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Volume 12
Issue 7
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Systems, Volume 12, Issue 7 (July 2024) – 42 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Making informed and accurate decisions on the acceptability of cybersecurity risk to complicated engineered systems is a challenging problem. The Cyber Evaluation and Management Toolkit (CEMT) is an open-source university research-based plugin for commercial digital model-based systems engineering tools that streamlines conducting cybersecurity risk evaluations for complex cyber-physical systems. It is threat-focused, facilitates detailed adversary modelling and produces explicit traceability between potential cybersecurity controls and the threats to the system. The authors developed this research tool to assist the Australian Defence Force (ADF) with the cybersecurity evaluation of complicated systems operating in an increasingly contested and complex cyber environment. View this paper
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25 pages, 619 KiB  
Article
A Study of the Impact of Manufacturing Servitization on Firms’ Cost Stickiness
by Ming Bai, Hao Guan, Ye Hong and Haoyi Sun
Systems 2024, 12(7), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070266 - 22 Jul 2024
Viewed by 595
Abstract
Since 2014, China has been actively promoting the transformation of manufacturing servitization, clarifying the importance of manufacturing servitization. This paper investigates the correlation between manufacturing servitization and cost stickiness, supplementing the research on the economic consequences of manufacturing servitization and the influencing factors [...] Read more.
Since 2014, China has been actively promoting the transformation of manufacturing servitization, clarifying the importance of manufacturing servitization. This paper investigates the correlation between manufacturing servitization and cost stickiness, supplementing the research on the economic consequences of manufacturing servitization and the influencing factors of cost stickiness. This paper launches an empirical study with a sample of A-share manufacturing companies from 2014 to 2022. The research results show that, first, manufacturing servitization can inhibit enterprise cost stickiness; second, manufacturing servitization affects enterprise cost stickiness through the path of reducing enterprise adjustment costs, reducing managers’ optimistic expectations and reducing enterprise agency costs; third, the negative relationship between manufacturing servitization and cost stickiness is stronger among firms with a low level of internal control, a strong degree of financing constraints, a good quality internal information environment, a strong degree of competition in the market, and firms that are in capital-intensive manufacturing industries; fourth, the role of embedded servitization on enterprise cost stickiness is not significant, while hybrid servitization can have a significant negative effect on enterprise cost stickiness; and fifth, the impact of manufacturing servitization on enterprise cost stickiness mainly lies in the cost of material resources rather than the cost of human resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Smart Product Design and Manufacturing on Industrial Internet)
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16 pages, 3079 KiB  
Article
On Shared Leadership Modeling: Contrasting Network and Dyadic Approaches
by Giuliani Coluccio and Sebastián Muñoz-Herrera
Systems 2024, 12(7), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070265 - 22 Jul 2024
Viewed by 580
Abstract
Shared leadership is a dynamic phenomenon that has gained attention in behavioral science and management research over the last two decades. Network modeling is frequently employed to study this phenomenon, with the recent literature favoring a node-based approach over the traditional dyad-based approach. [...] Read more.
Shared leadership is a dynamic phenomenon that has gained attention in behavioral science and management research over the last two decades. Network modeling is frequently employed to study this phenomenon, with the recent literature favoring a node-based approach over the traditional dyad-based approach. In this study, we investigate the differential impact of these approaches on shared leadership dynamics in student teams, specifically examining their effects on team task cohesion, team social cohesion, and team performance. We utilized multilevel structural equation modeling to compare node-based and dyad-based approaches in modeling shared leadership networks. Our findings indicate that increased leadership interactions positively influenced team performance and cohesion across both approaches. The dyad-based approach demonstrated a greater effect of leadership interactions on team performance, while leadership centrality significantly impacted performance exclusively in the node-based approach. This research contributes to the field by elucidating the differential impacts of node-based and dyad-based approaches, highlighting their strengths in capturing shared leadership dynamics and centrality effects. Our results underscore the critical importance of aligning theoretical foundations and research objectives with methodological choices in shared leadership studies. These insights enhance our understanding of shared leadership measurement and its implications for team outcomes, offering valuable guidance for future empirical investigations in this domain. Full article
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14 pages, 318 KiB  
Review
Cold Chain Logistics and Joint Distribution: A Review of Fresh Logistics Modes
by Huaixia Shi, Qinglei Zhang and Jiyun Qin
Systems 2024, 12(7), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070264 - 22 Jul 2024
Viewed by 710
Abstract
With the continuous development of the global logistics industry, cold chain transportation and joint distribution, as critical strategies in supply chain management, are gradually becoming key means to ensure the safe transportation of perishable goods, pharmaceuticals, and other temperature-sensitive commodities. The present study [...] Read more.
With the continuous development of the global logistics industry, cold chain transportation and joint distribution, as critical strategies in supply chain management, are gradually becoming key means to ensure the safe transportation of perishable goods, pharmaceuticals, and other temperature-sensitive commodities. The present study is dedicated to an in-depth exploration of cold chain logistics and joint distribution, with a particular focus on a review of fresh food logistics modes, aiming to comprehensively understand their operational modes, advantages, challenges, and future development trends. The present study elucidates the basic concepts of fresh food logistics and underscores its significance in supply chain management. Through comparative analysis of different operational modes, it reveals their advantages in enhancing efficiency, reducing costs, and mitigating environmental impacts. The present study focuses on the operational mode of joint distribution, discussing its application in cold chain logistics and its differences from traditional logistics modes. Through case studies and empirical analysis, it evaluates the impact of joint distribution on logistics efficiency and costs, as well as its potential to enhance transportation efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. Lastly, the present study provides an outlook on the future development trends of cold chain logistics and joint distribution, discussing the influences of technological innovation, policy support, and industry collaboration and offering recommendations and prospects to drive the sustained development of the industry. Through a comprehensive summary of fresh food logistics, cold chain logistics operational modes, and joint distribution operational modes, this paper aims to provide in-depth theoretical support and practical guidance for related research and practices. Full article
20 pages, 4343 KiB  
Article
Integrated Optimization of Route and Frequency for Rail Transit Feeder Buses under the Influence of Shared Motorcycles
by Jing Cai, Zhuoqi Li and Sihui Long
Systems 2024, 12(7), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070263 - 22 Jul 2024
Viewed by 489
Abstract
In this paper, we develop a multi-objective integrated optimization method for feeder buses of rail transit based on realistic considerations. We propose a bus stop selection method that considers the influence of shared motorcycles, which can score the importance of alternative bus stops [...] Read more.
