degree of negative correlation exists between socio-economic conditions, such as roads and population density, and the number of fossil sites, and a positive correlation exists between disposable personal income and those fossil sites. The operational procedure presented here is a simple, objective, applicable method that can enhance our understanding of the spatial distribution patterns and influencing factors of the discovered fossil sites of Shandong Province and support more effective and appropriate planning for paleontological heritage conservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing Applications in Digital Earth)
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11 pages, 1774 KiB  
Article
Effects of Toe-Strengthening Exercises on Medial Longitudinal Arch Height, Muscle Stiffness, and Functional Movement
by Deok-Hwa Jeong, Hyeong-Mo Jeong, Dong-Ju Park, Jun-Young Sung and Kyu-Lim Lee
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9842; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219842 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: Prolonged training in combat boots can place significant stress on the medial longitudinal arch, potentially leading to lower-extremity muscle stiffness and an increased risk of injury. This study assessed the impact of toe-strengthening exercises on improving the lower-extremity function and functional movement [...] Read more.
Background: Prolonged training in combat boots can place significant stress on the medial longitudinal arch, potentially leading to lower-extremity muscle stiffness and an increased risk of injury. This study assessed the impact of toe-strengthening exercises on improving the lower-extremity function and functional movement in cadets undergoing training. Methods: Forty junior cadets (mean age: 22.6 years) participated in this study. The measurements included the medial longitudinal arch height, lower-extremity muscle stiffness, functional movement, and leg length. Results: Cadets who performed the toe exercises demonstrated improved lower-extremity muscle stiffness and functional movement performance (hurdle step, p = 0.010; rotary stability, p = 0.001). A significant correlation was observed between the exercise group and time (tibialis right, p = 0.008; tibialis left, p = 0.028). Conclusions: This study highlighted the potential of toe-strengthening exercises to enhance the lower-extremity function and reduce the risk of injury among cadets. However, challenges in identifying the medical history, past injuries, and specific areas of pain for each cadet were noted. These findings support the implementation of targeted toe exercises in military training programs to prevent injuries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Movement Analysis)
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23 pages, 3089 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Black Silicon Surface Modification for Enhanced Light Trapping in Photodetectors
by Abdulrahman Alsolami, Hadba Hussain, Radwan Noor, Nourah AlAdi, Nada Almalki, Abdulaziz Kurdi, Thamer Tabbakh, Adnan Zaman, Salman Alfihed and Jing Wang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9841; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219841 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
The intricate nanostructured surface of black silicon (BSi) has advanced photodetector technology by enhancing light absorption. Herein, we delve into the latest advancements in BSi surface modification techniques, specifically focusing on their profound impact on light trapping and resultant photodetector performance improvement. Established [...] Read more.
The intricate nanostructured surface of black silicon (BSi) has advanced photodetector technology by enhancing light absorption. Herein, we delve into the latest advancements in BSi surface modification techniques, specifically focusing on their profound impact on light trapping and resultant photodetector performance improvement. Established methods such as metal-assisted chemical etching, electrochemical etching, reactive ion etching, plasma etching, and laser ablation are comprehensively analyzed, delving into their mechanisms and highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. We also explore the impact of BSi on the emerging applications in silicon (Si)-based photodetectors, showcasing their potential for pushing the boundaries of light-trapping efficiency. Throughout this review, we critically evaluate the trade-offs between fabrication complexity and performance enhancement, providing valuable insights for future development in this rapidly evolving field. This knowledge on the BSi surface modification and its applications in photodetectors can play a crucial role in future implementations to substantially boost light trapping and the performance of Si-based optical detection devices consequently. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Photonics and Optics: Materials and Structures for Emerging Applications)
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24 pages, 5829 KiB  
Article
Configurational Design of a Hybrid System Based on an Air–Water Heat Pump and Biomass Boiler for a Rural Dwelling
by Javier Uche, Milad Tajik Jamalabad and Amaya Martínez
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9840; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219840 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Hybrid energy systems combine multiple energy sources and storage technologies to enhance performance and meet diverse energy needs. Hybrid heat pump systems are particularly suitable for heating and cooling buildings in rural areas. Air-source heat pumps have two well-known disadvantages during the coldest [...] Read more.
