Vaccines

12 pages, 1627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of the Neutralizing Capacity of Monovalent and Bivalent Formulations of Betuvax-CoV-2, a Subunit Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine, Against Various Strains of SARS-CoV-2

by Anna V. Vakhrusheva, Ekaterina A. Romanovskaya-Romanko, Marina A. Stukova, Maria M. Sukhova, Ksenia S. Kuznetsova, Aleksandr V. Kudriavtsev, Maria E. Frolova, Taras V. Ivanishin, Igor V. Krasilnikov and Artur A. Isaev

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101200 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 631

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2, the causal agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, is characterized by rapid evolution, which poses a significant public health challenge. Effective vaccines that provide robust protection, elicit strong immune responses, exhibit favorable safety profiles, and enable cost-effective large-scale production are crucial. The RBD-Fc-based [...] Read more.

SARS-CoV-2, the causal agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, is characterized by rapid evolution, which poses a significant public health challenge. Effective vaccines that provide robust protection, elicit strong immune responses, exhibit favorable safety profiles, and enable cost-effective large-scale production are crucial. The RBD-Fc-based Betuvax-CoV-2 vaccine has previously demonstrated a favorable safety profile and induced a significant anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune response in clinical trials. Due to the rapid evolution and emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 strains, the relevance of bivalent vaccine formulations has increased. Methods: This study compared the neutralizing capacity of monovalent and bivalent vaccine formulations against different SARS-CoV-2 strains detected with a SARS-CoV-2 microneutralization assay (MNT). Findings: The monovalent Wuhan-based vaccine generated neutralizing antibodies against the Wuhan and Omicron BA.2 variants but not the distinct Omicron BQ.1 strain. Conversely, the monovalent BA.2-based vaccine induced neutralizing antibodies against both Omicron strains but not Wuhan. While the bivalent Wuhan and BA.2-based vaccine was effective against strains containing the same antigens, it was insufficient to neutralize the distinctive BQ.1 strain at a small dosage. Interpretation: These findings suggest that the vaccine composition should closely match the circulating SARS-CoV-2 strain to elicit the optimal neutralizing antibody response and include the appropriate dosage. Moreover, this study did not find additional advantages of using the bivalent form over the monovalent form for the vaccination against a single prevailing SARS-CoV-2 strain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue SARS-CoV-2 Infections; Treatment and Development of Vaccine)

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17 pages, 2454 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Infections During Pregnancy on Transplacental Antibody Transfer

by Celeste Coler, Elana King-Nakaoka, Emma Every, Sophia Chima, Ashley Vong, Briana Del Rosario, Roslyn VanAbel and Kristina M. Adams Waldorf

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101199 - 21 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Vaccination in pregnancy is important to protect the mother and fetus from infectious diseases. The transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta during pregnancy can continue to protect the neonate for several months after birth while the neonatal adaptive immune system develops. Several [...] Read more.

Vaccination in pregnancy is important to protect the mother and fetus from infectious diseases. The transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta during pregnancy can continue to protect the neonate for several months after birth while the neonatal adaptive immune system develops. Several pathogens have been shown to impair the transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies, including human immunodeficiency virus, malaria, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and cytomegalovirus. This review discusses the mechanisms contributing to decreased transplacental antibody transfer in the setting of maternal infections, such as changes in antibody glycosylation profile, maternal hypergammaglobulinemia, and placental injury. The frequency of epidemics is increasing, and pregnant people are more likely to become exposed to novel pathogens now than they were in the past. Understanding the mechanisms by which infectious diseases impair maternal–fetal antibody transfer is important for pandemic preparedness to maximize the impact of maternal vaccination for child health. Full article

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18 pages, 3044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interferon Epsilon-Mediated Antiviral Activity Against Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus

by Iván Martínez-Espinoza, Pius I. Babawale, Hannah Miletello, Nagarjuna R. Cheemarla and Antonieta Guerrero-Plata

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101198 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1045

Abstract

Background: Interferon epsilon (IFN-ε) is a type I IFN that plays a critical role in the host immune response against pathogens. Despite having demonstrated antiviral activity in macrophages and mucosal tissues such as the female reproductive tract and the constitutive expression in mucosal [...] Read more.

Background: Interferon epsilon (IFN-ε) is a type I IFN that plays a critical role in the host immune response against pathogens. Despite having demonstrated antiviral activity in macrophages and mucosal tissues such as the female reproductive tract and the constitutive expression in mucosal tissues such as the lung, the relevance of IFN-ε against respiratory viral infections remains elusive. Results: We present, for the first time, the expression of IFN-ε in alveolar epithelial cells and primary human bronchial epithelial cells grown in an air–liquid interface (ALI) in response to human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. The molecular characterization of the IFN-ε induction by the viruses indicates that the expression of RIG-I is necessary for an optimal IFN-ε expression. Furthermore, treatment of the airway epithelial cells with rhIFN-ε induced the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and significantly restricted the viral replication of HMPV and RSV. Conclusions: These findings underscore the relevance of IFN-ε against viral infections in the respiratory tract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive and Innate Response to Viral Disease)

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13 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Burden of Pneumococcal Disease in Young Children Due to Serotypes Contained in Different Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Eight Asian Countries and Territories

by Liping Huang, Xiuyan Li, Ng Eugenia, Johnnie Leung, Sheng-Tzu (Alice) Hung, Ervin Zhi Bin Cheong, Ricardo Avila, Winniefer Nua, Kornvipa Choowanich, Ritika Rampal, Namrata Kulkarni, Derek Daigle and Bulent Nuri Taysi

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101197 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 810

Abstract

Background: Pneumococcal disease (PD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children in Asia and globally. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have significantly reduced the burden of PD when included in pediatric national immunization programs (NIPs). This study estimates the clinical [...] Read more.

Background: Pneumococcal disease (PD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children in Asia and globally. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have significantly reduced the burden of PD when included in pediatric national immunization programs (NIPs). This study estimates the clinical and economic burden of PD due to serotypes contained in different PCVs in children aged < 5 years in eight Asian countries/territories. Methods: Based on published data, a cohort-based decision analytic model was used to estimate annual PD cases, deaths, and direct medical costs associated with serotypes contained in PCV10, PCV13, PCV15, and PCV20. Results: PD incidence rates were lower in regions with PCV13 in their NIP than those without. Serotypes contained in higher but not lower valency PCVs resulted in a significant incremental clinical and economic burden, although the difference between PCV13 and PCV15 serotypes was generally small. Moving from PCV13 to PCV20 was estimated to result in greater clinical and economic burden reductions. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the remaining and incremental burden of PD from PCV10 to PCV20 serotypes in young children in selected Asian regions. Extending NIP access to higher-valency PCVs with broader serotype coverage and improving vaccine uptake will help prevent morbidity and deaths and save healthcare costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pneumococcal vaccines: Current Status and Future Prospects)

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14 pages, 806 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Global Burden of Absenteeism Related to COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects Among Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Marios Politis, Georgios Rachiotis, Varvara A. Mouchtouri and Christos Hadjichristodoulou

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101196 - 19 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Background: A rise in absenteeism among healthcare workers (HCWs) was recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic, mostly attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, evidence suggests that COVID-19 vaccine-related side effects may have also contributed to absenteeism during this period. This study aimed to synthesize the [...] Read more.

