Vaccines

15 pages, 1584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Follow-Up of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels in Belgian Nursing Home Residents and Staff Two, Four and Six Months after Primary Course BNT162b2 Vaccination

by Eline Meyers, Liselore De Rop, Fien Engels, Claudia Gioveni, Anja Coen, Tine De Burghgraeve, Marina Digregorio, Pauline Van Ngoc, Nele De Clercq, Laëtitia Buret, Samuel Coenen, Ellen Deschepper, Elizaveta Padalko, Steven Callens, Els Duysburgh, An De Sutter, Beatrice Scholtes, Jan Y. Verbakel, Stefan Heytens and Piet Cools

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080951 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 768

Abstract

When COVID-19 vaccines were implemented, nursing home residents (NHRs) and staff (NHS) in Belgium were prioritized for vaccination. To characterize the vaccine response over time in this population and to identify poorly responding groups, we assessed antibody concentrations two (T1), four (T2) and [...] Read more.

When COVID-19 vaccines were implemented, nursing home residents (NHRs) and staff (NHS) in Belgium were prioritized for vaccination. To characterize the vaccine response over time in this population and to identify poorly responding groups, we assessed antibody concentrations two (T1), four (T2) and six months (T3) after primary course BNT162b2 vaccination in six groups of infection-naive/infection-primed NHRs/NHS, with/without comorbidity (NHRs only). Participant groups (N = 125 per group) were defined within a national serosurveillance study in nursing homes, based on questionnaire data. Dried blood spots were analyzed using ELISA for the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 S1RBD IgG antibodies. Among all groups, antibody concentrations significantly decreased between T1 and T2/T3, all with a ≥70% decrease at T3, except for infection-primed staff (−32%). Antibody concentrations among infection-naive NHRs were 11.96 times lower than those among infection-primed NHR, while the latter were comparable (x1.05) to infection-primed NHS. The largest proportion [13% (95% CI: 11–24%)] of vaccine non-responders was observed in the group of infection-naive NHRs with comorbidities. A longer interval between infection and vaccination (≥3 months) elicited higher antibody responses. Our data retrospectively show the necessity of timely COVID-19 booster vaccination. Infection-naive NHRs require special attention regarding immune monitoring in future epidemics or pandemics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance Public Health through Vaccination)

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26 pages, 1774 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancements and Challenges in Peptide-Based Cancer Vaccination: A Multidisciplinary Perspective

by Dequan Liu, Lei Liu, Xinghan Li, Shijin Wang, Guangzhen Wu and Xiangyu Che

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080950 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 999

Abstract

With the continuous advancements in tumor immunotherapy, researchers are actively exploring new treatment methods. Peptide therapeutic cancer vaccines have garnered significant attention for their potential in improving patient outcomes. Despite its potential, only a single peptide-based cancer vaccine has been approved by the [...] Read more.

With the continuous advancements in tumor immunotherapy, researchers are actively exploring new treatment methods. Peptide therapeutic cancer vaccines have garnered significant attention for their potential in improving patient outcomes. Despite its potential, only a single peptide-based cancer vaccine has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms and current development status is crucial for advancing these vaccines. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the production principles and therapeutic mechanisms of peptide-based cancer vaccines, highlights the commonly used peptide-based cancer vaccines, and examines the synergistic effects of combining these vaccines with immunotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. While some studies have yielded suboptimal results, the potential of combination therapies remains substantial. Additionally, we addressed the management and adverse events associated with peptide-based cancer vaccines, noting their relatively higher safety profile compared to traditional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Lastly, we also discussed the roles of adjuvants and targeted delivery systems in enhancing vaccine efficacy. In conclusion, this review comprehensively outlines the current landscape of peptide-based cancer vaccination and underscores its potential as a pivotal immunotherapy approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peptide-Based Vaccines)

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14 pages, 419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tracking Measles and Rubella Elimination Progress—World Health Organization African Region, 2022–2023

by Balcha G. Masresha, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Reggis Katsande, Patrick Michael O’Connor, Emmaculate Lebo and Robert T. Perry

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080949 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1159

Abstract

Measles or rubella elimination is verified when endemic transmission of the corresponding virus has been absent for over 36 months in a defined area, in the presence of a well-performing surveillance system. This report updates the progress by 47 countries in the WHO [...] Read more.

Measles or rubella elimination is verified when endemic transmission of the corresponding virus has been absent for over 36 months in a defined area, in the presence of a well-performing surveillance system. This report updates the progress by 47 countries in the WHO African Region towards the goal of attaining verification of measles and rubella elimination in at least 80% of the countries of the region by 2030. We reviewed the WHO-UNICEF vaccination coverage estimates for the first and second doses of measles- and measles-rubella-containing vaccines, as well as the available coverage data for measles supplementary immunization activities, during 2022–2023. We also reviewed the measles-surveillance performance and analyzed the epidemiological trends of measles and rubella as reported in the case-based surveillance database. The WHO-UNICEF estimates of first measles vaccine dose (MCV1) and second measles vaccine dose (MCV2) coverage for the African Region for 2022 were 69% and 45%, respectively. Rubella-containing vaccines have been introduced in the routine immunization program in 32 of 47 (68%) countries as of the end of 2022, with no introductions during 2023. In 2022 and 2023, a total of 144,767,764 children were vaccinated in the region with measles or MR vaccines in 24 countries through 32 mass vaccination campaigns. The administrative coverage target of 95% was reached in only 15 (49%) of the 32 vaccination campaigns. In 2023, a total of 125,957 suspected cases of measles were reported through the case-based surveillance system, and 73,625 cases (58%) were confirmed to be measles, either by laboratory testing, by epidemiological linkage, or based on clinical compatibility. A total of 4805 confirmed rubella cases were reported, though this total represents substantial under-ascertainment. The regional incidence of measles was 60.3 cases per million population. Twenty-six countries (55%) met the targets for the two principal surveillance system performance-monitoring indicators. No country in the region has attained the verification of measles or rubella elimination as of the end of 2023. Addressing systemic problems with routine immunization and using tailored approaches to reach unvaccinated children can contribute to progress towards measles and rubella elimination. In addition, periodic and timely high-quality preventive SIAs remain a critical programmatic strategy to reach unvaccinated children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A World without Measles and Rubella: Meeting the Regional Elimination Targets on the Path to Global Eradication)

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16 pages, 3418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Ferritin-Based Nanoparticle Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever

by Yiwan Song, Zhongmao Yuan, Junzhi Ji, Yang Ruan, Xiaowen Li, Lianxiang Wang, Weijun Zeng, Keke Wu, Wenshuo Hu, Lin Yi, Hongxing Ding, Mingqiu Zhao, Shuangqi Fan, Zhaoyao Li and Jinding Chen

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 948; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080948 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 832

Abstract

The occurrence of classical swine fever (CSF) poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. Developing an effective and safe vaccine is crucial for preventing and controlling CSF. Here, we constructed self-assembled ferritin nanoparticles fused with the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) [...] Read more.