Hybrid energy systems combine multiple energy sources and storage technologies to enhance performance and meet diverse energy needs. Hybrid heat pump systems are particularly suitable for heating and cooling buildings in rural areas. Air-source heat pumps have two well-known disadvantages during the coldest period of the year, when the building’s heating load is at its peak: the heat pump’s capacity is reduced and it needs to perform defrost cycles. A potential solution is to size the heat pump to cover only a portion of the peak load and to use a second heat generator in a hybrid heat pump system. There is a gap in the literature regarding the configurational analysis of hybrid heat pump (HHP) systems, particularly in terms of combining heat pumps and biomass boilers, and evaluating their efficiency, economic aspects, and environmental impact. Thus, in this research, a dynamic model of a HHP system, consisting of an air-to-water heat pump paired with a biomass boiler as a backup, is presented. Various configurations of the HHP system have been developed to evaluate key performance indicators, such as efficiency, emissions, operational costs, and other relevant factors. The findings of this paper indicate that the energy performance of HHP systems is significantly affected by the system layout, heat pump size, cut-off temperature, and the control algorithm used to activate the heat generators. Moreover, series operation of HHP systems is not only more efficient than parallel operation but also results in lower emissions and reduced operation costs. As expected, the energy loss associated with defrost cycles significantly impacts the overall performance of a hybrid system based on an air-source heat pump. Finally, the impact of the cut-off temperature on the key parameters in the configuration analysis was examined, and the optimal performance of the HHP system, in terms of minimizing operational costs and emissions, was depicted using a heat map diagram. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Implications of Thermal Comfort in Buildings considering Climate Change, Second Edition)
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14 pages, 1729 KiB  
Article
Jade Identification Using Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Based on the SpectraViT Model Incorporating CNN and Transformer
by Xiongjun Li, Jilin Cai and Jin Feng
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9839; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219839 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Jade is a highly valuable and diverse gemstone, and its spectral characteristics can be used to identify its quality and type. We propose a jade ultraviolet (UV) spectrum recognition model based on deep learning, called SpectraViT, aiming to improve the accuracy and efficiency [...] Read more.
Jade is a highly valuable and diverse gemstone, and its spectral characteristics can be used to identify its quality and type. We propose a jade ultraviolet (UV) spectrum recognition model based on deep learning, called SpectraViT, aiming to improve the accuracy and efficiency of jade identification. The algorithm combines residual modules to extract local features and transformers to capture global dependencies of jade’s UV spectrum, and finally classifying jade using fully connected layers. Experiments were conducted on a UV spectrum dataset containing four types of jade (natural diamond, cultivated diamond (CVD/HPHT), and moissanite). The results show that the algorithm can effectively identify different types of jade, achieving an accuracy of 99.24%, surpassing traditional algorithms based on Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS_DA), as well as other deep learning methods. This paper also provides a reference solution for other spectral analysis problems. Full article
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18 pages, 22465 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Strata Orientation and Water Presence on the Stability of Engineered Slopes Using DIPS and FLACSlope: A Case Study of Tubatse and Fetakgomo Engineered Road Slopes
by Fumani Nkanyane, Fhatuwani Sengani, Maropene Tebello Dinah Rapholo, Krzysztof Skrzypkowski, Krzysztof Zagórski, Anna Zagórska and Tomasz Rokita
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9838; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219838 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
This paper combines empirical observations, kinematic analysis, and numerical simulation to investigate slope failure susceptibility, with practical implications for regional infrastructure projects. Six slopes along the R37 road were analyzed to assess the impact of strata orientation and water presence on slope stability. [...] Read more.