In this paper, we develop a multi-objective integrated optimization method for feeder buses of rail transit based on realistic considerations. We propose a bus stop selection method that considers the influence of shared motorcycles, which can score the importance of alternative bus stops and select those with the highest scores as objectives. The objective of the model in this paper is to minimize both the travel costs of passengers and the operating costs of the bus company. This is achieved by optimizing feeder bus routes, the frequency of departures, and interchange discounts to enhance the connectivity between feeder buses and rail transit. In addition, to ensure the feasibility of generated routes in the real road network, a genetic algorithm encoded with priority is used to solve this model. We use the Xingyao Road subway station in Kunming as an example, and the results show that the optimization method is effective. Full article
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26 pages, 3454 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Maintenance Resource Scheduling and Site Selection for Urban Metro Systems: A Multi-Objective Approach to Enhance System Resilience
by Lingyi Tang, Shiqi Chen and Qiming Li
Systems 2024, 12(7), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070262 - 21 Jul 2024
Viewed by 525
Abstract
This study developed an optimization model for the strategic location of maintenance resource supply sites and the scheduling of multiple resources following failures in urban metro systems, with the objective of enhancing system resilience. The model employs a multi-objective optimization framework, focusing primarily [...] Read more.
This study developed an optimization model for the strategic location of maintenance resource supply sites and the scheduling of multiple resources following failures in urban metro systems, with the objective of enhancing system resilience. The model employs a multi-objective optimization framework, focusing primarily on minimizing resource scheduling time and reducing costs. It incorporates critical factors such as spatial location, network topology, station size, and passenger flow. A hybrid method, combining the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III and the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution, is used to solve the model, with its effectiveness confirmed through a case study of the Nanjing Metro system. The simulation results yielded an optimal number of 21 maintenance resource supply stations and provided their placement. In the event of large-scale failures, the optimal resource scheduling strategy ensures demand satisfaction rates exceed 90% at critical stations, maintaining an overall rate of 87.09%, therefore significantly improving resource scheduling efficiency and the system’s emergency response capabilities and enhancing the physical resilience and recovery capabilities of the urban metro system. Moreover, the model accounts for economic factors, striving to balance emergency response capabilities with production continuity and cost efficiency through effective maintenance strategies and resource utilization. This approach provides a systematic framework for urban metro systems to manage sudden failures, ensuring rapid recovery to normal operations and minimizing operational disruptions in scenarios of limited resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)
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20 pages, 2578 KiB  
Article
The Complex Approach to Environmental and Technological Project Management to Enhance the Sustainability of Industrial Systems
by Leyla Gamidullaeva, Nadezhda Shmeleva, Tatyana Tolstykh, Tatiana Guseva and Svetlana Panova
Systems 2024, 12(7), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070261 - 20 Jul 2024
Viewed by 611
Abstract
To achieve sustainability, industrial systems need to be modernized to improve resource efficiency while optimizing environmental and social performance. The implementation of environmental and technological projects is a complex management process and requires sufficient innovative potential and serious investments, which not every company [...] Read more.
To achieve sustainability, industrial systems need to be modernized to improve resource efficiency while optimizing environmental and social performance. The implementation of environmental and technological projects is a complex management process and requires sufficient innovative potential and serious investments, which not every company can provide. Network integration of companies, providing synergy of resources and potentials, is an effective tool for the development and implementation of innovative technologies that allow achieving optimal resource efficiency indicators. An integrated complex approach to the formation of a cross- industrial system on the principles of network integration and partnerships ensures technological interaction between companies, optimizes the methods and forms of their economic activities, allows integration participants to achieve strategic goals and ensure environmental and social effects for the territory of presence. The sustainability of such a system is expressed in its ability to withstand internal threats and external challenges. Approaches to balancing environmental and technological effects while simultaneously analysing social efficiency have not received sufficient development in scientific research. This article discusses an approach to the selection of environmental-technological projects based on criteria for assessing the sustainability and resilience of industrial systems. The authors’ approach has been tested using two industrial symbioses of advanced socio-economic development territories in the city of Novotroitsk (Orenburg region, Russian Federation). The authors presented calculated indicators of resource efficiency before and after the formation of a cross-sectoral industrial system in order to identify social and environmental effects in Novotroitsk. This approach to the assessment of environmental and technological projects allows to concentrate government support measures on the general priorities of the implementation of regional economic and industrial policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability, Complexity and Resilience: Insights from Complex Systems Approaches)
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17 pages, 662 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Inventory Management through Safety-Stock Strategies—A Case Study
by Sema Demiray Kırmızı, Zeynep Ceylan and Serol Bulkan
Systems 2024, 12(7), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070260 - 20 Jul 2024
Viewed by 776
Abstract
Efficient inventory management, including optimal safety-stock levels, is crucial for operational continuity and cost-effectiveness in various industries. This study seeks the optimal inventory management strategy to minimize costs and determine ideal safety-stock levels. It compares five approaches: the company’s (STAR) current “number of [...] Read more.
