Horticulturae

11 pages, 5588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration of B Chromosome Origin in Allotriploid Lily Associated with Anomalous Meiosis

by Kongzhong Xiao, Lijie Yang, Hui Li, Pengfei Du, Long Fu and Changlong Xiao

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030267 (registering DOI) - 1 Mar 2025

Supernumerary (B) chromosomes are widespread in numerous plants, including the Lilium genus. However, their origin remains unclear. This study used traditional and modern cytogenetics to analyze the triploid lily cultivar ‘Eyeliner’ (LAA) to identify the microsporogenesis, fertility, and chromosome composition of its progeny [...] Read more.

Supernumerary (B) chromosomes are widespread in numerous plants, including the Lilium genus. However, their origin remains unclear. This study used traditional and modern cytogenetics to analyze the triploid lily cultivar ‘Eyeliner’ (LAA) to identify the microsporogenesis, fertility, and chromosome composition of its progeny and record a case of potential B chromosome formation. The results indicated anomalous meiosis of LAA in all processes. In microspores, different cells had different numbers of chromosomes and fragments. Moreover, the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results showed that some fragments contained telomere signals at both ends. The LAA × AA progenies were aneuploid, with one progeny containing a small aberrant chromosome (potential B chromosome). The genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) results showed that the aberrant chromosome originated from the L genome. In contrast, the FISH results showed that the aberrant chromosome contained two telomere signals. This suggests that the anomalous meiosis of the triploid lily forms chromosome bridges, fragments, and small aberrant chromosomes (isochromosome), which eventually form aneuploid gametes containing small aberrant chromosomes passed on to the progeny. This study provides a case in which the potential B chromosomes are derived from the A chromosomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Innovation and Breeding in Ornamental Plants)

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17 pages, 6109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Uncover Variation in Pigment Accumulation Profiles in Alpinia hainanensis Bracts

by Tong Zhao, Qianxia Yu, Huanfang Liu and Zehong Wei

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030266 (registering DOI) - 1 Mar 2025

Abstract

Alpinia hainanensis is a famous flowering herbaceous plant with valuable ornamental value that is distinguished by its brightly colored labellum. A. hainanensis ‘Shengzhen’ has been identified to possess a novel ornamental feature: its inflorescence is adorned with charming pink bracts. Although flavonoids are [...] Read more.

Alpinia hainanensis is a famous flowering herbaceous plant with valuable ornamental value that is distinguished by its brightly colored labellum. A. hainanensis ‘Shengzhen’ has been identified to possess a novel ornamental feature: its inflorescence is adorned with charming pink bracts. Although flavonoids are recognized as the primary pigments that color most flowers, the role of their metabolic pathways in shaping the bract color of A. hainanensis ‘Shengzhen’ has not yet been fully explored. This research performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses on the floral bracts of both wild-type (white bract) and ‘Shengzhen’ cultivar (pink bract) of A. hainanensis. The results identified 565 flavonoid metabolites, including 19 anthocyanins. The ‘Shengzhen’ cultivar showed a higher accumulation of 17 anthocyanins (seven cyanidins, two delphinidins, one pelargonidin, three peonidins, and four petunidins) compared to the wild type. A combined transcriptomic and metabonomic investigation revealed significant links between four differentially expressed genes and seven anthocyanins. The key genes responsible for flavonoid and anthocyanin synthesis, such as AhPAL, AhC4H, AhCHI, AhF3H, AhDFR, AhFLS, and AhF3′5′H, were further analyzed to explain the differences in pigmentation. This study offers a fresh perspective on anthocyanin accumulation in Alpinia, paving the way for future flower color breeding efforts in the genus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Color Formation and Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

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18 pages, 2147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical, Mineralogical, and Biological Properties of Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica Essential Oils from the Middle Atlas of Morocco

by Mohammed Bassouya, Mohamed Chedadi, Mohamed El fadili, Jawhari Fatima Zahra, Younesse El-byari, Abdelaaty A. Shahat, Sonia Morya, Abdelfattah El Moussaoui, Mohammed Kara and Amina Bari

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030265 (registering DOI) - 1 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study focused on Atlas pistachio (Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica), an endangered species from the Moroccan Middle Atlas, analyzing its leaves to assess their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Essential oils (EOPA) were extracted by distillation using a Clevenger apparatus, and [...] Read more.