Background: A rise in absenteeism among healthcare workers (HCWs) was recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic, mostly attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, evidence suggests that COVID-19 vaccine-related side effects may have also contributed to absenteeism during this period. This study aimed to synthesize the evidence on the prevalence of absenteeism related to COVID-19 vaccine side effects among HCWs. Methods: The inclusion criteria for this review were original quantitative studies of any design, written in English, that addressed absenteeism related to the side effects of COVID-19 vaccines among HCWs. Four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Web of Science) were searched for eligible articles on 7 June 2024. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Narrative synthesis and a meta-analysis were used to synthesize the evidence. Results: Nineteen observational studies with 96,786 participants were included. The pooled prevalence of absenteeism related to COVID-19 vaccine side effects was 17% (95% CI: 13–20%), while 83% (95% CI: 80–87%) of the vaccination events did not lead in any absenteeism. Study design, sex, vaccination dose, region, and vaccine type were identified as significant sources of heterogeneity. Conclusions: A non-negligible proportion of HCWs were absent from work after reporting side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine. Various demographic factors should be considered in future vaccination schedules for HCWs to potentially decrease the burden of absenteeism related to vaccine side effects. As most studies included self-reported questionnaire data, our results may be limited due to a recall bias. Other: The protocol of the study was preregistered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42024552517). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunization Strategies and Vaccine Uptake after the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic)

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21 pages, 5315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Efficacy of Parenteral and Mucosal Recombinant Probiotic Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 and S. pneumoniae Infections in Animal Models

by Galina Leontieva, Tatiana Kramskaya, Tatiana Gupalova, Elena Bormotova, Yulia Desheva, Dmitry Korzhevsky, Olga Kirik, Irina Koroleva, Sergey Borisevitch and Alexander Suvorov

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101195 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 775

Abstract

Background: The accumulation of specific IgG antibodies in blood serum is considered a key criterion for the effectiveness of vaccination. For several vaccine-preventable infections, quantitative indicators of the humoral response have been established, which, when reached, provide a high probability of protection against [...] Read more.

Background: The accumulation of specific IgG antibodies in blood serum is considered a key criterion for the effectiveness of vaccination. For several vaccine-preventable infections, quantitative indicators of the humoral response have been established, which, when reached, provide a high probability of protection against infection. The presence of such a formal correlate of vaccine effectiveness is crucial, for example, in organizing preventive measures and validating newly developed vaccines. However, can effective protection against infection occur when the level of serum antibodies is lower than that provided by parenteral vaccination? Will protection be sufficient if the same vaccine antigen is administered via mucosal membranes without achieving high levels of specific IgG circulating in the blood? Methods: In this study, we compared the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of parenteral and mucosal forms of vaccines in experimental animals, targeting infections caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. We investigated the protective properties of a fragment of the coronavirus S1 protein administered intramuscularly with an adjuvant and orally as part of the probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium L3 in a Syrian hamster model. A comparative assessment of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant tandem (PSP) of immunogenic peptides from S. pneumoniae surface proteins, administered either parenterally or orally, was performed in a Balb/c mouse model. Results: Both models demonstrated significant differences in the immunogenicity of parenteral and oral vaccine antigens, but comparable protective efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovating Vaccine Research in Mucosal Vaccines)

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17 pages, 584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying System-Level Strategies to Engage in HPV Prevention Across Oral Health and Primary Care Settings

by Sarah B. Maness, Kathleen L. Egan, Leslie Sanchez, Mahmoud Al-Dajani, Essie Torres, Andres Flores and Alice R. Richman

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101194 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 979

Abstract

Introduction: HPV vaccination prevents most HPV-related cancers, yet uptake remains low. HPV is linked to an estimated 70% of oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs) in the US and outnumber cases of HPV-related cervical cancers. Not all OPCs can be detected through routine screening, making HPV [...] Read more.

Introduction: HPV vaccination prevents most HPV-related cancers, yet uptake remains low. HPV is linked to an estimated 70% of oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs) in the US and outnumber cases of HPV-related cervical cancers. Not all OPCs can be detected through routine screening, making HPV vaccination a more effective primary prevention strategy. However, bridging primary and oral healthcare faces challenges due to a lack of referral networks between practices. The purpose of this study is to identify key infrastructure elements and policies, as well as HPV prevention strategies, among an academic practice network of dental clinics and partnering community health clinics in a southeastern state. Methods: Researchers held interviews with directors and focus groups with staff at six dental clinics and eight associated community clinics in a southeastern state. Interviews and focus groups at dental and community clinics were analyzed by two study team members using thematic analysis with Nvivo software. Results: A total of 90 participants participated in all focus groups and interviews (N = 14 interviews, 10 focus groups (5–13 participants per focus group). Most participants identified as white (58.9%) and female (70%), with an average age of 38.5 years. Researchers identified nine key study themes: three specific to the dental clinics’ HPV conversations with patients, two related to community clinics’ vaccine provision, and four involving the relationship between the dental and co-located community clinics. Dental clinic staff do not currently discuss HPV with patients. They are open to discussing HPV with patients but anticipate barriers that require preparation to overcome them. Community clinics have demonstrated previous success with HPV vaccination, but patients over the age of 18 face financial barriers to vaccination. Community clinics and dental clinics report that they do not currently have existing referral networks but are open to a referral system between practices if infrastructure is put into place to support it. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that there is interest in, and potential for, increased discussion of HPV with dental patients and collaboration between dental and community clinics for HPV vaccination referral. The results of this investigation can be used to develop intervention strategies to increase HPV vaccination through referrals between dental clinics and nearby community clinics. Ultimately, this work can reduce health inequities in HPV-related cancers, serve as a model for US dental practices, and possibly influence public health policy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Papillomavirus Vaccines)

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15 pages, 1311 KiB

Open AccessReview

Myocarditis Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination

by Kamila Florek and Mateusz Sokolski

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101193 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1036

Abstract

Myocarditis after the COVID-19 vaccine is one of the important adverse events following immunization, observed mainly after mRNA-based vaccines. Importantly, post-vaccination myocarditis was less common than myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 infection, as it was scored at 19.7 per 1,000,000 doses and 2.76 per 1000 [...] Read more.