Efficient inventory management, including optimal safety-stock levels, is crucial for operational continuity and cost-effectiveness in various industries. This study seeks the optimal inventory management strategy to minimize costs and determine ideal safety-stock levels. It compares five approaches: the company’s (STAR) current “number of days” method, two alternative models from the literature (the theory of constraints (TOC) replenishment model and the service-level approach), and two newly developed hybrid methodologies (the TOC replenishment model with ABC–XYZ classification and the service-level approach with ABC–XYZ classification). The analysis focused on financial performance, considering inventory holding and shortage costs. Monthly production plans were established and fixed as constant based on predetermined optimum month-end inventory levels derived from each method. Through simulation, actual month-end inventory levels were assessed, comparing total inventory costs (TICs). While unit holding costs (UHCs) were documented in financial records in the company, unit shortage costs (USCs) were not; thus, USCs were examined in three scenarios. The results show that the second proposed hybrid model consistently outperformed the other four methods, including the company’s current approach, significantly reducing TIC. The analysis emphasizes the importance of demand variation in setting safety stocks and demonstrates the second hybrid methodology’s effectiveness in optimizing safety-stock strategies and improving overall inventory management efficiency. Full article
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23 pages, 5046 KiB  
Article
Urban Development Scenario Simulation and Model Research Based on System Dynamics from the Perspective of Effect and Efficiency
by Liu Yang, Yuchen Ma and Kailun Lou
Systems 2024, 12(7), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070259 - 19 Jul 2024
Viewed by 484
Abstract
The accurate handling of the relationships between economy, society, and environment in urban development is an important vision and goal of urban construction. Taking Xi’an as an example, this study established an urban development system dynamics model, including three subsystems (economy, society, and [...] Read more.
The accurate handling of the relationships between economy, society, and environment in urban development is an important vision and goal of urban construction. Taking Xi’an as an example, this study established an urban development system dynamics model, including three subsystems (economy, society, and environment), to propose eight different development plans, and data from 2021 to 2025 were simulated in each plan. Finally, based on the simulation data, the entropy weight method and the Epsilon-based measure (EBM) model in data envelopment analysis (DEA) were used to measure the effect and efficiency of development in the city, respectively. The results showed that, in terms of effect, the comprehensive development plan (P8) had the highest score, which was 66.88% higher than the original plan. The plan scores of the double subsystem upgrading plans were higher than those of the single subsystem upgrading plans, indicating that comprehensive development can promote the coordination between subsystems and improve the development level. In terms of efficiency, the environmental (P4), economic–social (P5), economic–environmental (P6), social–environmental (P7), and comprehensive development (P8) plans were all effective according to DEA in each year, with P8 having the highest efficiency score, 1.1129. Therefore, considering the effect and efficiency comprehensively, P8 was considered the optimal plan. This study provides a method for exploring the relationship between variables in the process of urban development and is of great significance for defining an optimal plan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Development and Coordinated Governance of Urban and Rural Areas under the Guidance of Ecological Wisdom)
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22 pages, 10922 KiB  
Article
From Constructing Future Landscapes to Developing Conceptual Narratives: Promoting Design Innovation in the Vehicular Metaverse through Forecasting and Backcasting
by Tiantian Li and Zhiyong Fu
Systems 2024, 12(7), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070258 - 19 Jul 2024
Viewed by 555
Abstract
The fusion of automotive and metaverse, the vehicular metaverse, is considered the next Internet revolution, bridging physical and virtual spaces. Innovation in the vehicular metaverse requires a bold visionary design while addressing real-world needs and industry concerns. This article proposes a novel transformation [...] Read more.
The fusion of automotive and metaverse, the vehicular metaverse, is considered the next Internet revolution, bridging physical and virtual spaces. Innovation in the vehicular metaverse requires a bold visionary design while addressing real-world needs and industry concerns. This article proposes a novel transformation paradigm for the automotive metaverse, consisting of two stages: constructing future scenarios and developing scenario narratives. It also introduces an innovative design method for the automotive metaverse that integrates strategic foresight (SF) and design thinking (DT), which is structured into Phase–Key Assumptions–Methodology–Steps–Examples of Methods. In the Constructing Future Landscapes stage, we established a future sign library of 60 cases based on four dimensions, which serve as important materials to construct future scenarios; in the Developing Conceptual Narratives stage, we provided a domain case library of eight case types through LDA topic modeling, helping participants form innovative solutions. Various tools such as future wheels, metaverse product matrices, and conceptual aggregation templates were integrated into the six-step process to form a heuristic innovation methodology. Practical application through an online workshop yielded good results. Full article
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21 pages, 3769 KiB  
Article
An Integrated Method for Cooperation Prediction in Complex Standard Networks
by Feiteng Yi, Xuan Zhang, Jiali Zhang and Yongchang Wei
Systems 2024, 12(7), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070257 - 15 Jul 2024
Viewed by 680
Abstract
Standards play significant roles in the development of technology and economics, while the cooperation between drafters directly determines the quality of standard systems. The cooperation prediction is a significant while challenging problem for seeking new cooperation chances between drafting units due to their [...] Read more.
Standards play significant roles in the development of technology and economics, while the cooperation between drafters directly determines the quality of standard systems. The cooperation prediction is a significant while challenging problem for seeking new cooperation chances between drafting units due to their differences in experience and professional ability. In this study, an integrated artificial intelligence method is proposed for cooperation prediction using the link prediction method, text analysis, and network modeling. Specifically, we develop a multi-layer standard network formed by standard citation relationships and cooperation relationships between drafters. Then, a set of novel metrics is designed for predicting the cooperation between drafters considering the knowledge, experience, and professional capability. These metrics are further integrated into a neural network to improve the prediction accuracy. The priorities of our method in terms of prediction accuracy are verified with realistic data of Chinese environmental health standards. The prediction results provide strong support for the selection of drafters and further optimize the structure of standard systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Systems Theory and Methodology)
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20 pages, 641 KiB  
Article
The Configuration Path of the New Rural Collective Economy to Promote the Common Prosperity of Farmers: Based on Qualitative Comparative Analysis Method and the Rural Cases in Zhejiang, China
by Shu Yi, Mei Zhang, Zenghui Huo and Yating Mao
Systems 2024, 12(7), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070256 - 15 Jul 2024
Viewed by 602
Abstract
The new rural collective economy is an important external mechanism for promoting the common prosperity of Chinese farmers. At the same time, the livelihood capital of farmers provides an essential internal support. Achieving an effective match between the two elements is a significant [...] Read more.