This paper combines empirical observations, kinematic analysis, and numerical simulation to investigate slope failure susceptibility, with practical implications for regional infrastructure projects. Six slopes along the R37 road were analyzed to assess the impact of strata orientation and water presence on slope stability. The results indicate that various factors interact to destabilize the mechanical integrity of both rock and soil materials. Dry slopes were found to be less vulnerable to failure, although geological conditions remained influential. Numerical modeling using FLACSlope (version 8.1) revealed that the factor of safety (FoS) decreases as the water presence increases, highlighting the critical need for effective drainage solutions. Kinematic analysis, incorporating DIPS modeling and toppling charts, identified toppling as the most likely failure mode, with a 90% susceptibility rate, followed by planar and wedge failures at 6% and less than 5%, respectively. These findings are validated by the observed slope conditions and empirical data. Planar failures were often remnants of both sliding and toppling failures. Given the significant risk posed to road infrastructure, particularly where FoS hovers just above the stability threshold, this study emphasizes the importance of proactive, long-term slope monitoring and early mitigation strategies to prevent catastrophic failures. The results can guide infrastructure design and maintenance, ensuring safer and more resilient roadways in regions prone to slope instability. Nonetheless, the use of sophisticated slope stability modeling techniques is recommended for a thorough understanding of the mechanical dynamics of the slope material, and for catering to the shortfalls of the techniques applied in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Structures and Rocks in Geotechnical Engineering)
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17 pages, 655 KiB  
Article
A Cross-Lingual Media Profiling Model for Detecting Factuality and Political Bias
by Chichen Lin, Yongbin Wang, Chenxin Li, Weijian Fan, Junhui Xu and Qi Wang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9837; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219837 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Media profiling offers valuable insights to enhance the objectivity and reliability of news coverage by providing comprehensive analysis, but the diversity in languages posed significant challenges to our identification of factuality and political bias of non-English sources. The limitation of existing media analysis [...] Read more.
Media profiling offers valuable insights to enhance the objectivity and reliability of news coverage by providing comprehensive analysis, but the diversity in languages posed significant challenges to our identification of factuality and political bias of non-English sources. The limitation of existing media analysis research is its concentration on a singular high-resource language, and it hardly extends to languages beyond English. To address this, we introduce xMP, a dataset for zero-shot cross-lingual media profiling tasks. xMP’s cross-lingual test set encompasses 34 non-English languages and 18 language families, extending media profiling beyond English resources and allowing us to assess cross-lingual media profiling model performance. Additionally, we propose a method, named R-KAT, to enhance the model’s zero-shot cross-lingual transfer learning capability by building virtual multilingual embedding. Our experiments illustrate that our method improves the transferability of models in cross-lingual media profiling tasks. Additionally, we further discuss the performance of our method for different target languages. Our dataset and code are publicly available. Full article
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20 pages, 9041 KiB  
Article
D2-SPDM: Faster R-CNN-Based Defect Detection and Surface Pixel Defect Mapping with Label Enhancement in Steel Manufacturing Processes
by Taewook Wi, Minyeol Yang, Suyeon Park and Jongpil Jeong
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9836; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219836 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
The steel manufacturing process is inherently continuous, meaning that if defects are not effectively detected in the initial stages, they may propagate through subsequent stages, resulting in high costs for corrections in the final product. Therefore, detecting surface defects and obtaining segmentation information [...] Read more.