This study focused on Atlas pistachio (Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica), an endangered species from the Moroccan Middle Atlas, analyzing its leaves to assess their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Essential oils (EOPA) were extracted by distillation using a Clevenger apparatus, and their phytochemical compounds were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Antioxidant activity tests were carried out using the DPPH and FRAP methods. In addition, antimicrobial activity was tested against Candida albicans to determine its antifungal effect, and against two Gram-positive strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and three Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) to determine the antibacterial effect. The results show that the essential oils contained between 23 and 49 compounds, depending on the extraction area, with (-)-germacrene D as the main compound. Antioxidant activity varied by study area, with IC₅₀ ranging from 0.414 mg/mL (Amghas) to 1.520 mg/mL (Ait Naamane), and EC₅₀ from 2.132 mg/mL to 5.4 mg/mL. In terms of antimicrobial activity, Afourgah essential oils showed the best results, with significant inhibition diameters against bacteria and low MIC. In particular, Amghas essential oils inhibited Staphylococcus aureus well, while Ait Naamane essential oils were less effective. This variability in phytochemical composition, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, may be attributed to climatic differences specific to the distribution zones of the Atlas pistachio tree. This study contributes to a better understanding of the botanical and chemical characterization of the Pistacia genus, and highlights its potential as a source of bioactive agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals of Natural Products: Analysis and Biological Activities: 2nd Edition)

32 pages, 6398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Morphological, Biochemical, and Sensory Study of Traditional and Modern Apple Cultivars

by Paula A. Morariu, Andruța E. Mureșan, Adriana F. Sestras, Anda E. Tanislav, Catalina Dan, Eugenia Mareși, Mădălina Militaru, Vlad Mureșan and Radu E. Sestras

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030264 (registering DOI) - 1 Mar 2025

Abstract

Apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) represent one of the most widely cultivated and consumed fruits globally, with significant genetic diversity among cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological, biochemical, and organoleptic characteristics of 34 apple cultivars, including ancient Romanian varieties, internationally old [...] Read more.

Apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) represent one of the most widely cultivated and consumed fruits globally, with significant genetic diversity among cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological, biochemical, and organoleptic characteristics of 34 apple cultivars, including ancient Romanian varieties, internationally old and modern cultivars, and new selections. The assessment was conducted to identify valuable traits for breeding programs and commercial applications. Morphological analysis revealed significant variation in fruit size, shape, and weight, with international ‘classic’ cultivars exhibiting larger dimensions on average. Biochemical profiling indicated notable differences in moisture content, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and carotenoid levels, with some traditional cultivars demonstrating high nutritional potential. Texture analysis showed variations in peel hardness, flesh firmness, and toughness, influencing storage capacity and consumer preference. Organoleptic evaluations highlighted the superior sensory attributes of cultivars such as ‘Golden Orange’, ‘Jonathan’, ‘Kaltherer Böhmer’, and ‘Golden Delicious’, which ranked highest in terms of taste, aroma, and juiciness. Statistical analyses, including principal component and hierarchical clustering analyses, further distinguished cultivars based on their physicochemical and sensory profiles. The findings emphasize the importance of genetic diversity in apples in maintaining a resilient and sustainable assortment. This study provides valuable insights for breeding programs and for orchard, market, and apple industry development. We also highlight future directions, promoting the conservation and strategic use of both traditional and modern cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flavor Biochemistry of Horticultural Plants)

12 pages, 1470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects and Inhibition Mechanism of Indole-3-Carboxaldehyde in Controlling Scutellaria baicalensis Root Rot

by Li Wang, Xin Guo and Lirong Han

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030263 (registering DOI) - 1 Mar 2025

Abstract

Scutellaria baicalensis Gorg is a medicinal herb of significant value in traditional Chinese medicine. Root rot is a major issue in S. baicalensis-producing areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether indole-3-carboxaldehyde, a metabolite derived from Purpureocillium lilacinum, has [...] Read more.