Myocarditis after the COVID-19 vaccine is one of the important adverse events following immunization, observed mainly after mRNA-based vaccines. Importantly, post-vaccination myocarditis was less common than myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 infection, as it was scored at 19.7 per 1,000,000 doses and 2.76 per 1000 infections. Predominantly, its course was benign and, compared with the myocarditis after COVID-19 infection, significantly fewer patients developed heart failure or died among patients with post-vaccination myocarditis. The group at highest risk of myocarditis related to COVID-19 vaccination were young males who received a second dose of an mRNA vaccine. It was observed that, among mRNA vaccines, specifically mRNA-1273 was associated with a higher risk of myocarditis. The mechanism underlying myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination is still under investigation and certain processes are being considered. Currently, some follow-up assessments of patients who developed vaccine-induced myocarditis are available and suggest a favorable prognosis. The aim of this review is to discuss the most recent data on myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination considering its epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, relative risk of myocarditis compared with SARS-CoV-2 infection, potential underlying mechanism, and follow-up data of patients who developed post-vaccination myocarditis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Discoveries and Developments in RNA and DNA Vaccines)

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10 pages, 811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pertussis Outbreak During 2023 in Gipuzkoa, North Spain

by José María Marimón, Milagrosa Montes, Nahikari Vizuete, Lorea Alvarez Guerrico, Adrian Hugo Aginagalde, Alba Mir-Cros, Juan José González-López and Diego Vicente

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101192 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 652

Abstract

Background: Pertussis has re-emerged in many countries despite the wide use of vaccines for over 60 years. During 2023, we observed an increase in the incidence of pertussis in Gipuzkoa, north of Spain (with a population of 657,140 inhabitants), mainly affecting children between [...] Read more.

Background: Pertussis has re-emerged in many countries despite the wide use of vaccines for over 60 years. During 2023, we observed an increase in the incidence of pertussis in Gipuzkoa, north of Spain (with a population of 657,140 inhabitants), mainly affecting children between 11 and 15 years of age. Methods: This study included all confirmed cases diagnosed by PCR in nasopharyngeal swab samples. The genome of seven isolates collected in 2023 was sequenced. Results: Between 2018 and 2023, 884 cases of whooping cough were diagnosed. Pertussis incidence (in cases per 100,000 inhabitants) decreased from 36.7 in 2018 to no cases in 2021, increasing again to 56.8 in 2023. In 2023, the age group of 11–15 years old had the highest incidence rate of 409.3. Only 2 of the 56 children < 6 years old required hospitalization, and there were no deaths. The seven isolates collected in 2023 showed the same BPagST-4 (ptxA1/ptxP3/prn2/fim2-1/fim3-1 allelic combination), with all of them expressing the pertactin antigen. Conclusions: Immunity waning after the last dose of vaccination at 6 years old, together with the lack of circulation of Bordetella pertussis during the COVID-19 pandemic, were probably the main reasons for the high increase in the incidence of pertussis in Gipuzkoa in 2023. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination, Public Health and Epidemiology)

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19 pages, 3213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intranasal Prime–Boost with Spike Vectors Generates Antibody and T-Cell Responses at the Site of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

by Muriel Metko, Jason Tonne, Alexa Veliz Rios, Jill Thompson, Haley Mudrick, David Masopust, Rosa Maria Diaz, Michael A. Barry and Richard G. Vile

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101191 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 788

Abstract

Background: Long-lived, re-activatable immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants will rely on T cells recognizing conserved regions of viral proteins across strains. Heterologous prime–boost regimens can elicit elevated levels of circulating CD8+ T cells that provide a reservoir of first responders upon [...] Read more.

Background: Long-lived, re-activatable immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants will rely on T cells recognizing conserved regions of viral proteins across strains. Heterologous prime–boost regimens can elicit elevated levels of circulating CD8+ T cells that provide a reservoir of first responders upon viral infection. Although most vaccines are currently delivered intramuscularly (IM), the initial site of infection is the nasal cavity. Methods: Here, we tested the hypothesis that a heterologous prime and boost vaccine regimen delivered intranasally (IN) will generate improved immune responses locally at the site of virus infection compared to intramuscular vaccine/booster regimens. Results: In a transgenic human ACE2 murine model, both a Spike-expressing single-cycle adenovirus (SC-Ad) and an IFNß safety-enhanced replication-competent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) platform generated anti-Spike antibody and T-cell responses that diminished with age. Although SC-Ad-Spike boosted a prime with VSV-Spike-mIFNß, SC-Ad-Spike alone induced maximal levels of IgG, IgA, and CD8+ T-cell responses. Conclusions: There were significant differences in T-cell responses in spleens compared to lungs, and the intranasal boost was significantly superior to the intramuscular boost in generating sentinel immune effectors at the site of the virus encounter in the lungs. These data show that serious consideration should be given to intranasal boosting with anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination)

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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Immunosuppressants and Vaccination on COVID-19 Outcomes in Autoimmune Patients and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Nationwide Propensity Score-Matched Study

by Mindong Sung, Young-Sam Kim, Changjin Cho, Yongeun Son, Dong-Wook Kim and Su-Hwan Lee

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101190 - 18 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Purpose: This study investigates the impact of varying degrees of immunosuppression on the clinical outcomes of immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with autoimmune diseases or post-solid organ transplant statuses, in the context of COVID-19. By focusing on these highly vulnerable populations, the study underscores [...] Read more.