The new rural collective economy is an important external mechanism for promoting the common prosperity of Chinese farmers. At the same time, the livelihood capital of farmers provides an essential internal support. Achieving an effective match between the two elements is a significant research issue. This article, based on the survey data from 1024 rural households in 43 villages in Zhejiang Province, China, defines the economic functions, social functions, management functions, and cultural functions of the new rural collective economy. The study employs the qualitative comparative analysis method to explore the role of the new rural collective economy in the promotion of the common prosperity of rural households. The necessity analysis shows that the single-factor condition is not the necessary condition for the common prosperity of farmers. However, the adequacy analysis reveals that the linkage and match between the new rural collective economy and the farmers’ livelihood capital can create multiple equivalent pathways for the farmers’ common prosperity. These pathways include the economic function-driven model of the new rural collective economy, the driven model of the high-level livelihoods combined economic functions, the joint model of social function and management functions, the natural capital-driven model, and the joint model of human capital and social capital. Based on these findings, this article proposes targeted governance strategies, including creating pillar industries, strengthening public management services, expanding the scope of social services, and building a coordination mechanism between the new type of rural collective economy and farmers’ livelihood capital. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)
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19 pages, 911 KiB  
Article
Navigating Strategic Balance: CEO Big Data Orientation, Environmental Investment, and Technological Innovation in Chinese Manufacturing
by Weiwei Wu and Xu Wang
Systems 2024, 12(7), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070255 - 15 Jul 2024
Viewed by 686
Abstract
In the digital age, China’s economic development is transitioning from high speed to high quality. Through the application of digital technology, China’s manufacturing industry is moving toward more environmentally friendly and sustainable innovation, which makes it of great significance to study the effect [...] Read more.
In the digital age, China’s economic development is transitioning from high speed to high quality. Through the application of digital technology, China’s manufacturing industry is moving toward more environmentally friendly and sustainable innovation, which makes it of great significance to study the effect of green investment and big data on innovation. Grounded in strategic management theory, this paper examines the interplay between CEO big data orientation, environmental investment, and their joint impact on technological innovation in manufacturing enterprises. Data are extracted from annual reports of listed Chinese manufacturing companies using computer-assisted text analysis methods and evaluated with negative binomial regression. The results indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between CEO big data orientation and technological innovation. The results further explain that as CEO big data orientation increases, enterprises with higher levels of green investment will reach the peak of technological innovation performance earlier. According to China’s intelligent manufacturing in 2035, we have proposed some methods and suggestions for green investment and big data applications. Full article
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26 pages, 4783 KiB  
Article
XGBoost-B-GHM: An Ensemble Model with Feature Selection and GHM Loss Function Optimization for Credit Scoring
by Yuxuan Xia, Shanshan Jiang, Lingyi Meng and Xin Ju
Systems 2024, 12(7), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070254 - 14 Jul 2024
Viewed by 535
Abstract
Credit evaluation has always been an important part of the financial field. The existing credit evaluation methods have difficulty in solving the problems of redundant data features and imbalanced samples. In response to the above issues, an ensemble model combining an advanced feature [...] Read more.
Credit evaluation has always been an important part of the financial field. The existing credit evaluation methods have difficulty in solving the problems of redundant data features and imbalanced samples. In response to the above issues, an ensemble model combining an advanced feature selection algorithm and an optimized loss function is proposed, which can be applied in the field of credit evaluation and improve the risk management ability of financial institutions. Firstly, the Boruta algorithm is embedded for feature selection, which can effectively reduce the data dimension and noise and improve the model’s capacity for generalization by automatically identifying and screening out features that are highly correlated with target variables. Then, the GHM loss function is incorporated into the XGBoost model to tackle the issue of skewed sample distribution, which is common in classification, and further improve the classification and prediction performance of the model. The comparative experiments on four large datasets demonstrate that the proposed method is superior to the existing mainstream methods and can effectively extract features and handle the problem of imbalanced samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data-Driven Modeling and Predictive Analysis for Business, Social, Economic, and Engineering Applications)
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28 pages, 3561 KiB  
Article
How to Reshape the Selection Boundaries between Traditional and Digital Supply Chain Finance Based on the Pledge Rate and Default Loss: Two Tripartite Game Models
by Xiang Sun, Yue Wang, Yinzi Huang and Yue Zhang
Systems 2024, 12(7), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070253 - 13 Jul 2024
Viewed by 491
Abstract
The development of digital technologies such as blockchain has provided new possibilities for solving the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In order to explore the mutual influence of the participants in the supply chain, this paper constructs two static tripartite [...] Read more.
The development of digital technologies such as blockchain has provided new possibilities for solving the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In order to explore the mutual influence of the participants in the supply chain, this paper constructs two static tripartite game models for traditional and digital supply chain finance, including a small and medium-sized enterprise (SME), a core enterprise (CE), and a financial institution (FI). The conditions for SME, CE, and FI to participate in digital supply chain finance, and the equilibrium strategy (repayment, repayment, loan) after participating in digital supply chain finance, are figured out. It is found that compared with the traditional supply chain, the digital supply chain expands the probability range of repayment for SME and CE by the change of pledge rate and default loss and broadens the probability range of repayment for CE by the change of default loss. Further, compared with the traditional supply chain finance, the greater the pledge rate of digital supply chain finance and the smaller the default loss, the stronger the willingness of the SME and CE to participate in the digital supply chain and the lower the willingness of the FI. After the three parties participate in the digital supply chain, however, the conclusion is the opposite. The smaller the pledge rate and the greater the default loss, the stronger the repayment willingness for the SME and CE and the stronger the loan willingness of the FI. Therefore, it is suggested to find the critical values of pledge rate and default loss and raise these two variables to an appropriate range to encourage all parties to voluntarily and consistently participate in digital supply chain financing. Full article
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0 pages, 2246 KiB  
Article
Exploring Domestic Violence Causes in Saudi Arabia: Factor Analysis Approach
by Marwan H. Alhelali, Osama Abdulaziz Alamri, Alanazi Talal Abdulrahman, Mohammed Ahmed Alomair and Basim S. O. Alsaedi
Systems 2024, 12(7), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070252 - 13 Jul 2024
Viewed by 574
Abstract
The objective of this research is to ascertain the elements that have an impact on and drive domestic violence in Saudi Arabia, a phenomenon that has a prevalence rate of around 35% among women globally. The researchers administered a survey to a sample [...] Read more.