The steel manufacturing process is inherently continuous, meaning that if defects are not effectively detected in the initial stages, they may propagate through subsequent stages, resulting in high costs for corrections in the final product. Therefore, detecting surface defects and obtaining segmentation information is critical in the steel manufacturing industry to ensure product quality and enhance production efficiency. Specifically, segmentation information is essential for accurately understanding the shape and extent of defects, providing the necessary details for subsequent processes to address these defects. However, the time-consuming and costly process of generating segmentation annotations poses a significant barrier to practical industrial applications. This paper proposes a cost-efficient segmentation labeling framework that combines deep learning-based anomaly detection and label enhancement to address these challenges in the steel manufacturing process. Using ResNet-50, defects are classified, and faster region convolutional neural networks (faster R-CNNs) are employed to identify defect types and generate bounding boxes indicating the defect locations. Subsequently, recursive learning is performed using the GrabCut algorithm and the DeepLabv3+ model based on the generated bounding boxes, significantly reducing annotation costs by generating segmentation labels. The proposed framework effectively detects defects and accurately defines them, even in randomly collected images from the steel manufacturing process, contributing to both quality control and cost reduction. This study presents a novel approach for improving the quality of the steel manufacturing process and is expected to enhance overall efficiency in the steel manufacturing industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning in Object Detection)
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12 pages, 645 KiB  
Article
The Impact of a 12-Week Workplace Physical Activity Program on the Quality of Life of Sedentary Workers: A Pilot Study
by Fernanda Viomar Rocha, Rui Matos, Diogo Monteiro, Miguel Jacinto, Raúl Antunes, Nuno Amaro, Tiago Santos and Filipe Rodrigues
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9835; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219835 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Office workers frequently display behavioral patterns marked by extended periods of sedentary and seated work. In this context, the implementation of a workplace exercise program has been shown to be effective in mitigating health-related risk factors. This study aimed to evaluate the impact [...] Read more.
Office workers frequently display behavioral patterns marked by extended periods of sedentary and seated work. In this context, the implementation of a workplace exercise program has been shown to be effective in mitigating health-related risk factors. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a 12-week workplace exercise program on the quality of life of employees whose primary occupational duties involve prolonged sitting. The final sample comprised 19 participants (6 females and 13 males), aged between 21 and 48 years (M = 32.26; SD = 9.03). Among these participants, 78.9% reported engaging in a hybrid work arrangement, 15.8% followed an on-site work regimen, and 5.3% worked remotely. Furthermore, 84.2% of participants reported sitting for 6 to 8 h per day, while 15.8% reported sitting for between 9 and 12 h daily. The quality of life of participants was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. A paired samples t-test was employed to examine differences between dependent variables. The results revealed a statistically significant improvement in general health (p < 0.01), vitality (p < 0.01), social functioning (p < 0.05), and the mental health summary measure (p < 0.04). Promoting physical activity through workplace exercise programs offers substantial benefits for workers’ health and quality of life, contributing to the prevention of occupational diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Sport and Exercise on Physical Health)
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11 pages, 3992 KiB  
Article
Research on Phase Stabilization Algorithm of Femtosecond Timing System
by Jingwei Zhang and Ming Liu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9834; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219834 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
This paper presents the design, implementation, and validation of a femtosecond timing system aimed at achieving precise time control and phase synchronization for large particle accelerators. A prototype system utilizing a continuous wave laser was developed, focusing on minimizing timing jitter and long-term [...] Read more.
This paper presents the design, implementation, and validation of a femtosecond timing system aimed at achieving precise time control and phase synchronization for large particle accelerators. A prototype system utilizing a continuous wave laser was developed, focusing on minimizing timing jitter and long-term phase drift. Key components include an optical delay line for coarse adjustments and a fiber stretcher for fine-tuning, achieving an adjustment precision of 1 femtosecond. The system incorporates a phase detection module with a non-In-phase/Quadrature downconversion approach, enabling high-accuracy phase measurements. A collaborative algorithm was designed to optimize the interplay between the optical delay line and the fiber stretcher, utilizing a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm to enhance adjustment precision. A Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) served as the core interface converter, facilitating data communication and real-time phase information acquisition. Experimental results demonstrated significant improvements in phase stability, with average phase deviation reduced from 1374.104 fs to 15.782 fs, showcasing the effectiveness of the proposed system in achieving high precision and stability in phase control. This research provides a solid foundation for future advancements in timing systems for high-frequency reference signals. Full article
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17 pages, 2252 KiB  
Article
Fuel Efficiency Optimization in Adaptive Cruise Control: A Comparative Study of Model Predictive Control-Based Approaches
by Angelo Borneo, Federico Miretti and Daniela Anna Misul
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9833; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219833 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
This work investigates the fuel efficiency potential of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) systems, focusing on two optimization-based control approaches for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. In particular, this study compares two model predictive control (MPC) designs. In the first approach, a strictly quadratic [...] Read more.