Purpose: This study investigates the impact of varying degrees of immunosuppression on the clinical outcomes of immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with autoimmune diseases or post-solid organ transplant statuses, in the context of COVID-19. By focusing on these highly vulnerable populations, the study underscores the significant health inequalities faced by immunocompromised patients, who experience disproportionately worse outcomes in comparison to the general population. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of the K-COV-N dataset was conducted, comparing the effects of immunosuppression in autoimmune and transplant groups with matched control groups. Propensity score matching was employed to minimize inequalities in baseline characteristics, ensuring a more equitable comparison between immunocompromised and non-immunocompromised individuals. Outcomes included COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality, 28-day mortality, ICU admissions, and the need for respiratory support among 323,890 adults in the Republic of Korea. Patients with cancer or other immunosuppressive conditions, such as HIV, were excluded. Subgroup analyses assessed the influence of specific immunosuppressive medications and vaccination extent. Results: Significantly elevated in-hospital mortality was found for patients with autoimmune diseases (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 2.749) and transplant recipients (aOR 7.567), with similar patterns in other outcomes. High-dose steroid use and a greater number of immunosuppressant medications markedly increased the risk of poor outcomes. Vaccination emerged as a protective factor, with a single dose substantially improving outcomes for autoimmune patients and at least two doses necessary for transplant recipients. Conclusions: Immunocompromised patients, particularly those with autoimmune diseases and transplant recipients, are highly vulnerable to severe COVID-19 outcomes. High-dose steroid use and multiple immunosuppressants further increase risks. Vaccination significantly improves outcomes, with at least one dose benefiting autoimmune patients and two doses necessary for transplant recipients. Personalized vaccination schedules based on immunosuppression levels are essential to mitigate healthcare inequalities and improve outcomes, particularly in underserved populations, informing both clinical and public health strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Vaccination and Public Health: Addressing Global, Regional and Within-Country Inequalities)

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2 pages, 303 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Rothen et al. Preclinical Evaluation of Novel Sterically Optimized VLP-Based Vaccines against All Four DENV Serotypes. Vaccines 2024, 12, 874

by Dominik A. Rothen, Sudip Kumar Dutta, Pascal S. Krenger, Anne-Cathrine S. Vogt, Ilva Lieknina, Jan M. Sobczak, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, Mona O. Mohsen, Monique Vogel, Byron Martina, Kaspars Tars and Martin F. Bachmann

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101189 - 18 Oct 2024

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Abstract

The authors would like to make the following corrections to this published paper [...] Full article

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17 pages, 3326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Partial Protection of Goats against Haemonchus contortus Achieved with ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1 Encapsulated in PLGA Nanoparticles

by Muhammad Waqqas Hasan, Javaid Ali Gadahi, Muhammad Haseeb, Qiangqiang Wang, Muhammad Ehsan, Shakeel Ahmad Lakho, Ali Haider, Tahir Aleem, Mingmin Lu, Ruofeng Yan, Xiaokai Song, Xiangrui Li and Lixin Xu

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101188 - 18 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Background: Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus), a nematode with global prevalence, poses a major threat to the gastrointestinal health of sheep and goats. In an effort to combat this parasite, a nanovaccine was created using a recombinant ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) antigen [...] Read more.

Background: Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus), a nematode with global prevalence, poses a major threat to the gastrointestinal health of sheep and goats. In an effort to combat this parasite, a nanovaccine was created using a recombinant ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) antigen encapsulated within poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of this nanovaccine in providing protection against H. contortus infection. Methods: Fifteen goats were randomly divided into three groups. The experimental group received two doses of the PLGA encapsulated rHcARF1 (rHcARF1-PLGA) nanovaccine on days 0 and 14. Fourteen days after the second immunization, both the experimental and positive control groups were challenged with 8000 infective larvae (L3) of H. contortus, while the negative control group remained unvaccinated and unchallenged. At the end of the experiment on the 63rd day, all animals were humanly euthanized. Results: The results showed that the experimental group had significantly higher levels of sera IgG, IgA, and IgE antibodies, as well as increased concentrations of cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-9, IL-17, and TGF-β, compared to the negative control group after immunization. Following the L3 challenge, the experimental group exhibited a 47.5% reduction in mean eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and a 55.7% reduction in worm burden as compared to the positive control group. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the nanovaccine expressing rHcARF1 offers significant protective efficacy against H. contortus infection in goats. The results also suggest the need for more precise optimization of the antigen dose or a reassessment of the vaccination regimen. Additionally, the small sample size limits the statistical rigor and the broader applicability of the findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunization Strategies for Animal Health)

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18 pages, 864 KiB

Open AccessReview

Basic Properties and Development Status of Aluminum Adjuvants Used for Vaccines

by Jingyang Lan, Disong Feng, Xueshan He, Qianru Zhang and Rong Zhang

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101187 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1143

Abstract

Background: Aluminum adjuvants, renowned for their safety and efficacy, act as excellent adsorbents and vaccine immunogen enhancers, significantly contributing to innate, endogenous, and humoral immunity. An ideal adjuvant not only boosts the immune response but also ensures optimal protective immunity. Aluminum adjuvants are [...] Read more.

Background: Aluminum adjuvants, renowned for their safety and efficacy, act as excellent adsorbents and vaccine immunogen enhancers, significantly contributing to innate, endogenous, and humoral immunity. An ideal adjuvant not only boosts the immune response but also ensures optimal protective immunity. Aluminum adjuvants are the most widely used vaccine adjuvants and have played a crucial role in both the prevention of existing diseases and the development of new vaccines. With the increasing emergence of new vaccines, traditional immune adjuvants are continually being researched and upgraded. The future of vaccine development lies in the exploration and integration of novel adjuvant technologies that surpass the capabilities of traditional aluminum adjuvants. One promising direction is the incorporation of nanoparticles, which offer precise delivery and controlled release of antigens, thereby enhancing the overall immune response. Conclusions: This review summarizes the types, mechanisms, manufacturers, patents, advantages, disadvantages, and future prospects of aluminum adjuvants. Although aluminum adjuvants have certain limitations, their contribution to enhancing vaccine immunity is significant and cannot be ignored. Future research should continue to explore their mechanisms of action and address potential adverse reactions to achieve improved vaccine efficacy. Full article

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13 pages, 622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nationwide Discrete Choice Experiment on Chinese Guardians’ Preferences for HPV Vaccination for Mothers and Daughters

by Jun Zhao, Tianshuo Zhao, Sihui Zhang, Ninghua Huang, Juan Du, Yaqiong Liu, Qingbin Lu, Chao Wang and Fuqiang Cui

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101186 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 601

Abstract

Background: HPV vaccination is the key measure to prevent cervical cancer, but uptake in China lags behind global targets. Understanding Chinese guardians’ preferences is key to improving vaccine acceptance and coverage. Methods: A nationwide online discrete choice experiment survey was conducted [...] Read more.

Background: HPV vaccination is the key measure to prevent cervical cancer, but uptake in China lags behind global targets. Understanding Chinese guardians’ preferences is key to improving vaccine acceptance and coverage. Methods: A nationwide online discrete choice experiment survey was conducted among 4933 Chinese guardians across seven provinces in 2022 to quantify preferences and willingness to pay. Attributes included effectiveness, safety, duration, valency, location, and out-of-pocket cost. Results: Out of the 4933 guardians who participated in the study, 4179 (84.72%) were mothers. More than 60% of the guardians belonged to the age group of 35–44 years. Additionally, over half of the respondents (53.15%) had daughters between the ages of 9 and 14 years. Respondents were open to accepting the HPV vaccine with 95% efficacy and exceptional safety. Guardians expressed a preference for longer protection duration (specifically 15 years (βa = 0.340, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.37)) and higher vaccine valency. As for willingness to pay, the respondents placed the highest value on vaccine efficacy, being willing to shell out more than USD 1100 for 95% protection as compared to 50%. Furthermore, very good safety commanded a premium of over USD 800 when compared to average safety. When it comes to willingness to uptake, a vaccine with 95% efficacy led to a more than 35% increase in acceptance as compared to one with 50% efficacy. Similarly, exceptional safety resulted in an increased willingness to uptake of over 25% when compared to average safety. Conclusions: The DCE highlighted effectiveness, safety, and durability as critical drivers of HPV vaccine acceptance, but substantial barriers persist regarding adolescent female coverage in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Papillomavirus Vaccines)

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10 pages, 1950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Vaccination Against E. coli, C. perfringens Type A/C on Piglet Productive and Clinical Parameters Under Field Conditions

by Arkadiusz Dors, Robert Panek, Wojciech Łużyński, Krzysztof Janeczko, Agata Augustyniak, Hanna Turlewicz-Podbielska, Ewelina Czyżewska-Dors and Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101185 - 17 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Background: One of the main strategies to control neonatal porcine diarrhoea (NPD) is through vaccination of the sows. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of two commercial vaccination schemes under field conditions on a farm where a C. perfringens type A [...] Read more.

Background: One of the main strategies to control neonatal porcine diarrhoea (NPD) is through vaccination of the sows. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of two commercial vaccination schemes under field conditions on a farm where a C. perfringens type A cpb2-positive strain was implicated in NPD. Methods: This study was performed in a farrow-to-wean herd with 5500 sows, already using an E. coli and C. perfringens vaccine but still suffering NPD. Where the presence of a C. perfringens type A cpb2-positive strain was confirmed, Enteroporc Coli AC^® (Ceva) was administrated to the sows in group A according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Sows in group B were vaccinated using two other combined commercial vaccines. In each group, piglets from 10 litters were ear-tagged and individually weighed at birth and at 8 and 22 days of age. The incidence of diarrhoea, general piglet body condition, and antimicrobial treatment were recorded within 10 consecutive days after birth. Results: A total of 234 piglets (119 in group A and 115 in group B) were included. The mean weight gain of piglets from birth to 22 days of age was significantly higher in group A (4.99 kg) than in group B (4.66 kg) (p = 0.039). The rest of the recorded parameters such as the presence of diarrhoea, the piglet’s body condition score, and the number of days with antimicrobial treatment did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusions: This study confirmed the efficiency of the Enteroporc Coli AC^® vaccine in reducing clinical symptoms of diarrhoea in piglets, which was comparable with the other vaccines used in the study. The positive effect on piglets’ productive performance during the lactation phase was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Vaccines: Enhancing Health, Productivity, and Welfare)

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10 pages, 520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incremental Effectiveness of Emergency Vaccination Against a Varicella Outbreak at an Elementary School in Beijing, China, 2019: An Observational Cohort Study

by Zhiqiang Cao, Dan Zhao, Rujing Shi, Yanhong Zhao, Xiaojing Wen, Ying Ma, Xiaomei Li and Luodan Suo

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101184 - 17 Oct 2024

Viewed by 656

Abstract

(1) Background: The effect of varicella emergency vaccination (EV) has not been fully evaluated. (2) Methods: This was a cohort study. Participants were categorized into five groups based on their immune status: unvaccinated group, first dose as EV group, one dose no EV [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The effect of varicella emergency vaccination (EV) has not been fully evaluated. (2) Methods: This was a cohort study. Participants were categorized into five groups based on their immune status: unvaccinated group, first dose as EV group, one dose no EV group, second dose as EV group, and two doses no EV group. A Cox proportional hazards model was employed to examine the association between the EV measures and the varicella incidence rate in this outbreak. (3) Results: Demographic characteristics, vaccination details, and disease onset information were 100% (918/918) collected. The crude attack rate was 44% (11/25), 8% (3/36), 11% (24/215), 3% (6/176), and 2% (8/466) among the unvaccinated group, first dose as EV group, one dose no EV group, second dose as EV group and two doses no EV group, respectively. Compared to the unvaccinated group and the one dose no EV group, the first dose varicella vaccine as EV and the second dose as EV demonstrated an incremental effectiveness of 90% (95% CI 65–97%) and 79% (95% CI 47–92%), respectively. (4) Conclusions: Both the first dose and the second dose as EV contributed to reducing the incidence rates of varicella and offered incremental vaccine effectiveness in an outbreak setting. Our study underscores the importance and benefits of initiating emergency varicella vaccination early to reduce the disease incidence rate in an elementary school setting where there was no complete coverage of the two doses of varicella vaccine and an outbreak occurred. Full article

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21 pages, 609 KiB

Open AccessReview

ASIA Syndrome: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

by Mario Caldarelli, Pierluigi Rio, Vincenzo Giambra, Antonio Gasbarrini, Giovanni Gambassi and Rossella Cianci

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101183 - 17 Oct 2024

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Abstract

The expression “Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA)” was coined by Shoenfeld and colleagues in 2011. It defines a group of immune-mediated disorders that arise in people, with a genetic predisposition, following exposure to adjuvant agents. This syndrome has been reported after contact [...] Read more.

The expression “Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA)” was coined by Shoenfeld and colleagues in 2011. It defines a group of immune-mediated disorders that arise in people, with a genetic predisposition, following exposure to adjuvant agents. This syndrome has been reported after contact with silicone implants, medications, infections, metals, vaccines, and other substances. It typically occurs in individuals with a genetic predisposition, particularly involving genes, such as HLA-DRB1 (major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1) and PTPN22 (protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22). Some stimuli lead to an overactivation of the immune system, prompt the production of autoantibodies, and finally cause autoimmune disorders. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the ASIA syndrome with a special focus on the role of adjuvants in different vaccines, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, and insights into development of new treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Vaccines and Vaccine Technologies for Emerging Infections)

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26 pages, 8121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 Responses Induced by Plant Oil Adjuvant-Based B. bronchiseptica Vaccine in Mice, with Mechanisms Unraveled by RNA-Seq, 16S rRNA and Metabolomics

by Xuemei Cui, Qiuju Xiang, Yee Huang, Quanan Ji, Zizhe Hu, Tuanyuan Shi, Guolian Bao and Yan Liu