The objective of this research is to ascertain the elements that have an impact on and drive domestic violence in Saudi Arabia, a phenomenon that has a prevalence rate of around 35% among women globally. The researchers administered a survey to a sample of 550 individuals and used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to analyze the collected data. The findings revealed three factors: a lack of familial unity, encouragement of detrimental characteristics, and economic turmoil. The authors examined the consequences of these characteristics on preventive and intervention programs and proposed suggestions for policymakers and researchers. This research enhances the existing body of knowledge on domestic violence by conducting a statistical analysis to examine the factors that lead to it and the resulting outcomes within a particular cultural setting. Full article
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18 pages, 373 KiB  
Article
Research on the Impact Mechanism of Smart City Construction on Economic Growth—An Analysis Based on the Schumpeterian Innovation Theory Framework
by Ruiguang Ma, Jingwen Sun and Jiangbin Yin
Systems 2024, 12(7), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070251 - 12 Jul 2024
Viewed by 594
Abstract
Smart city construction aims to promote the digital transformation of cities, support the modernization of urban governance, and stimulate urban innovation and development. In this paper, we analyze the role of smart city construction on economic growth and the impact mechanism driving this. [...] Read more.
Smart city construction aims to promote the digital transformation of cities, support the modernization of urban governance, and stimulate urban innovation and development. In this paper, we analyze the role of smart city construction on economic growth and the impact mechanism driving this. In terms of theoretical analysis, we discuss the role of smart city construction in economic growth based on Schumpeterian innovation theory. In terms of empirical analysis, we evaluate the impact of smart city construction on economic growth with panel data of Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2019, using time-varying difference-in-differences models and the event study method. The findings of the research indicate that the construction of smart cities has a positive effect on regional economic growth and the results can be confirmed through a series of robustness tests. Smart city construction generates mediating effects by enhancing urban innovation capability and entrepreneurship, thereby promoting urban economic growth. Furthermore, the impact of smart city construction on economic growth exhibits heterogeneous effects due to variations in the degree of marketization. In regions with a higher level of marketization, the promotional effect of smart city construction on economic growth is stronger. Consequently, it is imperative to intensify the implementation of smart city construction and persistently pursue market-oriented reforms. Full article
20 pages, 838 KiB  
Article
Research on Privacy-by-Design Behavioural Decision-Making of Information Engineers Considering Perceived Work Risk
by Fei Bu, Nengmin Wang, Qi Jiang and Xiang Tian
Systems 2024, 12(7), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070250 - 11 Jul 2024
Viewed by 524
Abstract
Privacy by design (PbD) has attracted considerable attention from researchers and information security experts due to its enormous potential for protecting private information and improving the privacy and security quality of information technology products. The adoption of PbD among information engineers is currently [...] Read more.
Privacy by design (PbD) has attracted considerable attention from researchers and information security experts due to its enormous potential for protecting private information and improving the privacy and security quality of information technology products. The adoption of PbD among information engineers is currently limited owing to its innovativeness and the distinctive traits of the information technology industry. Utilising the Technology Acceptance Model as a framework, this study innovatively explores the pivotal factors and mechanisms that influence information engineers’ decision-making in the adoption of PbD from the viewpoint of the perceived work risk. In this empirical research, professional information engineers were invited to complete a questionnaire survey. After analysing the data using partial least squares structural equation modelling, the results reveal that information engineers’ perceived work risk in PbD (PWRP) negatively affects their perceptions of the usefulness and ease of use of PbD. This negative perception subsequently reduces their intention to implement PbD (INTP) and adversely impacts their attitudes towards implementing PbD (ATTP). Furthermore, the study findings reveal that a positive ATTP among engineers boosts their INTP and positively influences their behaviours regarding information security. This study provides an in-depth examination of these findings and lays a solid theoretical groundwork for the further promotion and implementation of PbD in information technology enterprises. Moreover, the findings offer invaluable support for management decisions in both information technology companies and information security regulatory authorities, significantly contributing to the expansion and deepening of research in the field of PbD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)
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16 pages, 380 KiB  
Article
An Integrated CREAM for Human Reliability Analysis Based on Consensus Reaching Process under Probabilistic Linguistic Environment
by Xue-Guo Xu, Ling Zhang, Si-Xuan Wang, Hua-Ping Gong and Hu-Chen Liu
Systems 2024, 12(7), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070249 - 10 Jul 2024
Viewed by 568
Abstract
Human reliability analysis (HRA) is widely used to evaluate the impact of human errors on various complex human–machine systems for enhancing their safety and reliability. Nevertheless, it is hard to estimate the human error probability (HEP) in reality due to the uncertainty of [...] Read more.
Human reliability analysis (HRA) is widely used to evaluate the impact of human errors on various complex human–machine systems for enhancing their safety and reliability. Nevertheless, it is hard to estimate the human error probability (HEP) in reality due to the uncertainty of state assessment information and the complex relations among common performance conditions (CPCs). In this paper, we aim to present a new integrated cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM) to solve the HRA problems under probabilistic linguistic environment. First, the probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTSs) are utilized to handle the uncertain task state assessments provided by experts. Second, the minimum conflict consensus model (MCCM) is employed to deal with conflict task state assessment information to assist experts reach consensus. Third, the entropy weighting method is used to determine the relative objective weights of CPCs. Additionally, the CPC effect indexes are introduced to assess the overall effect of CPCs on performance reliability and obtain the HEP estimation. Finally, the reliability of the proposed CREAM is demonstrated via a healthcare practical case. The result shows that the new integrated CREAM can not only effectively represent experts’ uncertain task state assessments but also determine more reliable HEP estimation in HRA. Full article
27 pages, 1569 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Scientific and Technological Information Resource Utilization on Breakthrough Innovation in Enterprises: The Moderating Role of Strategic Aggressiveness
by Jianhua Hou, Xiucai Yang and Haoyang Song
Systems 2024, 12(7), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070248 - 10 Jul 2024
Viewed by 606
Abstract
This study aims to explore the relationship between the utilization of scientific and technological information resources and breakthrough innovation in enterprises, examining the moderating role of strategic aggressiveness in this relationship. Based on an investigation of 438,228 patent data from 2616 Chinese enterprises, [...] Read more.