This work investigates the fuel efficiency potential of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) systems, focusing on two optimization-based control approaches for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. In particular, this study compares two model predictive control (MPC) designs. In the first approach, a strictly quadratic cost is adopted, and fuel consumption is indirectly minimized by adjusting the weights assigned to state tracking and control effort. In the second approach, a fuel consumption map is explicitly included in the MPC cost function, aiming to directly minimize it. Both approaches are compared to a globally optimal benchmark obtained with dynamic programming. Although these methods have been discussed in the literature, no systematic comparison of their relative performance has been conducted, which is the primary contribution of this article. The results demonstrate that, with proper tuning, the simpler quadratic approach can achieve comparable fuel savings to the approach with explicit fuel consumption minimization, with a maximum variation of 0.5%. These results imply that the first alternative is more suitable for online implementation, due to the more favorable characteristics of the associated optimization problem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Autonomous Vehicles and Their Systems)
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15 pages, 4177 KiB  
Article
Validity of Force and Power Measures from an Integrated Rotary Encoder in a HandyGym Portable Flywheel Exercise Device
by Víctor Illera-Domínguez, Xavier Font-Aragonés, Víctor Toro-Román, Samuel Díaz-Alejandre, Carla Pérez-Chirinos, Lluís Albesa-Albiol, Sara González-Millán and Bruno Fernández-Valdés
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9832; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219832 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the validity of the HandyGym portable flywheel device with an integrated rotary encoder in measuring force and power during iso-inertial exercises compared to a traditional reference system. Methods: In total, 10 trained volunteers (3 women, 7 men; [...] Read more.
Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the validity of the HandyGym portable flywheel device with an integrated rotary encoder in measuring force and power during iso-inertial exercises compared to a traditional reference system. Methods: In total, 10 trained volunteers (3 women, 7 men; age 25.2 ± 3.8 years) performed half-squats with five different load configurations using the HandyGym device. Concurrent measurements were obtained from HandyGym’s rotary encoder and a criterion system (MuscleLab 6000 strain gauge and linear encoder). Five load configurations were tested, with 15 repetitions recorded per condition. The validity of the HandyGym measurements was assessed through mean bias, typical error of estimation (TEE), and Pearson correlation coefficients, with Bland–Altman plots used to analyze the agreement between the two systems. Results: The HandyGym showed high correlations with the reference system for both force (r = 0.76–0.90) and power (r = 0.60–0.94). However, systematic biases were observed, with the HandyGym consistently underestimating force and power at lower loads and overestimating power at higher loads. The TEE values indicated moderate to large errors, particularly in power measurements. Conclusion: The HandyGym provides valid force measurements with moderate bias, suitable for general monitoring. However, power measurements are less consistent, especially at higher loads, limiting the device’s utility for precise assessments. Adjustments or corrections may be necessary for accurate application in professional contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Aspects, Biomechanics, and Technology in Sports and Exercise)
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22 pages, 3976 KiB  
Article
Analysing Virtual Labs Through Integrated Multi-Channel Eye-Tracking Technology: A Proposal for an Explanatory Fit Model
by María Consuelo Sáiz-Manzanares, Raúl Marticorena-Sánchez, Javier Sáez-García and Irene González-Díez
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9831; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219831 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
This study deals with an analysis of the cognitive load indicators produced in virtual simulation tasks through supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques. The objectives were (1) to identify the most important cognitive load indicators through the use of supervised and unsupervised machine [...] Read more.