The occurrence of classical swine fever (CSF) poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. Developing an effective and safe vaccine is crucial for preventing and controlling CSF. Here, we constructed self-assembled ferritin nanoparticles fused with the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E2 protein and a derived B cell epitope (Fe-E2B) using a baculovirus expression system (BVES), demonstrating enhanced immunogenicity. Furthermore, we provide a detailed evaluation of the immunological efficacy of the FeE2B in rabbits. The results showed that robust and sustained antibody responses were detected in rabbits immunized with the Fe-E2B nanoparticle vaccine, comparable to those elicited by commercially available vaccines. Additionally, we demonstrated that the vaccine effectively activated crucial immune factors IFN-γ and IL-4 in vivo, increasing their levels by 1.41-fold and 1.39-fold, respectively. Immunization with Fe-E2B enabled rabbits to avoid viremia and stereotypic fever after CSFV challenge. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of ferritin nanoparticles as antigen-presenting carriers to induce robust immune responses, proposing a candidate vaccine strategy for the prevention and control of CSF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanovaccines for Animal Infectious Diseases)

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13 pages, 542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Status Report for the Verification of Measles and Rubella Elimination, 2022

by Patrick O’Connor, Balcha Masresha, Desirée Pastor, Nasrin Musa, José Hagan, Sudhir Khanal, Chung-Won Lee and Natasha Crowcroft

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 947; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080947 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 701

Abstract

Since the World Health Assembly (WHA) in 2012 endorsed the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), which included regional measles and rubella elimination goals by 2020, global progress towards verification of measles and rubella elimination has been incremental. Even though the 2020 elimination goals [...] Read more.

Since the World Health Assembly (WHA) in 2012 endorsed the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), which included regional measles and rubella elimination goals by 2020, global progress towards verification of measles and rubella elimination has been incremental. Even though the 2020 elimination goals were not achieved, commitment towards achieving measles and rubella elimination has been firmly established in the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030) and the Measles and Rubella Strategic Framework (MRSF) 2021–2030. In 2023, the six Regional Verification Commissions for measles and rubella elimination (RVCs) reviewed data as of 31 December 2022 and confirmed that 82 (42%) Member States have been verified for measles elimination, and 98 (51%) Member States have been verified for rubella elimination. The six RVCs are composed of independent public health and immunization experts who are well-placed to support accelerating measles and rubella elimination. RVCs should be leveraged not only to review elimination documents but also to advocate for and champion public health programming that supports measles and rubella activities. The verification of elimination process is one of many tools that should be deployed to reinforce and accelerate efforts towards achieving a world free of measles and rubella. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A World without Measles and Rubella: Meeting the Regional Elimination Targets on the Path to Global Eradication)

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13 pages, 997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network Supports High-Quality Surveillance

by Paul A. Rota, Roger Evans, Myriam Corinne Ben Mamou, Gloria Rey-Benito, Lucky Sangal, Annick Dosseh, Amany Ghoniem, Charles R. Byabamazima, Maurice Demanou, Raydel Anderson, Gimin Kim, Bettina Bankamp, R. Suzanne Beard, Stephen N. Crooke, Sumathi Ramachandran, Ana Penedos, Vicki Stambos, Suellen Nicholson, David Featherstone and Mick N. Mulders

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 946; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080946 - 22 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 930

Abstract

With 762 laboratories, the Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (GMRLN) is the largest laboratory network coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Global Polio Laboratory Network, the GMRLN has multiple tiers, including global specialized laboratories, regional reference laboratories, national laboratories, [...] Read more.

With 762 laboratories, the Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (GMRLN) is the largest laboratory network coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Global Polio Laboratory Network, the GMRLN has multiple tiers, including global specialized laboratories, regional reference laboratories, national laboratories, and, in some countries, subnational laboratories. Regional networks are supervised by regional laboratory coordinators reporting to a global coordinator at WHO headquarters. Laboratories in the GMRLN have strong links to national disease control and vaccination programs. The GMRLN’s goal is to support member states in obtaining timely, complete, and reliable laboratory-based surveillance data for measles and rubella as part of the strategy for achieving measles and rubella elimination. Surveillance data are reported to the national program and are included in annual reports on the status of measles and rubella elimination to national verification committees for review by regional verification commissions. Quality within the GMRLN is ensured by monitoring performance through external quality assurance programs, confirmatory and quality control testing, accreditation, and coordination of corrective action and training where needed. The overall performance of the laboratories has remained high over the years despite many challenges, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic. The GMRLN is well-positioned to support high-quality laboratory-based surveillance for measles and rubella and to transition to supporting laboratory testing for other pathogens, including vaccine-preventable diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A World without Measles and Rubella: Meeting the Regional Elimination Targets on the Path to Global Eradication)

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12 pages, 458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hesitancy toward Childhood and Influenza Vaccines: Experiences from Highly Educated Jordanian Parents

by Montaha Al-Iede, Mohammad Aljahalin, Eva Fashho, Sami Sweis, Rahaf Mesmeh, Loai Bani Hamad, Leen Abuzaid, Jana Al Sa’ed, Yasmeen Elbetar, Aya Yaseen Mahmood Alabdali, Shahed Al-Nawaiseh and Abdallah Al-Ani

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080945 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1207

Abstract

We aimed to examine vaccine hesitancy and knowledge towards influenza vaccines among Jordanian parents. Data were collected via an online questionnaire distributed between October 2023 and March 2024. They included sections on demographics, parental attitudes towards childhood vaccines (PACVs), and knowledge and practices [...] Read more.

We aimed to examine vaccine hesitancy and knowledge towards influenza vaccines among Jordanian parents. Data were collected via an online questionnaire distributed between October 2023 and March 2024. They included sections on demographics, parental attitudes towards childhood vaccines (PACVs), and knowledge and practices towards influenza vaccines. Associations were examined using the chi-squared test. A binary logistic regression model was utilized to determine predictors of vaccine usage. A total of 3208 participants were included, of which 9.3% were vaccine hesitant per the PACV categorization. Fathers were more likely to be vaccine hesitant (OR: 1.40; 95CI: 1.07–1.85). Similarly, divorced parents (OR: 1.80; 95CI: 1.05–3.12) were significantly more vaccine hesitant compared to their married counterparts. Conversely, higher monthly income (OR: 0.66; 95CI: 0.48–0.92), working in healthcare settings (OR: 0.71; 95CI: 0.51–0.98), and adherence to national vaccination policies (OR: 0.07; 95CI: 0.04–0.13) were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of vaccine hesitancy. Multivariate analysis shows that a healthcare-related occupation (OR: 0.62; 95CI: 0.44–0.87), semi-compliance (OR: 0.37; 95CI: 0.22–0.64), full compliance (OR: 0.08; 95CI: 0.05–0.13) with national vaccine guidelines, and knowledge scores of influenza and vaccines (OR: 0.79; 95CI: 0.75–0.84) were the only independent factors influencing vaccine hesitancy. Finally, non-hesitant participants were significantly more likely to give the influenza vaccine to their children at the present or future time (OR: 2.07; 95CI: 1.53–2.80). Our findings highlight the complexity of vaccine hesitancy and underscore the importance of tailored interventions. Cultural, socioeconomic, and individual factors play significant roles in shaping attitudes toward vaccination. An understanding of the aforementioned among Jordanian parents provides insights for public health initiatives. Compliance with national vaccination guidelines and addressing concerns about vaccine safety are essential for improving childhood vaccination rates in Jordan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Address Falling Vaccine Coverage and Vaccine Hesitancy)