Scutellaria baicalensis Gorg is a medicinal herb of significant value in traditional Chinese medicine. Root rot is a major issue in S. baicalensis-producing areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether indole-3-carboxaldehyde, a metabolite derived from Purpureocillium lilacinum, has a significant effect on Fusarium solani (one of the main pathogenic fungi causing S. baicalensis root rot), and to clarify its antifungal mechanism. We evaluated the toxicity of indole-3-carboxaldehyde to F. solani using the growth rate assay and found that the EC₅₀ value was 59.563 μg/mL; we also performed additional pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. The effects of indole-3-carboxaldehyde on fungal hyphal morphology and ultrastructure were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Indole-3-carboxaldehyde was found to induce the disintegration of the mitochondrial double membrane in F. solani, as well as cause cell wall separation. Further probing into the effects of indole-3-carboxaldehyde on mitochondrial aspects was conducted using enzyme activity test kits and real-time quantitative PCR. The findings indicated that indole-3-carboxaldehyde decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential; reduces the activities of SOD, CAT, POD, and GR enzymes; and hampers the growth of F. solani by suppressing the activity of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I, resulting in H₂O₂ accumulation. This disruption of the mitochondrial antioxidant pathway impedes the effective clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to the death of F. solani. Future studies of indole-3-carboxaldehyde should focus on its effect on metabolic pathways, which could facilitate the development of innovative pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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19 pages, 2364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Growth and Quality of Winter Watermelon Using LED Supplementary Lighting

by Md Mukhtar Hossain, Yuki Shibasaki and Fumiyuki Goto

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030262 (registering DOI) - 1 Mar 2025

Abstract

The effect of LED supplementary lighting at various intensities on winter-grown watermelon plants was evaluated to identify the optimal level for enhancing growth, yield, and quality. The plants were exposed to three lighting conditions: natural daylight (control) and LED supplementary lighting at 900 [...] Read more.

The effect of LED supplementary lighting at various intensities on winter-grown watermelon plants was evaluated to identify the optimal level for enhancing growth, yield, and quality. The plants were exposed to three lighting conditions: natural daylight (control) and LED supplementary lighting at 900 and 1500 µmol/m²/s, from 17:00 to 21:00. Supplemented LED lighting enhanced chlorophyll content, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the leaves of fruit set region, leading to an increase in photosynthesis rate throughout the growing period and supporting consistent plant growth. The results showed that LED₉₀₀ µmol/m²/s significantly boosted the number of female flowers, fruit weight, size, and flesh thickness. Ultimately, the yield per plant increased by 31% under the LED at 900 µmol/m²/s and by 14% under the LED at 1500 µmol/m²/s compared to the control. Furthermore, high sugar and low acid contents were detected in the LED-treated fruits. These results indicate that fruits bore under LED lighting ripened faster than those in the control. In conclusion, supplemental LED lighting markedly contributes to watermelon production during winter, with a 900 µmol/m²/s LED light intensity outperforming 1500 µmol/m²/s in promoting plant growth and boosting the yield and quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Controlled Environment Horticulture: Indoor Farming and Novel Cultivation Technologies)

15 pages, 8706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of the SmHD-zip Genes That Respond to Multiple Ripening-Related Signals in Eggplant Fruit

by Caiqian Jiang, Yunrong Mo, Haoran Zhang, Kaiyun Chen, Ying Zhou, Zushuai Ma, Yuhao Jing, Yu Liu, Yanyan Wang and Kai Zhao

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030261 - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

The homeodomain–leucine zipper (HD-zip) gene family plays a crucial role in plant development and stress responses. However, systematic identification studies of this gene family in eggplant are still lacking. In this study, we systematically identified 44 HD-zip [...] Read more.