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101182 - 17 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: The current Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) vaccine, when adjuvanted with alum, does not elicit adequate robust cellular immunity or effective antibody defense against Bb attacks. Unfortunately, antibiotic treatment generally represents an ineffective strategy due to the development of resistance against a broad range [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The current Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) vaccine, when adjuvanted with alum, does not elicit adequate robust cellular immunity or effective antibody defense against Bb attacks. Unfortunately, antibiotic treatment generally represents an ineffective strategy due to the development of resistance against a broad range of antibiotics. Methods: The present study was designed to investigate the immune response, protective capabilities and underlying mechanisms of a plant oil-based adjuvant E515 formulated with inactivated Bb antigen as a potential vaccine candidate against Bordetella bronchiseptica. Results: Immunization studies revealed that a combination of SO, VE and GS (E515) exhibited a good synergistic adjuvant effect. The E515 adjuvanted Bb vaccine was proven to be highly efficacious and induced a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 immune response in mice, leading to a significant increase in Bb-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies, proliferative lymphocyte responses and cytokine levels (by lymphocytes and serum) and effectively induced responses by CD4⁺ TE, TM cells and B cells. The E515 adjuvant significantly enhanced the immune protection provided by the Bb vaccine in a mice model, as indicated by a reduced bacterial burden in the lungs. Multi-omics sequencing analysis revealed that E515 functions as an adjuvant by modulating critical pathways, including cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, the IL-17 signaling pathway and the chemokine signaling pathway. This modulation also included interactions with beneficial species of bacteria including Alistipes, Odoribacter and Colidextribacter, as well as energy and lipid-related metabolites, thus highlighting its role as an immunomodulatory agent. Conclusion: Collectively, our results demonstrate the huge potential of E515-Bb vaccine candidates, thus highlighting the vegetable oil original adjuvant E515 as a promising agent for the development of new veterinary vaccines. Full article

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16 pages, 1172 KiB

Open AccessReview

T-Cell Epitope-Based Vaccines: A Promising Strategy for Prevention of Infectious Diseases

by Xin Song, Yongfeng Li, Hongxia Wu, Huaji Qiu and Yuan Sun

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101181 - 17 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1022

Abstract

With the development of novel vaccine strategies, T-cell epitope-based vaccines have become promising prophylactic and therapeutic tools against infectious diseases that cannot be controlled via traditional vaccines. T-cell epitope-based vaccines leverage specific immunogenic peptides to elicit protective T-cell responses against infectious pathogens. Compared [...] Read more.

With the development of novel vaccine strategies, T-cell epitope-based vaccines have become promising prophylactic and therapeutic tools against infectious diseases that cannot be controlled via traditional vaccines. T-cell epitope-based vaccines leverage specific immunogenic peptides to elicit protective T-cell responses against infectious pathogens. Compared to traditional vaccines, they provide superior efficacy and safety, minimizing the risk of adverse side effects. In this review, we summarized and compared the prediction and identification methods of T-cell epitopes. By integrating bioinformatic prediction and experimental validation, efficient and precise screening of T-cell epitopes can be achieved. Importantly, we delved into the development approaches to diverse T-cell epitope-based vaccines, comparing their merits and demerits, as well as discussing the prevalent challenges and perspectives in their applications. This review offers fresh perspectives for the formulation of safe and efficacious epitope-based vaccines for the devastating diseases against which no vaccines are currently available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunization Strategies for Animal Health)

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9 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

What COVID-19 Vaccination Strategy Should Be Implemented and Which Vaccines Should Be Used in the Post-Pandemic Era?

by Pedro Plans-Rubió

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101180 - 17 Oct 2024

Viewed by 627

Abstract

COVID-19 vaccines have reduced the negative health and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic by preventing severe disease, hospitalizations and deaths. In the new socio-economic normality, the COVID-19 vaccination strategy can be universal or high-risk and seasonal or not seasonal, and different vaccines [...] Read more.

COVID-19 vaccines have reduced the negative health and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic by preventing severe disease, hospitalizations and deaths. In the new socio-economic normality, the COVID-19 vaccination strategy can be universal or high-risk and seasonal or not seasonal, and different vaccines can be used. The universal vaccination strategy can achieve greater health and herd immunity effects and is associated with greater costs than the high-risk vaccination strategy. In each country, the optimal COVID-19 vaccination strategy must be decided by considering the advantages and disadvantages and assessing the costs, health effects and cost-effectiveness of the universal and high-risk vaccination strategies. The universal vaccination strategy should be implemented when the objective of the vaccination program is to achieve the greatest health benefits from COVID-19 vaccination and when its incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is lower than EUR 30,000−50,000 per QALY or LYG. The use of adapted vaccines targeting currently circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 is necessary to avoid the immune escape of emerging variants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vaccine Efficacy and Safety)

41 pages, 862 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immunotherapeutic Strategies as Potential Treatment Options for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

by Andrea Lafleur, Stephane Daffis, Charles Mowbray and Byron Arana

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101179 - 17 Oct 2024

Viewed by 854

Abstract

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus, is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, with important morbidity, particularly in low- to middle-income countries. Current systemic treatments, including pentavalent antimonials and miltefosine, are associated with significant toxicity, reduced efficacy, and [...] Read more.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus, is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, with important morbidity, particularly in low- to middle-income countries. Current systemic treatments, including pentavalent antimonials and miltefosine, are associated with significant toxicity, reduced efficacy, and are frequently ineffective in cases of severe or chronic CL. Immunotherapies leverage the immune system to combat microbial infection and offer a promising adjunct or alternative approach to the current standard of care for CL. However, the heterogeneous clinical presentation of CL, which is dependent on parasite species and host immunity, may require informed clinical intervention with immunotherapies. This review explores the clinical and immunological characteristics of CL, emphasising the current landscape of immunotherapies in in vivo models and clinical studies. Such immune-based interventions aim to modulate immune responses against Leishmania, with additive therapeutic effects enabling the efficacy of lower drug doses and decreasing the associated toxicity. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie immunotherapy for CL provides critical insights into developing safer and more effective treatments for this neglected tropical disease. Identifying suitable therapeutic candidates and establishing their safety and efficacy are essential steps in this process. However, the feasibility and utility of these treatments in resource-limited settings must also be considered, taking into account factors such as cost of production, temperature stability, and overall patient access. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination and Alternative Immunotherapeutic Approaches against Emerging and (Re)emerging Neglected Tropical Diseases)

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24 pages, 1342 KiB

Open AccessReview

Overview of Recombinant Tick Vaccines and Perspectives on the Use of Plant-Made Vaccines to Control Ticks of Veterinary Importance

by Edgar Trujillo, Abel Ramos-Vega, Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante, Consuelo Almazán and Carlos Angulo

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101178 - 17 Oct 2024

Viewed by 784

Abstract

Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that affect animals, and some of them transmit a wide range of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa to both animals and humans. Several vaccines have shown immunogenicity and protective efficacy against ticks in animal models and definitive [...] Read more.

Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that affect animals, and some of them transmit a wide range of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa to both animals and humans. Several vaccines have shown immunogenicity and protective efficacy against ticks in animal models and definitive hosts. After several decades on anti-tick vaccine research, only a commercial vaccine based on a recombinant antigen is currently available. In this context, plants offer three decades of research and development on recombinant vaccine production to immunize hosts and as a delivery vehicle platform. Despite the experimental advances in plant-made vaccines to control several parasitosis and infectious diseases, no vaccine prototype has been developed against ticks. This review examines a panorama of ticks of veterinary importance, recombinant vaccine experimental developments, plant-made vaccine platforms, and perspectives on using this technology as well as the opportunities and limitations in the field of tick vaccine research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines against Arthropods and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens)

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24 pages, 2311 KiB

Open AccessReview

Klebsiella pneumoniae Lipopolysaccharide as a Vaccine Target and the Role of Antibodies in Protection from Disease

by Jernelle C. Miller, Alan S. Cross, Sharon M. Tennant and Scott M. Baliban

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1177; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101177 - 17 Oct 2024

Viewed by 850

Abstract

Klebsiella pneumoniae is well recognized as a serious cause of infection in healthcare-associated settings and immunocompromised individuals; however, accumulating evidence from resource-limited nations documents an alarming rise in community-acquired K. pneumoniae infections, manifesting as bacteremia and pneumonia as well as neonatal sepsis. [...] Read more.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is well recognized as a serious cause of infection in healthcare-associated settings and immunocompromised individuals; however, accumulating evidence from resource-limited nations documents an alarming rise in community-acquired K. pneumoniae infections, manifesting as bacteremia and pneumonia as well as neonatal sepsis. The emergence of hypervirulent and antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae strains threatens treatment options for clinicians. Effective vaccination strategies could represent a viable alternative that would both preempt the need for antibiotics to treat K. pneumoniae infections and reduce the burden of K. pneumoniae disease globally. There are currently no approved K. pneumoniae vaccines. We review the evidence for K. pneumoniae lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a vaccine and immunotherapeutic target and discuss the role of antibodies specific for the core or O-antigen determinants within LPS in protection against Klebsiella spp. disease. We expand on the known role of the Klebsiella spp. capsule and O-antigen modifications in antibody surface accessibility to LPS as well as the in vitro and in vivo effector functions reported for LPS-specific antibodies. We summarize key hypotheses stemming from these studies, review the role of humoral immunity against K. pneumoniae O-antigen for protection, and identify areas requiring further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines to Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance to Bacterial Pathogens)

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13 pages, 889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antiretroviral Therapy with Ritonavir-Boosted Atazanavir- and Lopinavir-Containing Regimens Correlates with Diminished HIV-1 Neutralization

by Eloisa Yuste, Horacio Gil, Felipe Garcia and Victor Sanchez-Merino

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101176 - 17 Oct 2024

Viewed by 620

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The impact of virion maturation on neutralizing antibody responses in HIV treatment is not fully understood. This study examines whether antiretroviral regimens (ART) with boosted protease inhibitors (b-PI), which increase exposure to immature virions, affect neutralization capacity compared to Non-b-PI regimens. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The impact of virion maturation on neutralizing antibody responses in HIV treatment is not fully understood. This study examines whether antiretroviral regimens (ART) with boosted protease inhibitors (b-PI), which increase exposure to immature virions, affect neutralization capacity compared to Non-b-PI regimens. Methods: Neutralization activity was assessed in 45 HIV-infected individuals on b-PI regimens and 56 on Non-b-PI regimens, adjusting for factors like infection duration, ART initiation, and immune markers. Individuals on b-PI regimens had significantly lower neutralization scores [mean: 6.1, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5.3–6.9] than those on Non-b-PI regimens (mean: 8.9, 95% CI: 8.0–9.9; p < 0.0001). This difference was not explained by infection duration or CD4+ counts. CD4+/CD8+ ratios were positively associated with neutralization, while b-PI use was negatively associated. A regression model indicated that b-PI use significantly predicted lower neutralization scores (beta = −0.30, p = 0.049). Conclusions: These findings suggest that exposure to immature virions via b-PI use reduces neutralizing antibody responses, highlighting the importance of virion maturation in antibody induction. ART regimens promoting exposure to mature virions may enhance neutralization, with potential implications for HIV vaccine design. Further research is needed to explore implications for HIV vaccine design, especially using virus-like particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neutralizing Antibodies and Vaccine Development against the HIV-1 Virus)

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4 pages, 195 KiB

Open AccessReply

Reply to Volkman et al. Comment on “Fust et al. The Potential Economic Impact of the Updated COVID-19 mRNA Fall 2023 Vaccines in Japan. Vaccines 2024, 12, 434”

by Michele Kohli, Keya Joshi, Ekkehard Beck, Yuriko Hagiwara, Nicolas Van de Velde and Ataru Igarashi

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101175 - 17 Oct 2024

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Abstract

In their comment [...] Full article

3 pages, 181 KiB

Open AccessComment

Comment on Fust et al. The Potential Economic Impact of the Updated COVID-19 mRNA Fall 2023 Vaccines in Japan. Vaccines 2024, 12, 434

by Hannah R. Volkman, Jennifer L. Nguyen, Mustapha M. Mustapha, Luis Jodar and John M. McLaughlin

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101174 - 17 Oct 2024

Viewed by 431

Abstract

We noted three key inconsistencies in the Moderna-funded cost-effectiveness analysis by Fust et al [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination)

21 pages, 3450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Field Trial with Vaccine Candidates Against Bovine Tuberculosis Among Likely Infected Cattle in a Natural Transmission Setting

by Ximena Ferrara Muñiz, Elizabeth García, Federico Carlos Blanco, Sergio Garbaccio, Carlos Garro, Martín Zumárraga, Odir Dellagostin, Marcos Trangoni, María Jimena Marfil, Maria Verónica Bianco, Alejandro Abdala, Javier Revelli, Maria Bergamasco, Adriana Soutullo, Rocío Marini, Rosana Valeria Rocha, Amorina Sánchez, Fabiana Bigi, Ana María Canal, María Emilia Eirin and Angel Adrián Cataldi Show full author list Hide full author list