This study aims to explore the relationship between the utilization of scientific and technological information resources and breakthrough innovation in enterprises, examining the moderating role of strategic aggressiveness in this relationship. Based on an investigation of 438,228 patent data from 2616 Chinese enterprises, we construct a theoretical framework of “strategy–capability–performance” and conduct an empirical study using a mixed-effects model. The results indicate that both the intensity and imbalance of scientific and technological information resource utilization have significant positive effects on breakthrough innovation in enterprises. Further analysis reveals that strategic aggressiveness plays a moderating role in the relationship between the utilization of scientific and technological information resources and breakthrough innovation. Additionally, heterogeneity analysis shows differences in the impact of scientific and technological information resource utilization on breakthrough innovation across different regions and ownership types. Specifically, the imbalance of scientific and technological information resource utilization in coastal areas has a greater impact on breakthrough innovation than in non-coastal areas, and the intensity of scientific and technological information resource utilization in state-owned enterprises has a greater impact on breakthrough innovation than in non-state-owned enterprises. The findings of this study provide important insights for enterprise innovation management, helping enterprises to more effectively utilize scientific and technological information resources to drive breakthrough innovation and promote sustainable and healthy development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Practices in Technological Innovation Management Systems)
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16 pages, 615 KiB  
Article
An Empirical Study of the Quality Governance Level of China’s Civil Aircraft Industry
by Tingyu Luo, Hongde Liu, Xiang Shi, Peng Meng, Jun Wang and Weiguo Fang
Systems 2024, 12(7), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070247 - 10 Jul 2024
Viewed by 440
Abstract
The quality governance level of an industry is a multi-index evaluation problem that must consider multiple dimensions and factors. This study is the first to construct a comprehensive quality governance evaluation model for the civil aircraft industry of China (CAIC). The index system [...] Read more.
The quality governance level of an industry is a multi-index evaluation problem that must consider multiple dimensions and factors. This study is the first to construct a comprehensive quality governance evaluation model for the civil aircraft industry of China (CAIC). The index system for the quality governance evaluation of CAIC was established using a literature review, enterprise investigation, expert interviews, and questionnaire surveys. An Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to determine index weights. Based on the evaluation model, data from 53 aviation manufacturing enterprises were collected, and the quality governance level of the CAIC was empirically evaluated; thus, quantitative and qualitative evaluation results were obtained. This empirical study shows that the quality governance of the CAIC is currently at a “medium to low” level. Furthermore, critical factors and bottleneck indices restricting the quality governance level of the CAIC were identified. Full article
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32 pages, 3480 KiB  
Article
Strategic Dimensions of Eco-Innovation Adoption in Manufacturing SMEs in the Context of Mexico City
by Andrés David Barragán-Hernández and Mario Aguilar-Fernández
Systems 2024, 12(7), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070246 - 9 Jul 2024
Viewed by 950
Abstract
This paper investigates the strategic dimensions influencing the adoption of environmental innovations (EIs) in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) in Mexico City. The study aims to understand the fundamental strategic dimensions defining eco-innovation and examine how SMEs manage the complexities of incorporating [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the strategic dimensions influencing the adoption of environmental innovations (EIs) in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) in Mexico City. The study aims to understand the fundamental strategic dimensions defining eco-innovation and examine how SMEs manage the complexities of incorporating these practices. Employing a mixed-methods approach with documentary analysis and expert interviews, the study identifies key factors influencing EI adoption through causal maps and the viable system model. Findings highlight the significance of external and internal factors such as competitive pressure, economic constraints, technological capabilities, political support, and social influence. This integrative approach emphasizes the importance of adaptability and responsiveness, presenting eco-innovation as a source of sustainable competitive advantage for SMEs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic AI and IoT for Promoting Green Operation and Sustainable Environment)
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25 pages, 2908 KiB  
Article
A Conceptual Model of Rural Tourism in Bali to Build Up Global Competitiveness
by Agung Suryawan Wiranatha, I Gusti Ayu Oka Suryawardani, I Gusti Raka Purbanto, I Gusti Bagus Arya Yudiastina and Tajuddin Bantacut
Systems 2024, 12(7), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070245 - 9 Jul 2024
Viewed by 570
Abstract
Rural tourism, in the form of small-scale, locally owned tourism businesses, has become a priority that must be supported by the government to be more beneficial for the local community. The objective of this study was to develop a conceptual model of rural [...] Read more.
Rural tourism, in the form of small-scale, locally owned tourism businesses, has become a priority that must be supported by the government to be more beneficial for the local community. The objective of this study was to develop a conceptual model of rural tourism in order to make rural tourism in Bali more competitive globally. This research was conducted in Bali during April–June 2020 by following a systems thinking approach. The methodology employed was a soft systems methodology and utilized interpretive structural modeling (ISM). Twenty persons were chosen purposively as key informants (experts). Data collection was carried out through focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaires. The results indicated that the goals of sustainable rural tourism are to improve local community welfare, to conserve the environment, and to preserve culture and heritage. Managing rural tourism requires efforts in destination quality, service excellence, hospitality, reasonable pricing, and ease of access. Finally, this paper proposes methods to support sustainable rural tourism in Bali. Full article
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20 pages, 5594 KiB  
Article
Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Homestays on Chongming Island: A Systemic Analysis in the Context of World-Class Eco-Island Development
by Xiangxiang Fu and Xiang Kong
Systems 2024, 12(7), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070244 - 9 Jul 2024
Viewed by 539
Abstract
As the development of world-class eco-islands progresses, the homestay sector on Chongming Island has burgeoned, emerging as a pivotal catalyst for rural tourism and economic prosperity. This study, leveraging Chongming Island as a case study, systematically analyzes the spatiotemporal distribution of homestays across [...] Read more.
As the development of world-class eco-islands progresses, the homestay sector on Chongming Island has burgeoned, emerging as a pivotal catalyst for rural tourism and economic prosperity. This study, leveraging Chongming Island as a case study, systematically analyzes the spatiotemporal distribution of homestays across island-wide, township, and village scales, employing methodologies such as the spatiotemporal evolutionary tree model. It delves into the intricate systemic framework underpinning homestay development, elucidating the dynamics of interaction mechanisms. Furthermore, it examines the evolving roles of diverse stakeholders throughout various developmental phases, grounded in stakeholder theory. The study reveals that (1) Chongming’s homestays on the island, townships, and village scales show very obvious agglomeration characteristics, mainly concentrated in the A-level scenic spots and in and out of the island traffic junction. (2) The growth of homestays in Chongming shows an increasing trend year by year, with the growth rate slowing down after 2020, and can be divided into four main phases, which are closely related to the construction phase of the eco-island. (3) The evolution of Chongming Island’s homestay is a multifaceted natural–human system intricately shaped by a confluence of five interdependent subsystems: natural ecology, social culture, multiple stakeholders, geographical location, and transport infrastructure. At different stages of development, under the synergistic effect of multiple stakeholders, the homestays on Chongming Island eventually formed a governance structure led by the government and co-managed by the development company, external entrepreneurs, and local villagers. These insights not only augment the scholarly discourse on stakeholder dynamics within the homestay industry but also offer pragmatic enlightenment for strategic planning and the advancement of holistic urban–rural integration in Chongming and the broader Shanghai region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)
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18 pages, 1594 KiB  
Article
Performance Study on the Use of Genetic Algorithm for Reducing Feature Dimensionality in an Embedded Intrusion Detection System
by João Lobo Silva, Rui Fernandes and Nuno Lopes
Systems 2024, 12(7), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070243 - 8 Jul 2024
Viewed by 630
Abstract
Intrusion Detection Systems play a crucial role in a network. They can detect different network attacks and raise warnings on them. Machine Learning-based IDSs are trained on datasets that, due to the context, are inherently large, since they can contain network traffic from [...] Read more.
Intrusion Detection Systems play a crucial role in a network. They can detect different network attacks and raise warnings on them. Machine Learning-based IDSs are trained on datasets that, due to the context, are inherently large, since they can contain network traffic from different time periods and often include a large number of features. In this paper, we present two contributions: the study of the importance of Feature Selection when using an IDS dataset, while striking a balance between performance and the number of features; and the study of the feasibility of using a low-capacity device, the Nvidia Jetson Nano, to implement an IDS. The results, comparing the GA with other well-known techniques in Feature Selection and Dimensionality Reduction, show that the GA has the best F1-score of 76%, among all feature/dimension sizes. Although the processing time to find the optimal set of features surpasses other methods, we observed that the reduction in the number of features decreases the GA processing time without a significant impact on the F1-score. The Jetson Nano allows the classification of network traffic with an overhead of 10 times in comparison to a traditional server, paving the way to a near real-time GA-based embedded IDS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Systems and Cybersecurity)
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21 pages, 7224 KiB  
Article
Simulation Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Technology Diffusion under Market Competition and Policy Incentives Based on Complex Network Evolutionary Game Models
by Xiaofei Ma and Jia Wang
Systems 2024, 12(7), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070242 - 7 Jul 2024
Viewed by 991
Abstract
The relationship network between enterprises will change their adoption behavior of AI technology and this micro-decision-making mechanism will eventually decide whether AI technology can diffuse and the extent of diffusion on the macro level. However, the existing AI technology diffusion research mostly focuses [...] Read more.
The relationship network between enterprises will change their adoption behavior of AI technology and this micro-decision-making mechanism will eventually decide whether AI technology can diffuse and the extent of diffusion on the macro level. However, the existing AI technology diffusion research mostly focuses on the integration of AI technology with other industries from the industrial level, ignoring the complexity of the micro-complex game process and interactions within the enterprise network on the macro technology diffusion. In this regard, this paper builds a game model of AI technology diffusion in core and non-core enterprises from the levels of market competition and policy incentives based on complex network evolutionary game theory. It does this through simulation analysis that examines the mechanism of key factors affecting the diffusion of AI technology, as well as the influence and combination effects of pertinent policies. The study shows that (1) AI technology diffuses more effectively in non-core enterprises than it does in core enterprises; (2) changes in parameters like technology cost and policy regimes have a more evident impact on core enterprises than non-core ones; (3) in market competition, increasing the network average degree, the proportion of AI technology products in the mainstream market, the opportunity cost, the cost reduction factor, or decreasing the cost of AI technology can all promote the diffusion of AI technology; (4) under policy incentives, increasing the proportion of AI technology subsidies and the influence of high-tech identification of enterprises can both promote the diffusion of AI technology. Full article
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25 pages, 2256 KiB  
Article
Facilities Sites Selection Optimization for Food Emergency Logistics to Meet Urgent Demands
by Xiaoqing Zeng, Yanping Chen and Liming Liu
Systems 2024, 12(7), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070241 - 5 Jul 2024
Viewed by 637
Abstract
Effective emergency logistics facility site selection is vital for ensuring prompt and fair food supply during crises. This study tackles the intricate task of choosing optimal sites for emergency food logistics facilities by considering varying urgency levels of needs, uncertain demands, and potential [...] Read more.
Effective emergency logistics facility site selection is vital for ensuring prompt and fair food supply during crises. This study tackles the intricate task of choosing optimal sites for emergency food logistics facilities by considering varying urgency levels of needs, uncertain demands, and potential facility interruptions. A novel weighted Mahalanobis distance–gray relational analysis–TOPSIS method is devised to evaluate demand urgency and guide site selection decisions. The proposed location model aims to minimize total cost and unmet demand while integrating discrete scenario strategies to address interruption events. Leveraging the Social Network Search (SNS) algorithm, the model is solved, and its effectiveness is validated through a case study analysis. The results highlight the accuracy of the urgency level determination method in capturing demand characteristics and the model’s provision of an objective and practical framework for formulating rational facility location strategies. This approach holds significant promise for enhancing the promptness and fairness of food supply assurance during emergencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-criteria Decision Making in Supply Chain Management)
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18 pages, 2791 KiB  
Article
Research on Collaborative Risk Management Mechanism of Mega Projects: A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Model Considering the Participation of Insurance Institution
by Qianqian Shi, Boya Li, Manqi Zhang and Marcel Hertogh
Systems 2024, 12(7), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070240 - 4 Jul 2024
Viewed by 523
Abstract
The frequent occurrence of mega project accidents has created an issue of risk management and has made its solution highly valued. In the case that the owner is at a regulatory disadvantage, insurance institution can provide a new pattern for risk management of [...] Read more.
The frequent occurrence of mega project accidents has created an issue of risk management and has made its solution highly valued. In the case that the owner is at a regulatory disadvantage, insurance institution can provide a new pattern for risk management of mega projects. The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of insurance institution’s participation in mega project risk management on the decision-making of all participants and the promotion of the overall effectiveness of collaborative risk management of all participants. By constructing a tripartite evolutionary game model between the insurance institution, supervision unit and contractor, the conditions of the behavior evolution process of each participant and the important parameters affecting the change in behavior strategies are analyzed. The results indicate that the participation of insurance institution can promote the risk management investment of the supervision unit and contractor, and punitive measures can make participants pay more attention to the losses caused by the occurrence of risks In order to encourage insurance institution to participate in risk management of mega projects, incentive measures need to be taken to dispel their concerns cost surrounding costs. This study is helpful to reduce the probability of risk occurrence so as to realize the sustainable development of mega projects and provides management suggestions for insurance institution to participate in risk management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)
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24 pages, 434 KiB  
Article
Mitigating Financial Risks in Sustainable Public–Private Partnership Infrastructure Projects: A Quantitative Analysis
by Isaac Akomea-Frimpong, Xiaohua Jin and Robert Osei-Kyei
Systems 2024, 12(7), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070239 - 2 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1151
Abstract
Economic recession from the coronavirus outbreak continues to have negative rippling effects on local and international financial investments in public–private partnership (PPP) projects in Ghana, a developing country. Together with poor reports on operating cash-inflows for PPP projects such as those covering schools, [...] Read more.
Economic recession from the coronavirus outbreak continues to have negative rippling effects on local and international financial investments in public–private partnership (PPP) projects in Ghana, a developing country. Together with poor reports on operating cash-inflows for PPP projects such as those covering schools, hospitals, railways, fishing harbors, cocoa warehouses, recreational parks and affordable housing, there is an urgent need to develop and institutionalise sustainable and robust financial risk management measures. These measures are meant to mitigate financial losses, promote sustainability practices and prolong the longevity of infrastructure developments within PPP pacts. Therefore, this study aims to assess the mitigation measures of PPP infrastructure management in Ghana. Primary data from survey questionnaires were utilised in this study, with the data obtained from PPP practitioners and experts. Data were grouped into project type, sectors and practitioners of PPP projects to aid the analysis using tools such as the Kruskal–Wallis test, the Mann–Whitney U test and factor analysis. The results demonstrate sustainable and green finance, the innovative skills and competencies of project teams, green financial risk models and inclusive cost reduction strategies as crucial to minimising financial risks in PPP project delivery. These findings have significant implications for PPP practitioners and researchers in Ghana and similar developing countries to understand and develop measures to respond to financial risks for sustainable PPP project development and future research studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Management in Project Management—How Two Major Dimensions (Relational and Processual) Influence Risk Management in Project Management)
28 pages, 6189 KiB  
Article
Cyber Evaluation and Management Toolkit (CEMT): Face Validity of Model-Based Cybersecurity Decision Making
by Stuart Fowler, Keith Joiner and Siqi Ma
Systems 2024, 12(7), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070238 - 1 Jul 2024
Viewed by 747
Abstract
The Cyber Evaluation and Management Toolkit (CEMT) is an open-source university research-based plugin for commercial digital model-based systems engineering tools that streamlines conducting cybersecurity risk evaluations for complex cyber-physical systems. The authors developed this research tool to assist the Australian Defence Force (ADF) [...] Read more.
The Cyber Evaluation and Management Toolkit (CEMT) is an open-source university research-based plugin for commercial digital model-based systems engineering tools that streamlines conducting cybersecurity risk evaluations for complex cyber-physical systems. The authors developed this research tool to assist the Australian Defence Force (ADF) with the cybersecurity evaluation of complicated systems operating in an increasingly contested and complex cyber environment. This paper briefly outlines the functionality of the CEMT including the inputs, methodology, and outputs required to apply the toolkit using a sample model of the process applied to a generic insider threat attack. A face validity trial was conducted on the CEMT, surveying subject-matter experts in the field of complex cybersecurity analysis and risk assessment to present the generic case study and gather data on the expected benefits of a real-world implementation of the process. The results of the face validity broadly supports the effectiveness and usability of the CEMT, providing justification for industry research trials of the CEMT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision Making with Model-Based Systems Engineering)
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14 pages, 2797 KiB  
Article
Robustness Assessment of the Metro System: A Case Study of Bucharest, Romania
by Roozbeh Ebrahimi Golshanabadi and Mihaela Popa
Systems 2024, 12(7), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070237 - 1 Jul 2024
Viewed by 722
Abstract
Metro network systems play an important role in urban transportation but they are vulnerable to various risks and disruptions. Having a comprehensive understanding of these risks is essential for their operation. In this paper, we aimed to assess the operational robustness of the [...] Read more.
Metro network systems play an important role in urban transportation but they are vulnerable to various risks and disruptions. Having a comprehensive understanding of these risks is essential for their operation. In this paper, we aimed to assess the operational robustness of the Bucharest metro system. We employed graph theory and concepts. Using available data specific to the Bucharest metro system operation, we analyzed the type of disruptions across metro lines and stations. As expected, the two subway lines that sub-cross the city center experienced the greatest number of disruptions. Several stations on Line M1, that sub-cross the central urban area, were found to be particularly vulnerable. In our analysis, the results are as follows: the robustness indicator for the metro network, rT, is 0.1538, and the effective graph conductance (CG) is 0.1. These reveal that the Bucharest metro network can withstand up to 45% of node failures before collapsing. This indicates moderate robustness, suggesting that while the network can handle specific disruptions, targeted improvements are necessary to enhance overall resilience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis and Optimization in Transportation Systems)
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