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22 pages, 3833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Viral Vector-Based Chlamydia trachomatis Vaccines Encoding CTH522 Induce Distinct Immune Responses in C57BL/6J and HLA Transgenic Mice

by Giuseppe Andreacchio, Ylenia Longo, Sara Moreno Mascaraque, Kartikan Anandasothy, Sarah Tofan, Esma Özün, Lena Wilschrey, Johannes Ptok, Dung T. Huynh, Joen Luirink and Ingo Drexler

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 944; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080944 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 915

Abstract

Chlamydia trachomatis remains a major global health problem with increasing infection rates, requiring innovative vaccine solutions. Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) is a well-established, safe and highly immunogenic vaccine vector, making it a promising candidate for C. trachomatis vaccine development. In this study, [...] Read more.

Chlamydia trachomatis remains a major global health problem with increasing infection rates, requiring innovative vaccine solutions. Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) is a well-established, safe and highly immunogenic vaccine vector, making it a promising candidate for C. trachomatis vaccine development. In this study, we evaluated two novel MVA-based recombinant vaccines expressing spCTH522 and CTH522:B7 antigens. Our results show that while both vaccines induced CD4⁺ T-cell responses in C57BL/6J mice, they failed to generate antigen-specific systemic CD8⁺ T cells. Only the membrane-anchored CTH522 elicited strong IgG2b and IgG2c antibody responses. In an HLA transgenic mouse model, both recombinant MVAs induced Th1-directed CD4⁺ T cell and multifunctional CD8⁺ T cells, while only the CTH522:B7 vaccine generated antibody responses, underscoring the importance of antigen localization. Collectively, our data indicate that distinct antigen formulations can induce different immune responses depending on the mouse strain used. This research contributes to the development of effective vaccines by highlighting the importance of careful antigen design and the selection of appropriate animal models to study specific vaccine-induced immune responses. Future studies should investigate whether these immune responses provide protection in humans and should explore different routes of immunization, including mucosal and systemic immunization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies of Viral Vectors for Vaccine Development)

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16 pages, 4791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Dose-Sparing Epigraph Vaccine against H3 Swine Influenza A Virus

by Erika Petro-Turnquist, Adthakorn Madapong, David Steffen and Eric A. Weaver

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080943 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1320

Abstract

Swine influenza A virus (IAV-S) is a highly prevalent and transmissible pathogen infecting worldwide swine populations. Our previous work has shown that the computationally derived vaccine platform, Epigraph, can induce broadly cross-reactive and durable immunity against H3 IAV-S in mice and swine. Therefore, [...] Read more.

Swine influenza A virus (IAV-S) is a highly prevalent and transmissible pathogen infecting worldwide swine populations. Our previous work has shown that the computationally derived vaccine platform, Epigraph, can induce broadly cross-reactive and durable immunity against H3 IAV-S in mice and swine. Therefore, in this study, we assess the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the Epigraph vaccine at increasingly lower doses to determine the minimum dose required to maintain protective immunity against three genetically divergent H3 IAV-S. We assessed both antibody and T cell responses and then challenged with three H3N2 IAV-S derived from either Cluster IV(A), Cluster I, or the 2010.1 “human-like” cluster and assessed protection through reduced pathology, reduced viral load in the lungs, and reduced viral shedding from nasal swabs. Overall, we observed a dose-dependent effect where the highest dose of Epigraph protected against all three challenges, the middle dose of Epigraph protected against more genetically similar IAV-S, and the lowest dose of Epigraph only protected against genetically similar IAV-S. The results of these studies can be used to continue developing a broadly protective and low-dose vaccine against H3 IAV-S. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influenza Virus Vaccines and Vaccination)

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33 pages, 1253 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review on Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus with Emphasis on Immunity

by Jorian Fiers, Ann Brigitte Cay, Dominiek Maes and Marylène Tignon

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080942 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1589

Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in pig production worldwide and responsible for enormous production and economic losses. PRRSV infection in gestating gilts and sows induces important reproductive failure. Additionally, respiratory distress is observed in [...] Read more.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in pig production worldwide and responsible for enormous production and economic losses. PRRSV infection in gestating gilts and sows induces important reproductive failure. Additionally, respiratory distress is observed in infected piglets and fattening pigs, resulting in growth retardation and increased mortality. Importantly, PRRSV infection interferes with immunity in the respiratory tract, making PRRSV-infected pigs more susceptible to opportunistic secondary pathogens. Despite the availability of commercial PRRSV vaccines for more than three decades, control of the disease remains a frustrating and challenging task. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of PRRSV, covering its history, economic and scientific importance, and description of the viral structure and genetic diversity. It explores the virus’s pathogenesis, including cell tropism, viral entry, replication, stages of infection and epidemiology. It reviews the porcine innate and adaptative immune responses to comprehend the modulation mechanisms employed by PRRS for immune evasion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunization Strategies for Animal Health)

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14 pages, 879 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strengthening of Vaccine-Preventable Disease (VPD) Surveillance to Enhance National Health Capacity and Security: Perspective from India

by Arun Kumar, Ratnesh Murugan, Satishchandra Donkatti, Deepa Sharma, Nirmal Kaundal, Tigran Avagyan, Pawan Kumar, Sunil Bahl, Sudhir Khanal and Vinod Bura

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 941; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080941 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 870

Abstract

The Government of India, in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), established the National Polio Surveillance Project (NPSP) in 1997 and initiated acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance to achieve the goal of polio eradication. The WHO South-East Asia Region, comprising of 11 [...] Read more.

The Government of India, in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), established the National Polio Surveillance Project (NPSP) in 1997 and initiated acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance to achieve the goal of polio eradication. The WHO South-East Asia Region, comprising of 11 countries, including India, was certified as polio-free in March 2014. India was also validated to have eliminated maternal and neonatal tetanus in May 2015. Over the years, the surveillance of other vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) was integrated with AFP surveillance in the country. Outbreak-based measles–rubella (MR) surveillance was initiated in 2005 using AFP surveillance as a platform, case-based fever–rash (FR) surveillance started in 2021 as one of the strategies to achieve measles and rubella elimination in the country. The surveillance of diphtheria, pertussis, and neonatal tetanus was integrated with AFP surveillance in a phased manner during 2015–2022. The surveillance system for VPDs in India, supported by a laboratory network of 10 polio laboratories, 28 measles–rubella laboratories, and 20 diphtheria–pertussis laboratories, has enhanced the national health capacity and security. The setting up and expansion of the surveillance system in the country involved the important component of capacity building of personnel on various components of surveillance, including case identification, case investigation, sample collection and shipment, data analysis and public health response. These capacities have been used effectively during other emergencies, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic, as well as during outbreaks of other diseases and natural calamities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A World without Measles and Rubella: Meeting the Regional Elimination Targets on the Path to Global Eradication)

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16 pages, 3051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Childhood Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination on Invasive Disease Serotypes in Serbia

by Nataša Opavski, Miloš Jovićević, Jovana Kabić, Dušan Kekić, Ina Gajić and Study Group for Laboratory Surveillance of Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080940 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 764

Abstract

In Serbia, PCV10 was introduced into the routine immunization for children under 2 in 2018 and replaced by PCV13 in 2022. We evaluated their impact on the distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) serotypes across all age groups. Overall, 756 isolates were obtained [...] Read more.

In Serbia, PCV10 was introduced into the routine immunization for children under 2 in 2018 and replaced by PCV13 in 2022. We evaluated their impact on the distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) serotypes across all age groups. Overall, 756 isolates were obtained from patients with IPD between 2010 and 2023 through laboratory surveillance. In the post-vaccination period, serotypes 14, 19F, 23F, and 6A significantly declined, while 3 and 19A considerably increased. This was especially evident in the ≤2 years group, making these serotypes the most prevalent among them. Serotype 3 dominated, representing 19.1% of all invasive isolates prior to 2018 and 33.1% thereafter. While serotype coverage of PCV10 has significantly decreased in the ≤2 years group (from 74.2% before 2018 to 29.5% after 2018), PCV13 coverage was 63.9% after 2018. In the post-PCV period, non-PCV13 serotypes, such as 9N, 10A, 15A, 15B, 15C, 22F, 6C, 6D, and 7C, increased across all isolates. Antibiotic non-susceptibility considerably decreased after 2018. MLST analysis showed shifts in sequence type prevalence, with pre-PCV lineages replaced and ongoing serotype 3 persistence, alongside potential capsule-switching events. These findings emphasize a noticeable shift in the distribution of serotypes and adaptability of pneumococcal populations, highlighting the importance of ongoing surveillance and the requirement for the urgent introduction of higher valent vaccines into the National Immunization Program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Glycoconjugate Vaccines and Nanovaccines)

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14 pages, 9818 KiB

Open AccessReview

Using Regular High-Quality Serosurveys to Identify and Close National Immunity Gaps—Measles and Rubella Elimination in Japan

by Tomimasa Sunagawa, Yusuke Kobayashi, Yoshihiro Takashima, Hajime Kamiya, Tomoe Shimada, Kazutoshi Nakashima, Satoru Arai, Kiyosu Taniguchi, Keiko Tanaka-Taya and Nobuhiko Okabe

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080939 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 658

Abstract

In Japan, periodic measles outbreaks occurred mainly among young children under the routine immunization program with one dose of the measles-containing vaccine (MCV). A second dose of MCV was introduced in 2006. During a nationwide measles resurgence in 2007–2008, the most affected age [...] Read more.

In Japan, periodic measles outbreaks occurred mainly among young children under the routine immunization program with one dose of the measles-containing vaccine (MCV). A second dose of MCV was introduced in 2006. During a nationwide measles resurgence in 2007–2008, the most affected age group was teenagers. The national serological surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases made it clear that there was a measles immunity gap among teenagers who had not received a second dose of MCV. To fill this immunity gap, nationwide non-selective supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) were carried out as a five-year program from April 2008 to March 2013 by providing an opportunity to be vaccinated with the measles and rubella vaccine during the first year of junior high school (12–13 years old) and the last year of high school (17–18 years old). The SIA was conducted with the strong involvement of local governments in charge of vaccination delivery and collaboration between the health and education sectors. Japan was verified as achieving measles elimination in 2015 and this has been sustained to date. The challenge of rubella elimination following a similar strategy of a serological diagnosis of an immunity gap and targeted vaccination is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A World without Measles and Rubella: Meeting the Regional Elimination Targets on the Path to Global Eradication)

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15 pages, 1161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunogenicity and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Protein Subunit Recombinant Vaccine (IndoVac^®) as a Heterologous Booster Dose against COVID-19 in Indonesian Adolescents

by Eddy Fadlyana, Kusnandi Rusmil, Muhammad Gilang Dwi Putra, Frizka Primadewi Fulendry, Nitta Kurniati Somantri, Alvira Dwilestarie Putri, Rini Mulia Sari, Mita Puspita and Gianita Puspita Dewi

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080938 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 763

Abstract

Adolescents are vulnerable to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections; thus, their antibodies should be maintained above the protective value. This study aimed to evaluate the immune response and safety to the SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit recombinant vaccine (IndoVac^®) as a heterologous booster [...] Read more.

Adolescents are vulnerable to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections; thus, their antibodies should be maintained above the protective value. This study aimed to evaluate the immune response and safety to the SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit recombinant vaccine (IndoVac^®) as a heterologous booster dose against COVID-19 in Indonesian adolescents. This open-label prospective intervention study enrolled 150 clinically healthy adolescents aged 12–17 years who had received complete primary doses of the CoronaVac^® vaccine from Garuda Primary Care Centres in Bandung City. The result of immunogenicity was presented with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and analyzed with t-tests from 14 days and 3, 6, and 12 months. The neutralizing antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) (IU/mL) at baseline and 14 days after booster dose were 303.26 and 2661.2, respectively. The geometric mean fold rises (GMFR) at 3, 6, and 12 months after booster dose were 6.67 (5.217–8.536), 3.87 (3.068–4.886), and 2.87 (2.232–3.685), respectively. Both the neutralizing antibody and IgG antibody were markedly higher in the adolescents than in the adults at every timepoint. The incidence rate of adverse effects (AEs) until 28 days after booster dose was 82.7%, with a higher number of local events reported. Most reported solicited AEs were local pain followed by myalgia with mild intensity. Unsolicited AEs varied with each of the incidence rates < 10%, mostly with mild intensity. Adverse events of special interest (AESI) were not observed. At the 12-month follow-up after the booster dose, four serious adverse events (SAEs) not related to investigational products and research procedures were noted. This study showed that IndoVac^® has a favorable immunogenicity and safety profile as a booster in adolescents and that the antibody titer decreases over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue SARS-CoV-2, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses: Epidemiology, Burden of Disease, and Preventive Measures)

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14 pages, 1427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measles Population Immunity Profiles: Updated Methods and Tools

by Xi Li, James L. Goodson and Robert T. Perry

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080937 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 646

Abstract

Measles is a highly contagious disease and remains a major cause of child mortality worldwide. While measles vaccine is highly effective, high levels of population immunity are needed to prevent outbreaks. Simple but accurate tools are needed to estimate the profile of population [...] Read more.

