Coastal Climate Adaptation Literatures of the Southeast and Northeast U.S.: Regional Comparisons among States and Document Sources
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Areas
2.2. Databases and Processing Protocols
2.3. Adaptation Reports by Spatial Scale and Type of Database
2.4. Adaptation Reports by Spatial Scale and Document Source
- Journals (J): peer-reviewed academic journals (J).
- Government (GF, GS, GR, GL): policy reports prepared by or primarily funded by public sector entities, including local, state, and federal agencies. This category has at least four important governance subcategories: GF: Government Federal, federal planning and science agencies; GS: Government State, state planning and science agencies; GR: Government Regional, regional planning initiatives; GL: Government Local, city or county planning and administrative agencies.
- NGOs (=nonprofits) (N): reports prepared by or primarily funded by NGO/non-profit organizations, typically not formally peer-reviewed as in academic journal publications.
- Universities (U): reports prepared by universities, typically as contractors, often for other funding sources (e.g., GF, GS, N).
- Mixed reports (M): Many combinations of sources can occur in the literature on adaptation and many reports are co-produced in writing, funding, or both by multiple institutional collaborators. For example, M: U, GS, when a university works with state government to produce a report.
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Scales
3.2. Temporal Patterns and Adaptation Literatures
3.3. Adaptation Reports by Spatial Scale and Document Source
4. Discussion
4.1. Climate Adaptation and Roles of Grey Literature
4.2. U.S. Atlantic Coast Geographic Comparisons
4.2.1. Southeast U.S.
4.2.2. Northeast U.S.
4.3. Limitations on Geographic Comparisons
4.4. Coastal Adaptation Policy among Institutional Sectors
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lindeman, K.C.; Giannoulis, C.; Beard, B.R. Coastal Climate Adaptation Literatures of the Southeast and Northeast U.S.: Regional Comparisons among States and Document Sources. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2018, 6, 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse6040152
Lindeman KC, Giannoulis C, Beard BR. Coastal Climate Adaptation Literatures of the Southeast and Northeast U.S.: Regional Comparisons among States and Document Sources. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2018; 6(4):152. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse6040152
Chicago/Turabian StyleLindeman, Kenyon C., Christos Giannoulis, and Bryce R. Beard. 2018. "Coastal Climate Adaptation Literatures of the Southeast and Northeast U.S.: Regional Comparisons among States and Document Sources" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 4: 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse6040152