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101173 - 17 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vaccines may improve the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis. However, the evaluation of experimental candidates requires the assessment of the protection, excretion, transmission and biosafety. A natural transmission trial among likely infected animals was conducted. Methods: Seventy-four male heifers [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Vaccines may improve the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis. However, the evaluation of experimental candidates requires the assessment of the protection, excretion, transmission and biosafety. A natural transmission trial among likely infected animals was conducted. Methods: Seventy-four male heifers were randomly distributed (five groups) and vaccinated subcutaneously with attenuated strains (M. bovis Δmce2 or M. bovis Δmce2-phoP), a recombinant M. bovis BCG Pasteur (BCGr) or M. bovis BCG Pasteur. Then, they cohoused with a naturally infected bTB cohort under field conditions exposed to the infection. Results: A 23% of transmission of wild-type strains was confirmed (non-vaccinated group). Strikingly, first vaccination did not induce immune response (caudal fold test and IFN-gamma release assay). However, after 74 days of exposure to bTB, animals were re-vaccinated. Although their sensitization increased throughout the trial, the vaccines did not confer significant protection, when compared to the non-vaccinated group, as demonstrated by pathology progression of lesions and confirmatory tools. Besides, the likelihood of acquiring the infection was similar in all groups compared to the non-vaccinated group (p > 0.076). Respiratory and digestive excretion of viable vaccine candidates was undetectable. To note, the group vaccinated with M. bovis Δmce2-phoP exhibited the highest proportion of animals without macroscopic lesions, compared to the one vaccinated with BCG, although this was not statistically supported. Conclusions: This highlights that further evaluation of these vaccines would not guarantee better protection. The limitations detected during the trial are discussed regarding the transmission rate of M. bovis wild-type, the imperfect test for studying sensitization, the need for a DIVA diagnosis and management conditions of the trials performed under routine husbandry conditions. Re-vaccination of likely infected bovines did not highlight a conclusive result, even suggesting a detrimental effect on those vaccinated with M. bovis BCG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tuberculosis Vaccines for Domestic and Wildlife Species)

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14 pages, 1508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunogenicity and Determinants of Antibody Response to the BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine: A Longitudinal Study in a Cohort of People Living with HIV

by Tatjana Baldovin, Davide Leoni, Ruggero Geppini, Andrea Miatton, Irene Amoruso, Marco Fonzo, Chiara Bertoncello, Mascia Finco, Maria Mazzitelli, Lolita Sasset, Annamaria Cattelan and Vincenzo Baldo

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101172 - 16 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic posed significant challenges worldwide, with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines critical in reducing morbidity and mortality. This study evaluates the immunogenicity and antibody persistence of the BNT162b2 vaccine in people living with HIV (PLWH). Methods: We monitored anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG concentration in [...] Read more.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic posed significant challenges worldwide, with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines critical in reducing morbidity and mortality. This study evaluates the immunogenicity and antibody persistence of the BNT162b2 vaccine in people living with HIV (PLWH). Methods: We monitored anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG concentration in a cohort of PLWH at five time points (T0–T4) using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassays (CMIAs) at the baselined both during and after vaccination. In severely immunocompromised individuals, a boosting dose was recommended, and participants and IgG concentration were measured in the two subgroups (boosted and not boosted). Results: In total, 165 PLWH were included, and 83% were male with a median age of 55 years (IQR: 47–62). At T1, 161 participants (97.6%) showed seroconversion with a median of IgG values of 468.8 AU/mL (IQR: 200.4–774.3 AU/mL). By T2, all subjects maintained a positive result, with the median anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG concentration increasing to 6191.6 AU/mL (IQR: 3666.7–10,800.8 AU/mL). At T3, all participants kept their antibody levels above the positivity threshold with a median of 1694.3 AU/mL (IQR: 926.3–2966.4 AU/mL). At T4, those without a booster dose exhibited a marked decrease to a median of 649.1 AU/mL (IQR: 425.5–1299.8 AU/mL), whereas those with a booster experienced a significant increase to a median of 13,105.2 AU/mL (IQR: 9187.5–18,552.1 AU/mL). The immune response was negatively influenced by the presence of dyslipidaemia at T1 (aOR 4.75, 95% CI: 1.39–16.20) and diabetes at T3 (aOR 7.11, 95% CI: 1.10–46.1), while the use of protease inhibitors (aORs 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01–0.91) and being female (aOR 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01–0.32) at T3 were protective factors. Conclusions: The immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 vaccine in PLWH has been confirmed, with booster doses necessary to maintain high levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG antibodies, especially in patients with comorbidities. These findings underline the importance of a personalized vaccination strategy in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination)

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16 pages, 9584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intranasal Trans-Sialidase Vaccine Mitigates Acute and Chronic Pathology in a Preclinical Oral Chagas Disease Model

by Maria Florencia Pacini, Camila Bulfoni Balbi, Brenda Dinatale, Cecilia Farré, Paula Cacik, Florencia Belén Gonzalez, Iván Marcipar and Ana Rosa Pérez

Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101171 - 15 Oct 2024

Viewed by 914

Abstract

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, leads to severe complications in 30% of infected individuals, including acute myocarditis and chronic fibrosing cardiomyopathy. Despite the significant burden of this disease, there is currently no licensed vaccine available to prevent it. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, leads to severe complications in 30% of infected individuals, including acute myocarditis and chronic fibrosing cardiomyopathy. Despite the significant burden of this disease, there is currently no licensed vaccine available to prevent it. This study aimed to evaluate the mucosal and systemic immunogenicity as well as the prophylactic efficacy of a mucosal vaccine candidate and its impact on both acute and chronic cardiomyopathy. The results showed that the nasal administration of trans-sialidase (TS) plus c-di-AMP (TS+A) vaccine elicited a NALT expression of IFN-γ, IL-17a and IL-4 mRNA as well as a nasal-specific production of IgA. An in vivo challenge with TS also triggered increased proliferation of lymphocytes from the NALT, sentinel cervical lymph node, and spleen. TS+A immunization increased the plasma levels of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines and elicited an evident cellular response by which to judge enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity responses following a TS footpad challenge. After oral infection, TS+A-vaccinated mice showed significantly reduced parasitemia and parasite load in the heart, muscles and intestines, while markers of hepatic and muscle damage as well as clinical manifestations of acute infection were strongly diminished. TS+A also attenuated acute myocarditis and the expression of inflammatory markers in the heart. The protection conferred by TS+A extended into the chronic phase, where it resulted in a clear reduction in chronic myocarditis, fibrosis and functional electrocardiographic abnormalities, associated with a decreased expression of the pro-fibrotic TGF-β. These results revealed that it is possible to develop a mucosal vaccine against T. cruzi based on TS and c-di-AMP that is capable of reducing the development of Chagas cardiomyopathy, the hallmark of Chagas disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovating Vaccine Research in Mucosal Vaccines)

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