Measles is a highly contagious disease and remains a major cause of child mortality worldwide. While measles vaccine is highly effective, high levels of population immunity are needed to prevent outbreaks. Simple but accurate tools are needed to estimate the profile of population measles immunity by age to identify and fill immunity gaps caused by low levels of vaccination coverage. The measles immunity profile estimates and visualizes the percentage of each birth cohort immune or susceptible to measles based on measles vaccination coverage. Several tools that employed this approach have been developed in the past, including informal unpublished versions. However, these tools used varying assumptions and produced inconsistent results. We updated the measles population immunity profile methodology to standardize and better document the assumptions and methods; provide timely estimates of measles population immunity; and facilitate prompt actions to close immunity gaps and prevent outbreaks. We recommend assuming that the second dose of the measles-containing vaccine (MCV2) and doses given during supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) first reach children who have been previously vaccinated against measles, so that previously unvaccinated children are reached only when the coverage of MCV2 or SIA is higher than the coverage achieved by all previous measles vaccination opportunities. This updated method provides a conservative estimate of immunization program impact to assess measles outbreak risk and to facilitate early planning of timely preventive SIAs to close population immunity gaps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A World without Measles and Rubella: Meeting the Regional Elimination Targets on the Path to Global Eradication)

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20 pages, 7740 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vaccines for Respiratory Viruses—COVID and Beyond

by Kalpana Rajanala and Arun Kumar Upadhyay

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080936 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1925

Abstract

The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic had an extensive impact on global morbidity and mortality. Several other common respiratory viruses, such as the influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), are endemic or epidemic agents causing acute respiratory infections that are easily transmissible [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic had an extensive impact on global morbidity and mortality. Several other common respiratory viruses, such as the influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), are endemic or epidemic agents causing acute respiratory infections that are easily transmissible and pose a significant threat to communities due to efficient person-to-person transmission. These viruses can undergo antigenic variation through genetic mutations, resulting in the emergence of novel strains or variants, thereby diminishing the effectiveness of current vaccines, and necessitating ongoing monitoring and adjustment of vaccine antigens. As the virus-specific immunity is maintained only for several weeks or months after the infection, there is an emergent need to develop effective and durable vaccines. Additionally, specific populations, such as elderly or immunocompromised individuals, may exhibit reduced immune responses to respiratory viruses, posing significant challenges to develop vaccines that elicit durable and potent immunity. We present a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and virulence of common respiratory viruses, such as RSV, influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We discuss several vaccine approaches that are under development. A thorough understanding of the current strategies and the challenges encountered during the vaccine development process can lead to the advancement of effective next-generation vaccines. Full article

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15 pages, 1197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunogenicity and Safety of an Inactivated Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine Administered Concomitantly with a 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in Adults Aged 60 Years and Older

by Zhongkui Zhu, Jianwen Sun, Yan Xie, Xi Lu, Wanqin Tang, Yanwei Zhao, Lu Shen, Huaxian Liu, Yang Yu, Siliang Zhou, Liqun Huo, Peng Jiao and Xiaoli Jiang

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080935 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 772

Abstract

The inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4) and the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) have been administered for years and could be administered concomitantly if necessary. However, the immunogenicity and safety of the concomitant administration of these two vaccines have not been well documented, [...] Read more.

The inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4) and the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) have been administered for years and could be administered concomitantly if necessary. However, the immunogenicity and safety of the concomitant administration of these two vaccines have not been well documented, especially in the Chinese population. In this study, 480 participants aged 60 years and older were randomly assigned to the concomitant administration group (C group) or the separate administration group (S group) to receive IIV4 and PPSV23 either concomitantly or separately. Blood samples were collected before and 28 days after each vaccination. The antibodies against four influenza virus strains and twenty-three pneumococcus serotypes were tested. The results showed that the geometric mean titer (GMT) ratios (C group to S group) for the four influenza strains ranged from 0.72 to 0.95, with the lower limits of the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) ranging from 0.51 to 0.75, and the geometric mean concentration (GMC) ratios for the 23 pneumococcal serotypes ranged from 0.80 to 1.00, with the lower limits of 95% CIs ranging from 0.67 to 0.86. All values met the predefined criteria for non-inferiority. The incidence of adverse events was 0.63% in the C group and 1.56% in the S group. No serious adverse events were observed. In conclusion, the immunogenicity of the concomitant administration of IIV4 and PPSV23 was non-inferior to that of the separate administration, and the safety profile was favorable in adults aged 60 years and older in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Influenza Virus Vaccines)

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18 pages, 9936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Hepatitis-B Vaccine’s Immune Response in a Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Mouse Model

by Tuğba Kütük, İlyas Onbaşilar, Sevil Oskay-Halaçli, Berrin Babaoğlu, Selda Ayhan and Sıddika Songül Yalçin

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 934; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080934 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 977

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the immunogenicity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine by applying a normal and high-dose hepatitis B virus vaccination program in the mice modeling of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD was induced in mouse livers via diet. [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the immunogenicity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine by applying a normal and high-dose hepatitis B virus vaccination program in the mice modeling of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD was induced in mouse livers via diet. At the 10-week mark, both groups were divided into 3 subgroups. While the standard dose vaccination program was applied on days 0, 7, and 21, two high-dose programs were applied: one was applied on days 0 and 7, and the other was applied on days 0, 7, and 21. All mice were euthanized. Blood samples from anti-HB titers; T follicular helper, T follicular regulatory, CD27⁺, and CD38⁺ cells; and the liver, spleen, and thymus were taken for histopathologic evaluation. NAFLD subgroups receiving high doses showed higher hepatocyte ballooning scores than normal-dose subgroup. There were differences in CD27⁺ and CD27⁺CD38⁺ cells in animals fed on different diets, without any differences or interactions in terms of vaccine protocols. In the NAFLD group, a negative correlation was observed between anti-HB titers and T helper and CD27⁺ cells, while a positive correlation was observed with CD38⁺ cells. NAFLD induced changes in immune parameters in mice, but there was no difference in vaccine efficacy among the applied vaccine protocols. Based on this study’s results, high-dose vaccination protocols are not recommended in cases of NAFLD, as they do not enhance efficacy and may lead to increased liver damage. Full article

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12 pages, 858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination against Severe Symptoms and Death Among Geriatric Inpatients: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Macao

by Xiao Zhan Zhang, Phyllis Hio Hong Wong, Kai Seng Lai, Bo Yang, Menghuan Song, Junjun Li and Carolina Oi Lam Ung

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080933 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 816

Abstract

Monitoring the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination is critical for understanding if the vaccinated population, especially the elderly, is adequately protected from the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. This study aimed to investigate the effects of COVID-19 vaccination on the severity of symptoms and [...] Read more.