The homeodomain–leucine zipper (HD-zip) gene family plays a crucial role in plant development and stress responses. However, systematic identification studies of this gene family in eggplant are still lacking. In this study, we systematically identified 44 HD-zip genes in the eggplant genome database using bioinformatics methods and analyzed their expression levels under light and multiple hormones by RT-qPCR. The results show that members of the SmHD-zip gene family were classified into four groups (HD-zip I, II, III, and IV) based on the phylogenetic relationship. Cis-acting elements related to plant development, hormones, and stress were identified in the promoter regions of the SmHD-zip gene family. Furthermore, the expression of the SmHDZ2 gene was upregulated during the fruit development stage, while nine SmHD-zip genes exhibited downregulated expression patterns. Notably, some SmHD-zip genes were identified as key regulators of eggplant responses to light and multiple hormone signals. Overall, these findings not only provide valuable insights into the evolutionary and functional characteristics of eggplant HD-Zips but also suggest that HD-zip genes likely play a significant role in regulating fruit development and ripening by integrating light and multiple hormone signaling pathways. Therefore, this study laid the foundation for further research on eggplant quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomics and Genetic Diversity in Vegetable Crops)

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30 pages, 948 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes for Resilient Farming Systems: Mitigating Environmental Stressors and Boosting Crops Productivity—A Review

by Assiya Ansabayeva, Murat Makhambetov, Nazih Y. Rebouh, Mostafa Abdelkader, Hani S. Saudy, Karim M. Hassan, Mohamed A. Nasser, Mahmoud A. A. Ali and Mohamed Ebrahim

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030260 - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

This review delves into the role of plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPMs) in sustainable agriculture by enhancing soil health, improving plant stress tolerance, and controlling diseases. PGPMs, which include bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, are increasingly recognized as important contributors to promoting eco-friendly agricultural [...] Read more.

This review delves into the role of plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPMs) in sustainable agriculture by enhancing soil health, improving plant stress tolerance, and controlling diseases. PGPMs, which include bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, are increasingly recognized as important contributors to promoting eco-friendly agricultural practices. Their ability to improve nutrient availability, stimulate plant growth, and protect crops from environmental stressors makes them a cornerstone for resilient and efficient farming systems. By reducing dependency on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, PGPMs play a vital role in preserving environmental resources, minimizing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and combating climate change’s negative impacts. This article thoroughly explores the complex interactions between PGPMs, soil nutrients, plant pathogens, and abiotic stressors. It also examines how these interactions influence phytohormone production and signaling pathways, ultimately impacting crop growth and development. Furthermore, this review discusses how PGPMs enhance nutrient uptake, modulate plant immune responses, and improve stress resilience, offering a holistic understanding of their multifaceted contributions to farming. By synthesizing current research and highlighting future directions, this review underscores the potential of PGPMs to revolutionize agricultural activities, ensuring food security and environmental sustainability in the face of global challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant–Microbe Interactions and Their Importance for Horticultural Crop Productivity)

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9 pages, 1081 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Shoots Regeneration in Brigitta and Duke Blueberry Cultivars from Different Encapsulated Vegetative Propagules

by Luca Regni, Arianna Cesarini, Silvia Calisti, Primo Proietti and Maurizio Micheli

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030259 - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Synthetic seed technology, an advanced in vitro propagation method, combines the benefits of micropropagation with the practicality of zygotic seeds, offering an efficient solution for the handling, storage, and transportation of plant propagules. This study represents the first investigation of the role of [...] Read more.

Synthetic seed technology, an advanced in vitro propagation method, combines the benefits of micropropagation with the practicality of zygotic seeds, offering an efficient solution for the handling, storage, and transportation of plant propagules. This study represents the first investigation of the role of explant type in blueberry encapsulation. In particular, three non-embryogenic propagules (basal node, median node, and shoot tip) were evaluated in the Brigitta and Duke blueberry cultivars. The artificial endosperm consists of Woody Plant Medium (WPM) macro- and micro-nutrients and Murashige and Skoog vitamins at half concentration, inositol (5 g L⁻¹), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.005 mg L⁻¹), zeatin (0.25 mg L⁻¹), and sucrose (50 g L⁻¹). Forty-five days after sowing in in vitro conditions, the encapsulated shoot tips showed better results than basal and median nodes in several parameters, including viability, shoot length, and fresh shoot weight, in both cultivars. In both cultivars, none of the encapsulated propagule types developed roots. These results underscore the advantages of using shoot tips in encapsulation technology for blueberries and provide valuable insights for optimizing encapsulation protocols to improve propagation efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro Culture for Small Fruits Plants: Challenges and Perspectives)