This study deals with an analysis of the cognitive load indicators produced in virtual simulation tasks through supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques. The objectives were (1) to identify the most important cognitive load indicators through the use of supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques; (2) to study which type of task presentation was most effective at reducing the task’s intrinsic load and increasing its germane load; and (3) to propose an explanatory model and find its fit indicators. We worked with a sample of 48 health sciences and biomedical engineering students from the University of Burgos (Spain). The results indicate that being able to see the task before performing it increases the germane load and decreases the intrinsic load. Similarly, allowing students a choice of presentation channel for the task respects how they process information. In addition, indicators of cognitive load were found to be grouped into components of position, speed, psychogalvanic response, and skin conductance. An explanatory model was proposed and obtained acceptable fit indicators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Research on Eye Tracking Applications)
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14 pages, 1849 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Evaluation of Root Surface Temperature Using Different Endodontic Filling Techniques
by Lea Külzer, Theresia Saban, Andreas Braun and Johannes-S. Wenzler
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9830; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219830 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Depending on the obturation technique, the tooth and surrounding tissues may heat up during root canal filling, particularly with warm methods. This study aimed to analyze the temperature increase in the periradicular and -apical region during various warm obturation techniques with a present [...] Read more.
Depending on the obturation technique, the tooth and surrounding tissues may heat up during root canal filling, particularly with warm methods. This study aimed to analyze the temperature increase in the periradicular and -apical region during various warm obturation techniques with a present simulated periodontal blood flow. Seventy-five extracted human teeth were shortened to 11 mm (cut-grinder Primus diamond cutting device; Walter Messner GmbH, Oststeinbek, Germany) and prepared using the ProTaper Gold system (Dentsply Sirona Inc., Charlotte, NC, USA) ISO size 40/.06. Specimens were prepared to ensure stable fluid circulation in an artificially created periodontal space, and the procedure was recorded with a thermal infrared camera (VarioCAM HD; InfraTec GmbH Infrarotsensorik und Messtechnik, Dresden, Germany). The following obturation methods were applied: I, cold single-cone obturation (control group); II, gutta-percha-coated rigid carrier technique (GuttaFusion); III, squirting technique (injection technique); IV, continuous wave technique; and V, Schilder technique. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by the Mann–Whitney pairwise test using the sequential Bonferroni procedure for significant differences (p < 0.05). The Schilder technique with 0 mL/min showed the lowest temperature change, with a median of 0.00 °C (max. 0.00 °C, min. 0.00 °C, IQR 0.00 °C). In contrast, the continuous wave technique at a circulation rate of 2.6 mL/min exhibited the highest temperature change, with a median of 3.76 °C (max. 5.33 °C, min. 2.42 °C, IQR 1.46 °C). Although warm obturation techniques can increase surface temperature, none of the methods produced changes that were potentially damaging to the periodontium or surrounding bone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Endodontic Treatment Methods and Materials)
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19 pages, 2003 KiB  
Article
Mediterranean Aquaponics: Fasting and Refeeding in a Polyculture Aquaponic System
by Ioannis Mitsopoulos, Anastasia Papadopoulou, Nikolaos Vlahos, Panagiotis Berillis, Efi Levizou and Eleni Mente
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9829; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219829 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
The use of Mediterranean euryhaline fish and halophytes in aquaponics presents a sustainable and alternative approach to food production. The present study investigates the effect of compensatory growth on sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and Baltic prawn (Palaemon adspersus) co-cultivated [...] Read more.
The use of Mediterranean euryhaline fish and halophytes in aquaponics presents a sustainable and alternative approach to food production. The present study investigates the effect of compensatory growth on sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and Baltic prawn (Palaemon adspersus) co-cultivated with the halophytic glasswort (Salicornia europaea). Three autonomous systems were established, each containing forty-five sea bass, nine Baltic prawns, and eight glasswort plants, with different feeding regimes for each treatment: (i) daily feeding (treatment A), (ii) three days of feeding per week followed by four days of fasting (treatment B), and (iii) feeding for seven days followed by seven days of fasting (treatment C). The growth performance of the fish was significantly higher in treatment B. Conversely, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was notably higher in treatment A. As for the prawns, their final body weight and length were similar across all treatments. The glasswort plants also demonstrated significantly improved growth in treatment B. These results indicate that the incorporation of feeding and fasting cycles can be an effective feed management strategy for polyculture aquaponic systems. Additionally, food deprivation had a positive impact on the growth performance of both glasswort and prawns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Modern Techniques for Advancing Sustainable Aquaculture)
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