Monitoring the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination is critical for understanding if the vaccinated population, especially the elderly, is adequately protected from the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. This study aimed to investigate the effects of COVID-19 vaccination on the severity of symptoms and mortality in hospitalized geriatric patients during the Omicron BF.7 surge in Macao. Data from electronic health records and vaccination registry of inpatients aged 60 years or above admitted to Kiang Wu Hospital from 12 December 2022 to 12 March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The study involved 848 people, including 426 vaccinated and 422 unvaccinated individuals. The mean CXR scores (8.95 ± 9.49 vs. 11.41 ± 10.81, p < 0.001) and the mean MEWS scores (0.96 ± 2.01 vs. 1.49 ± 2.45, p < 0.001) were lower in the vaccinated group. By comparing the dose counts, no significant difference was seen in the odds of death. Based on the time of the last vaccination, 128 people were categorized as complete and 298 as incomplete vaccination. The complete vaccination group showed a 54% (95% CI 0.23–0.91) reduction in mortality risk (p = 0.026). The study findings not only reconfirm the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination but, more importantly, highlight the importance of vaccination timing to maximize vaccines’ protective effect. Full article

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16 pages, 2110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Rationally Designed H5 Hemagglutinin Subunit Vaccine Provides Broad-Spectrum Protection against Various H5Nx Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens

by Xuxiao Zhang, Fushou Zhang, Ning Chen, Xiaoping Cui, Xiaoqin Guo, Zhi Sun, Pengju Guo, Ming Liao and Xin Li

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080932 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1098

Abstract

The evolution of the H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has led to the emergence of distinct groups with genetically similar clusters of hemagglutinin (HA) sequences. In this study, a consensus H5 HA sequence was cloned into the baculovirus expression system. The [...] Read more.

The evolution of the H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has led to the emergence of distinct groups with genetically similar clusters of hemagglutinin (HA) sequences. In this study, a consensus H5 HA sequence was cloned into the baculovirus expression system. The HA protein was expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells and utilized as the antigen for the production of an oil emulsion-based H5 avian influenza vaccine (rBacH5Con5Mut). Twenty-one-day-old SPF chickens were immunized with this vaccine and then challenged at 21 days post-vaccination with clade 2.3.2.1, clade 2.3.4.4, and clade 7.2 of H5 HPAI viruses. The sera of vaccinated chickens exhibited high hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers against the rBacH5 vaccine antigen, while lower HI titers were observed against the different challenge virus H5 hemagglutinins. Furthermore, the rBacH5Con5Mut vaccine provided 100% protection from mortality and clinical signs. Virus isolation results showed that oropharyngeal and cloacal shedding was prevented in 100% of the vaccinated chickens when challenged with clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4.4 H5 viruses. When the rBacH5Con5Mut vaccine candidate was administrated at one day of age, 100% protection was demonstrated against the challenge of clade 2.3.4.4 virus at three weeks of age, indicating the potential of this vaccine for hatchery vaccination. Overall, A single immunization of rBacH5Con5Mut vaccine candidate with a consensus HA antigen can protect chickens against different clades of H5 HPAI viruses throughout the rearing period of broiler chickens without a boost, thus fulfilling the criteria for an efficacious broad-spectrum H5 avian influenza vaccine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines for Chicken)

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14 pages, 1522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influenza Vaccination in Adults in the United States with COPD before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic (2017–2022): A Multi-Year Cross-Sectional Study

by Marissa Wold and Sanda Cristina Oancea

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080931 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 953

Abstract

There is limited literature regarding seasonal influenza vaccination (SIV) among those with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HCOPD) prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and no information on the topic assessing the years following the pandemic. This cross-sectional study used the Behavioral [...] Read more.

There is limited literature regarding seasonal influenza vaccination (SIV) among those with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HCOPD) prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and no information on the topic assessing the years following the pandemic. This cross-sectional study used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) data from the years 2017 to 2022 (n = 822,783 adults ages 50–79 years; 50.64% males). The exposure was a HCOPD, and the outcome was SIV within the past year. Weighted and adjusted logistic regression models were conducted overall and by the significant effect modifiers: smoking status, sex, and year. Having an HCOPD significantly increases the weighted adjusted odds (WAO) of SIV when compared to not having an HCOPD overall and by smoking status, sex, and year. For 2017 through 2022, among all current, former, and never smokers with an HCOPD, the WAO of SIV were: 1.36 (1.28, 1.45), 1.35 (1.27, 1.43), and 1.18 (1.09, 1.27), respectively. Among males with an HCOPD who were current, former, and never smokers, the WAO of SIV were: 1.35 (1.23, 1.48), 1.45 (1.33, 1.58), and 1.23 (1.05, 1.44), respectively. Among females with an HCOPD who were current, former, and never smokers, the WAO of SIV were: 1.31 (1.20, 1.43), 1.24 (1.15, 1.35), and 1.13 (1.04, 1.23), respectively. Study findings suggest males had significantly greater WAO ratios of receiving SIV than females in 2020 and 2022, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. More specifically, males with an HCOPD who were former smokers had significantly greater WAOR of receiving SIV than females in 2020 and 2022. Understanding the potential barriers to SIV receipt by smoking status and sex, especially during a pandemic, and especially for individuals impacted by an HCOPD, is essential for better health interventions in times of a national crisis such as a pandemic. Additionally, SIV receipt is low among those with an HCOPD, and efforts should be made to improve this. Full article

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16 pages, 1255 KiB

Open AccessReview

Revamping Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy: The Advent of Microbial Neoantigen Vaccines

by Junze Liang, Yanxia Liao, Zhiwei Tu and Jinping Liu

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080930 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 987

Abstract

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment paradigm for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its efficacy varies significantly with each patient’s genetic composition and the complex interactions with their microbiome, both of which are pivotal in shaping anti-tumor immunity. The emergence of microbial neoantigens, a novel [...] Read more.

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment paradigm for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its efficacy varies significantly with each patient’s genetic composition and the complex interactions with their microbiome, both of which are pivotal in shaping anti-tumor immunity. The emergence of microbial neoantigens, a novel class of tumor vaccines, heralds a transformative shift in HCC therapy. This review explores the untapped potential of microbial neoantigens as innovative tumor vaccines, poised to redefine current HCC treatment modalities. For instance, neoantigens derived from the microbiome have demonstrated the capacity to enhance anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer, suggesting similar applications in HCC. By harnessing these unique neoantigens, we propose a framework for a personalized immunotherapeutic response, aiming to deliver a more precise and potent treatment strategy for HCC. Leveraging these neoantigens could significantly advance personalized medicine, potentially revolutionizing patient outcomes in HCC therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Immunotherapy: Therapeutics and Mechanisms)

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14 pages, 846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Immunization with Adjuvanted Recombinant Receptor-Binding Domain Protein Provides Immune Protection against SARS-CoV-2 in Infant Monkeys

by Christopher L. Coe, Francesca Nimityongskul, Gabriele R. Lubach, Kimberly Luke, David Rancour and Fritz M. Schomburg

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080929 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 783

Abstract

Maternal vaccinations administered prior to conception or during pregnancy enhance the immune protection of newborn infants against many pathogens. A feasibility experiment was conducted to determine if monkeys can be used to model the placental transfer of maternal antibody against SARS-CoV-2. Six adult [...] Read more.

Maternal vaccinations administered prior to conception or during pregnancy enhance the immune protection of newborn infants against many pathogens. A feasibility experiment was conducted to determine if monkeys can be used to model the placental transfer of maternal antibody against SARS-CoV-2. Six adult rhesus monkeys were immunized with adjuvanted recombinant-protein antigens comprised of receptor-binding domain human IgG1-Fc fusion proteins (RBD-Fc) containing protein sequences from the ancestral-Wuhan or Gamma variants. The female monkeys mounted robust and sustained anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses. Blood samples collected from their infants after delivery verified prenatal transfer of high levels of spike-specific IgG, which were positively correlated with maternal IgG titers at term. In addition, an in vitro test of ACE2 neutralization indicated that the infants’ IgG demonstrated antigen specificity, reflecting prior maternal immunization with either Wuhan or Gamma-variant antigens. All sera showed stronger ACE2-RBD binding inhibition when variants in the assay more closely resembled the vaccine RBD sequence than with more distantly related variants (i.e., Delta and Omicron). Monkeys are a valuable animal model for evaluating new vaccines that can promote maternal and infant health. Further, the findings highlight the enduring nature and safety of the immune protection elicited by an adjuvanted recombinant RBD-Fc vaccine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID Vaccines: Design, Development, and Immune Response Studies)

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18 pages, 5087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DNA Vaccines Encoding HTNV GP-Derived Th Epitopes Benefited from a LAMP-Targeting Strategy and Established Cellular Immunoprotection

by Dongbo Jiang, Junqi Zhang, Wenyang Shen, Yubo Sun, Zhenjie Wang, Jiawei Wang, Jinpeng Zhang, Guanwen Zhang, Gefei Zhang, Yueyue Wang, Sirui Cai, Jiaxing Zhang, Yongkai Wang, Ruibo Liu, Tianyuan Bai, Yuanjie Sun, Shuya Yang, Zilu Ma, Zhikui Li, Jijin Li, Chenjin Ma, Linfeng Cheng, Baozeng Sun and Kun Yang Show full author list Hide full author list

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 928; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080928 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 828

Abstract

Vaccines has long been the focus of antiviral immunotherapy research. Viral epitopes are thought to be useful biomarkers for immunotherapy (both antibody-based and cellular). In this study, we designed a novel vaccine molecule, the Hantaan virus (HTNV) glycoprotein (GP) tandem Th epitope molecule [...] Read more.

Vaccines has long been the focus of antiviral immunotherapy research. Viral epitopes are thought to be useful biomarkers for immunotherapy (both antibody-based and cellular). In this study, we designed a novel vaccine molecule, the Hantaan virus (HTNV) glycoprotein (GP) tandem Th epitope molecule (named the Gnc molecule), in silico. Subsequently, computer analysis was used to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth study of the various properties of the molecule and its effects as a vaccine molecule in the body. The Gnc molecule was designed for DNA vaccines and optimized with a lysosomal-targeting membrane protein (LAMP) strategy. The effects of GP-derived Th epitopes and multiepitope vaccines were initially verified in animals. Our research has resulted in the design of two vaccines based on effective antiviral immune targets. The effectiveness of molecular therapies has also been preliminarily demonstrated in silico and in laboratory animals, which lays a foundation for the application of a vaccines strategy in the field of antivirals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Innate and Adaptive Immunity)

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15 pages, 4981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sequential Immunization with Vaccines Based on SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particles Induces Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies

by Youjun Mi, Kun Xu, Wenting Wang, Weize Kong, Xiaonan Xu, Xifeng Rong and Jiying Tan

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080927 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 905

Abstract

Although many people have been vaccinated against COVID-19, infections with SARS-CoV-2 seem hard to avoid. There is a need to develop more effective vaccines and immunization strategies against emerging variants of infectious diseases. To understand whether different immunization strategies using variants sequence-based virus-like [...] Read more.

Although many people have been vaccinated against COVID-19, infections with SARS-CoV-2 seem hard to avoid. There is a need to develop more effective vaccines and immunization strategies against emerging variants of infectious diseases. To understand whether different immunization strategies using variants sequence-based virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccines could offer superior immunity against future SARS-CoV-2 variants, our team constructed VLPs for the original Wuhan-Hu-1 strain (prototype), Delta (δ) variant, and Omicron (ο) variant of SARS-CoV-2, using baculovirus-insect expression system. Then we used these VLPs to assess the immune responses induced by homologous prime-boost, heterologous prime-boost, and sequential immunizations strategies in a mouse model. Our results showed that the pro+δ+ο sequential strategies elicited better neutralizing antibody responses. These sequential strategies also take advantage of inducing CD4⁺ T and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes proliferation and tendency to cytokine of Th1. Currently, our data suggest that sequential immunization with VLPs of encoding spike protein derived from SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern may be a potential vaccine strategy against emerging diseases, such as “Disease X”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue SARS-CoV-2 Infections; Treatment and Development of Vaccine)

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17 pages, 650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-RBD Antibody Levels and IFN-γ-Specific T Cell Response Are Associated with a More Rapid Swab Reversion in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis after the Booster Dose of COVID-19 Vaccination

by Alessandra Aiello, Serena Ruggieri, Assunta Navarra, Carla Tortorella, Valentina Vanini, Shalom Haggiag, Luca Prosperini, Gilda Cuzzi, Andrea Salmi, Maria Esmeralda Quartuccio, Anna Maria Gerarda Altera, Silvia Meschi, Giulia Matusali, Serena Vita, Simonetta Galgani, Fabrizio Maggi, Emanuele Nicastri, Claudio Gasperini and Delia Goletti

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080926 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1083

Abstract

This study investigated the incidence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections (BIs) and the time to swab reversion in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) after the booster dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. We enrolled 64 PwMS who had completed the three-dose mRNA vaccine [...] Read more.

This study investigated the incidence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections (BIs) and the time to swab reversion in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) after the booster dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. We enrolled 64 PwMS who had completed the three-dose mRNA vaccine schedule and had never experienced COVID-19 before. Among the 64 PwMS, 43.8% had BIs with a median time since the third vaccine dose of 155 days. BIs occurred more frequently in ocrelizumab-treated patients (64.7%). Patients with a relapsing-remitting MS course showed a reduced incidence of BIs compared with those with a primary-progressive disease (p = 0.002). Having anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies represented a protective factor reducing the incidence of BIs by 60% (p = 0.042). The majority of BIs were mild, and the only severe COVID-19 cases were reported in patients with a high Expanded Disability Status Scale score (EDSS > 6). The median time for a negative swab was 11 days. Notably, fingolimod-treated patients take longer for a swab-negativization (p = 0.002). Conversely, having anti-RBD antibodies ≥ 809 BAU/mL and an IFN-γ-specific T cell response ≥ 16 pg/mL were associated with a shorter time to swab-negativization (p = 0.051 and p = 0.018, respectively). In conclusion, the immunological protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection may differ among PwMS according to DMTs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Immune Responses to Infection and Vaccination)

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13 pages, 283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influenza Vaccination Coverage in Children: How Has COVID-19 Influenced It? A Review of Five Seasons (2018–2023) in Central Catalonia, Spain

by Sílvia Burgaya-Subirana, Mònica Balaguer, Queralt Miró Catalina, Laia Sola and Anna Ruiz-Comellas

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080925 - 18 Aug 2024

Viewed by 853

Abstract

Influenza vaccination is the main method of preventing influenza. Vaccination is recommended for certain individuals with diseases that could cause complications in the case of flu infection. The objective of this retrospective observational study was to examine influenza vaccination coverage in patients with [...] Read more.