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32 pages, 4228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Jatropha curcas Seed Germination: Effect of Seed Imbibition, Aging, Storage, and Salinity

by Isidro Elias Suarez-Padrón, Marcelo F. Pompelli, Claudia Carlucci, Marvin José Perneth-Montaño, Andrés José Betin Ruiz, Mahmoud F. Seleiman, Majed Alotaibi, Khalid F. Almutairi, Luis Eliécer Oviedo Zumaque, Yirlis Yadeth Pineda-Rodríguez and Luis Alfonso Rodríguez-Paez

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030258 - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Renewable energy sources are essential to mitigating climate change, with biofuels offering a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Jatropha curcas, the best, non-edible, high-oil-yielding species, is a leading candidate for biodiesel production. However, ensuring a stable seed [...] Read more.

Renewable energy sources are essential to mitigating climate change, with biofuels offering a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Jatropha curcas, the best, non-edible, high-oil-yielding species, is a leading candidate for biodiesel production. However, ensuring a stable seed supply through effective storage is critical for biodiesel markets stability. This study evaluated the physiological and biochemical viability of J. curcas seeds stored at 4 °C with controlled humidity using 1.5 g of silica gel per gram of seed over 12 months. The results demonstrated that low-temperature, low-humidity storage significantly reduced metabolic activity, embryo respiration, and seed deterioration, preserving high germinability and oil quality. Despite a slight increase in mean germination time, seeds retained resilience in germination potential and viability. Additionally, preliminary assessments of salt tolerance revealed the potential of J. curcas seeds to germinate under saline conditions, supported by analyses of mineral nutrition and salt tolerance-related gene expression. These findings underscore the practicality of optimized storage conditions for maintaining seed quality and economic value, ensuring a consistent supply chain for biodiesel production. This study highlights the importance of integrating storage strategies into biodiesel systems to enhance sustainability and market resilience in the face of fluctuating production demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

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14 pages, 1373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carrier-Based Application of RsPod1EGY Phage to Effective Control Potato Bacterial Wilt

by Kamel M. Elhalag, Yasser S. A. Mazrou, Abdelnaser A. Elzaawely, Abeer H. Makhlouf, Sherine A. Elsaed, Hanafey F. Maswada, Tran Dang Xuan and Asmaa El-Nagar

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030257 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, poses a significant threat to Solanaceae crops, including potatoes. Traditionally, chemical bactericides have been the primary method of disease management. However, the excessive and repeated use of these chemicals has led to the emergence of resistant [...] Read more.

Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, poses a significant threat to Solanaceae crops, including potatoes. Traditionally, chemical bactericides have been the primary method of disease management. However, the excessive and repeated use of these chemicals has led to the emergence of resistant R. solanacearum strains and raised environmental and safety concerns. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore bacteriophages as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to chemical control. Specifically, we evaluated the efficacy of the bacteriophage RsPod1EGY as a biocontrol agent under greenhouse conditions to reduce disease severity and maintain potato productivity. To improve phage survival and activity, we tested six carrier types; compost, peat moss, clay soil, sandy soil, talc powder, and wheat bran. Our findings indicated that compost, talc powder, and wheat bran significantly prolonged the phage’s viability and activity, reducing disease severity by 90%, compared to 65% and 85% for peat moss and phage-alone treatments respectively. In contrast, pathogen control treatments resulted in complete plant mortality. Phage survival was enhanced in pathogen-infected soils, supporting its role in reducing R. solanacearum populations. Potato yield was preserved in compost and talc powder treatments comparable to pathogen-free controls. These results underscore the potential of integrating bacteriophage RsPod1EGY with suitable carriers for sustainable bacterial wilt management, highlighting the importance of delivery methods in agricultural applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

18 pages, 3947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Light-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation in Lycium ruthenicum Murray

by Shengrong Chen, Tao He, Wenyi Gu, Ruimin Li and Yinyan Qi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030256 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

Light plays a crucial role in anthocyanin biosynthesis and color development in plants. Anthocyanins found in Lycium ruthenicum Murray are crucial for the plant’s defense against UV light and environmental stress, as well as for their economic value in functional foods and nutraceuticals [...] Read more.

Light plays a crucial role in anthocyanin biosynthesis and color development in plants. Anthocyanins found in Lycium ruthenicum Murray are crucial for the plant’s defense against UV light and environmental stress, as well as for their economic value in functional foods and nutraceuticals due to their high antioxidant content. Despite this, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain incompletely understood. This study explores the molecular mechanisms that drive light-regulated anthocyanin accumulation in L. ruthenicum berries by conducting shading treatments and analyzing the transcriptomic data. Results indicated that shading from 5 to 25 days post-flowering greatly impedes the synthesis of anthocyanin, even if light exposure is increased afterward. This suggests that the early stages of fruit development are crucial for anthocyanin accumulation. In regular lighting conditions, a total of 22 anthocyanin types were detected, with Delphinidin-3-O-(p-coumaroyl)-glucoside (611) and Petunidin-3-O-rutinoside (933) being the most prevalent. When berries were exposed to early light, there was a greater presence of Petunidin-3-O-rutinoside (933), resulting in a black appearance, whereas those not exposed had a lighter color with higher levels of Delphinidin-3-O-(p-coumaroyl)-glucoside (611). RNA-Seq analysis showed a notable decrease in the expression of genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway (such as CHS, CHI, F3H, F3′H, F3′5′H, DFR, and ANS) following shading. Key regulatory genes like GRAS, HD-ZIP, MADS, and mTERF were involved in anthocyanin accumulation in response to light. A proposed model has been developed to elucidate the mechanism by which light controls the biosynthesis of anthocyanin, providing insights into light signal regulation. Our findings provide data to improve the understanding of light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in L. ruthenicum berries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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14 pages, 3836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Processing Treatments on the Quality and Functional Constituents of Crabapple Flower Tea

by Huabin Liu, Junjun Fan, Jingze Ma, Yanan Cai, Zhu Yu, Huawen Zhao and Ruixia Dong

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030255 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

The edible value of crabapple flowers remains unreported. In this study, the flower buds of three crabapple cultivars with different flower colors, Malus ‘Royalty’ (purple-red), ‘May’s Delight’ (pink), and ‘Snowdrift’ (white), were processed via hot-air drying at different temperatures and durations. The results [...] Read more.

The edible value of crabapple flowers remains unreported. In this study, the flower buds of three crabapple cultivars with different flower colors, Malus ‘Royalty’ (purple-red), ‘May’s Delight’ (pink), and ‘Snowdrift’ (white), were processed via hot-air drying at different temperatures and durations. The results showed that the sensory scores of ‘Royalty’ (4 h at 50 °C or 6 h at 40 °C), ‘Snowdrift’ (5 h at 50 °C), and ‘May’s Delight’ (4 h at 60 °C or 6 h at 50 °C) were higher (score > 90 points). The contents of phloridzin, total flavonoids (TFC), and total free amino acids (TFAC) in ‘May’s Delight’ under 50 or 60 °C were significantly higher than in other treatments. The differences in functional constituents among the different treatments of ‘Royalty’ were the smallest (C.V < 7%). The influences (C.V_k > 35%) of cultivar and drying temperature on the phlorizin content (PC) and TFAC were significantly higher than those of other treatments. The PC maintained the highest stability (C.V_k < 10%) under different temperatures and durations. The value of color parameter a* of dry flowers was significantly positively correlated with TFC, PC, and TFAC, and the total score of the sensory evaluation was positively correlated with the TFC. Based on functional constituents and sensory evaluation, ‘May’s Delight’ with air-drying at 50 °C for 6 h was the best option for crabapple flower tea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

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13 pages, 1306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrient Balance of Citrus Across the Mandarin Belts of India

by Anoop Kumar Srivastava, Ambadas Dattatray Huchche, Leon-Etienne Parent, Suresh Kumar Malhotra, Vasileios Ziogas and Lohit Kumar Baishya

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030254 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

India is a major producer of mandarin oranges. However, the average fruit yield remains below potential due in part to multiple nutrient deficiencies. Our objective was to elaborate compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) log-ratio standards accounting for nutrient interactions and the dilution the leaf [...] Read more.

India is a major producer of mandarin oranges. However, the average fruit yield remains below potential due in part to multiple nutrient deficiencies. Our objective was to elaborate compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) log-ratio standards accounting for nutrient interactions and the dilution the leaf tissue. We hypothesized that equally or unequally weighted dual nutrient log ratios integrated into centered log ratios (clr) or weighted log ratios (wlr) influence the accuracy of the CND diagnosis. The database comprised 494 observations on ‘Nagpur’, ‘Khasi’, and ‘Kinnow’ cultivars surveyed in contrasting agroecosystems of India. Weights were provided by gain ratios that indicated the importance of the dual log ratio on crop performance. The cutoff yield was set at the upper high-yield quarter for each variety. Centered log ratios (clrs) and weighted log ratios (wlrs) returned accuracies of 0.7–0.8 depending on the machine learning classification model. The gain ratios were not contrasted enough to make a difference between clr and wlr. We derived clr and wlr nutrient standards following the Gradient Boosting model. In a case study, the clr and wlr returned similar diagnoses. The capacity of clr and wlr to generalize to unseen cases and correct nutrient imbalance should be further verified in fertilizer trials. The diagnosis could also be conducted at a local scale, thanks to the Euclidian geometry and additivity of clr and wlr variables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 10890 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Microbial and Amino Acid Treatments for Organic Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenk) Seed Production

by Gresheen Garcia, Simone Treccarichi, Riccardo Calì, Donata Arena, Alessandro Tribulato and Ferdinando Branca

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030253 - 26 Feb 2025

Abstract

The availability and quality of organic seeds are critical challenges for organic farming, with nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) being crucial for improving productivity. This study, part of the H2020 BRESOV project, assessed the effects of three nutritional protocols (NPs) on eight broccoli genotypes [...] Read more.

The availability and quality of organic seeds are critical challenges for organic farming, with nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) being crucial for improving productivity. This study, part of the H2020 BRESOV project, assessed the effects of three nutritional protocols (NPs) on eight broccoli genotypes (GEs), comprising two commercial F1 hybrids and six Sicilian landraces. The tested NPs included formulations containing Trichoderma species, organic nitrogen, and essential micronutrients such as iron, zinc, carbon, boron, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc. This trial was conducted on an organic farm in Adrano (CT). Plants were evaluated for key traits related to growth, development, and seed production. NUE was analyzed to measure the efficiency of nitrogen conversion from soil into seed production. Significant interactions between NPs and GEs were observed for all seed yield components and most morphometric traits, except for secondary branches and root width, varying significantly only among the tested genotypes. The Sicilian landraces Broccolo nero and Sparaceddi showed the highest seed yield, overcoming the productive performances of the commercial hybrids F₁ Marathon and Gentleman. Broccolo nero, grown using amino acid microbial consortia applied solely via fertigation (NP1), exhibited the highest NUE, indicating a positive nitrogen balance relative to seed yield and soil nitrogen content. Principal component analysis (PCA) grouped the genotypes into five distinct clusters based on the analyzed bio-morphometric traits and on the effect of the treatment. The Broccolo nero and Sparaceddi genotypes formed two distinct groups, clearly differentiated by their unique morphological traits related to plant biomass and seed production. Additionally, both genotypes exhibited distinct responses to the applied nutrition protocols, with positive results compared to the control condition. These results underscore the potential of the broccoli landraces for organic farming and breeding due to their adaptability, resilience, and superior NUE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Developments in the Propagation and Cultivation of Vegetable Crops)

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20 pages, 5797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Grape NRT Gene Family and Analysis of Its Expression in Leaves Under Nitrogen-Deficiency Stress

by Zhongyi Yang, Junjie Mei, Wei Zheng, Falak Sher Khan, