Inferring Mixed Use of Buildings with Multisource Data Based on Tensor Decomposition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Datasets
3. Method
3.1. Single Building Merging
3.2. Construction and Decomposition of the Building Dynamic Characteristic Tensor
3.3. Building Mixed-Use Extrapolation
3.3.1. Pattern Inference for Factor Matrices
3.3.2. Building Mixed-Use Inference
3.4. Accuracy Evaluation
4. Results
4.1. Results of Single Building Merging
4.2. Analysis of Tensor Decomposition Results
4.2.1. Time Pattern Analysis
4.2.2. Building Functional Pattern Inference
4.2.3. Building Function Recognition Accuracy Assessment
5. Discussion
5.1. Error Analysis of Building Function Inference
5.2. Advantages of Integrating Remote Sensing Data to Infer Building Mixed-Use
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type and Number of Samples | Largest Pattern Value | Second-Largest Pattern Value | Average Di |
---|---|---|---|
Working (87) | 0.0077 | 0.0045 | 0.5844 |
Residential (153) | 0.0081 | 0.0034 | 0.4198 |
Shopping and recreational (19) | 0.0051 | 0.0035 | 0.6667 |
Residential and working (31) | 0.0021 | 0.0017 | 0.7941 |
Working and recreational (22) | 0.0040 | 0.0030 | 0.7500 |
Residential and recreational (24) | 0.0033 | 0.0025 | 0.7567 |
Weekday | Weekend | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morning | Afternoon | Evening | Night | Morning | Afternoon | Evening | Night | |
Pattern 1 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.156 1 | 0.093 | 0.085 | 0.030 | 0.261 1 |
Pattern 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.626 1 | 0.007 | 0 | 0.008 |
Pattern 3 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.052 | 0 | 0 | 0.271 1 | 0.235 1 | 0.012 |
Pattern 4 | 0 | 0.259 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.022 | 0 | 0.028 |
Pattern 5 | 0.061 | 0.002 | 0.113 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.311 1 | 0.223 1 |
Pattern 6 | 0.552 1 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0 | 0.074 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.001 |
Pattern 7 | 0.016 | 0.244 1 | 0.349 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.053 | 0.001 | 0.008 |
Pattern 8 | 0.005 | 0 | 0.099 | 0.365 | 0 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.052 |
Weekday | Weekend | |
---|---|---|
Morning | Pattern 6 | Pattern 2 |
Afternoon | Pattern 4,7 | Pattern 3 |
Evening | Pattern 7,5 | Pattern 3,5 |
Night | Pattern 1,8 | Pattern 1,5 |
Type | Number | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Single-use building | 18,219 | 79.75 |
Mixed-use building | 4322 | 18.92 |
Working building | 2380 | 10.42 |
Residential building | 14,715 | 64.41 |
Shopping and recreational building | 1124 | 4.92 |
Residential and working building | 2536 | 11.10 |
Working and recreational building | 747 | 3.27 |
Residential and recreational building | 1039 | 4.55 |
Unclassified building | 304 | 1.33 |
Spatial Scale | Samples | Number of Single Buildings | Number of Correctly Inferred Single Buildings | Recognition Rate (RT) | OA | Kappa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
500 m × 500 m | | 76 | 67 | 1 | 0.88 | 0.75 |
| 23 | 19 | 1 | 0.83 | 0.75 | |
| 109 | 89 | 1 | 0.82 | 0.64 | |
1 km × 1 km | | 216 | 181 | 1 | 0.84 | 0.75 |
| 86 | 71 | 1 | 0.83 | 0.77 | |
| 206 | 171 | 1 | 0.83 | 0.73 | |
Total | 716 | 598 | 1 | 0.84 | 0.75 |
Type | Sensitivity | Precision |
---|---|---|
Working building | 0.95 | 0.96 |
Residential building | 0.90 | 0.94 |
Shopping and recreational building | 0.54 | 0.77 |
Residential and working building | 0.67 | 0.64 |
Working and shopping building | 0.74 | 0.95 |
Residential and shopping building | 0.80 | 0.45 |
Misclassified Building Function | Examples |
---|---|
Residential building | Guangzhou Tianhe Stadium, Guangzhou Tianhe Sports Center, Haixinsha Asian Games Stand, Tianhe Huayang Primary School (Huacheng Campus) |
Working building | Poly 108 Mansion, Bihai Bay Residence, Jiayu Junyue Residence |
Shopping and recreational building | Hesheng DiJing Villa, Longfor Mansion villa |
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Zhang, C.; Shi, Q.; Zhuo, L.; Wang, F.; Tao, H. Inferring Mixed Use of Buildings with Multisource Data Based on Tensor Decomposition. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030185
Zhang C, Shi Q, Zhuo L, Wang F, Tao H. Inferring Mixed Use of Buildings with Multisource Data Based on Tensor Decomposition. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10(3):185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030185
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Chenyang, Qingli Shi, Li Zhuo, Fang Wang, and Haiyan Tao. 2021. "Inferring Mixed Use of Buildings with Multisource Data Based on Tensor Decomposition" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 3: 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030185