Influenza vaccination is the main method of preventing influenza. Vaccination is recommended for certain individuals with diseases that could cause complications in the case of flu infection. The objective of this retrospective observational study was to examine influenza vaccination coverage in patients with risk factors, to describe the characteristics of those vaccinated and to study the influence of COVID-19. The study population was children under 14 years old with risk factors between 2018/19 and 2022/23 in Central Catalonia, sourced through the electronic database of the Catalan Institute of Health. The association of influenza vaccination data with sociodemographic data and risk factors was performed by bivariate and multivariate analysis. A total of 13,137 children were studied. Of those, 4623 had received the influenza vaccine in at least one season. The average influenza vaccination rate was 28.8%. The statistically significant factors associated with vaccination were age and having certain risk factors: asthma, diabetes, haemoglobinopathies and clotting disorders. In all seasons, the immigrant population was vaccinated more than the native population p < 0.05, except for the COVID-19 season (2020/21), where no differences were observed. Of those vaccinated, 7.1% had been vaccinated for 5 consecutive years. Influenza vaccination coverage in the paediatric age group was low. Vaccination promotion measures must be implemented. COVID-19 meant an increase in vaccination of the native population to the same level as that of the immigrant population. Full article

22 pages, 10639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Responses in Anti-CD20-Treated Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients Show Immunosenescence in Antigen-Specific B and T Cells

by Sara De Biasi, Alin Liviu Ciobanu, Elena Santacroce, Domenico Lo Tartaro, Gianluca Degliesposti, Miriam D’Angerio, Maristella Leccese, Martina Cardi, Tommaso Trenti, Michela Cuccorese, Lara Gibellini, Diana Ferraro and Andrea Cossarizza

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080924 - 17 Aug 2024

Viewed by 864

Abstract

Clinical, pathological, and imaging evidence in multiple sclerosis (MS) shows that inflammation starts early and progresses with age. B cells play a central role in this process, contributing to cytokine production, defective regulatory functions, and abnormal immunoglobulin production, even in the central nervous [...] Read more.

Clinical, pathological, and imaging evidence in multiple sclerosis (MS) shows that inflammation starts early and progresses with age. B cells play a central role in this process, contributing to cytokine production, defective regulatory functions, and abnormal immunoglobulin production, even in the central nervous system. Anti-CD20 (aCD20) therapies, which deplete CD20⁺ B cells, are largely used in the treatment of both relapsing remitting (RR) and progressive (PR) forms of MS. Although effective against MS symptoms and lesions detectable by magnetic resonance imaging, aCD20 therapies can reduce the immune response to COVID-19 vaccination. By using high-parameter flow cytometry, we examined the antigen-specific (Ag⁺) immune response six months post-third COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in MS patients with RR and PR forms on aCD20 therapy. Despite lower Ag⁺ B cell responses and lower levels of anti-SARS-CoV2, both total and neutralizing antibodies, RR and PR patients developed strong Ag⁺ T cell responses. We observed similar percentages and numbers of Ag⁺ CD4⁺ T cells and a high proportion of Ag⁺ CD8⁺ T cells, with slight differences in T cell phenotype and functionality; this, however, suggested the presence of differences in immune responses driven by age and disease severity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response after Vaccination in Patients with Inflammatory Diseases)

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9 pages, 2836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Immunogenicity of a High-Dose Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Vaccine with Rapid Immunization vs. Standard Schedule in HBV Vaccine—Naïve Adults Aged 25–55 in China

by Qian Qiu, Huai Wang, Xiuying Liu, Xinghuo Pang and Wei Zhang

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080923 - 16 Aug 2024

Viewed by 637

Abstract

The 20 μg (0–1–6 month) hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination is widely recommended for HBV vaccine-naïve immune adults in China. However, suboptimal protective responses may occur due to dose-series incompletion. We aim to investigate the immunogenicity of a 60 μg HB vaccine with [...] Read more.

The 20 μg (0–1–6 month) hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination is widely recommended for HBV vaccine-naïve immune adults in China. However, suboptimal protective responses may occur due to dose-series incompletion. We aim to investigate the immunogenicity of a 60 μg HB vaccine with a 0–2 month series among HBV vaccine-naïve immune adults aged 25–55 to assess potential alternative approaches for HB immunization. A two-center randomized controlled trial was carried out. Participants were randomly allocated to either the 20 μg (0–1–6 month) or the 60 μg (0–2 month) regimen. Blood samples were collected eight weeks after the final injection to measure the antibodies. A total of 583 adults (289 in the 20 μg regimen and 294 in the 60 μg regimen) were included. The seroprotection rates (SPRs) were 97.23% and 93.54% in the 20 μg and 60 μg regimens, respectively (p = 0.0261), and the geometric mean concentrations were 600.76 mIU/mL and 265.68 mIU/mL, respectively (p < 0.0001). The immunogenicity of the 60 μg regimen decreased significantly with age, particularly in adults aged 40 and older. The 60 μg regimen may be beneficial for adults under 40, especially those with poor compliance or in urgent need of immunization. Full article

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16 pages, 297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“I Thought It Was Better to Be Safe Than Sorry”: Factors Influencing Parental Decisions on HPV and Other Adolescent Vaccinations for Students with Intellectual Disability and/or Autism in New South Wales, Australia

by Allison Carter, Christiane Klinner, Alexandra Young, Iva Strnadová, Horas Wong, Cassandra Vujovich-Dunn, Christy E. Newman, Cristyn Davies, S. Rachel Skinner, Margie Danchin, Sarah Hynes and Rebecca Guy

Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080922 - 16 Aug 2024

Viewed by 927

Abstract

The uptake of human papilloma virus (HPV) and other adolescent vaccinations in special schools for young people with disability is significantly lower than in mainstream settings. This study explored the factors believed to influence parental decision making regarding vaccine uptake for students with [...] Read more.

The uptake of human papilloma virus (HPV) and other adolescent vaccinations in special schools for young people with disability is significantly lower than in mainstream settings. This study explored the factors believed to influence parental decision making regarding vaccine uptake for students with intellectual disability and/or on the autism spectrum attending special schools in New South Wales, Australia, from the perspective of all stakeholders involved in the program. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with 40 participants, including parents, school staff, and immunisation providers. The thematic analysis identified two themes: (1) appreciating diverse parental attitudes towards vaccination and (2) educating parents and managing vaccination questions and concerns. While most parents were described as pro-vaccination, others were anti-vaccination or vaccination-hesitant, articulating a marked protectiveness regarding their child’s health. Reasons for vaccine hesitancy included beliefs that vaccines cause autism, concerns that the vaccination may be traumatic for the child, vaccination fatigue following COVID-19, and assumptions that children with disability will not be sexually active. Special school staff regarded the vaccination information pack as inadequate for families, and nurses described limited educational impact resulting from minimal direct communication with parents. More effective communication strategies are needed to address vaccine hesitancy among parents with children with disability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Vaccines and Public Health)

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Vaccines, Volume 12, Issue 8 (August 2024) – 129 articles

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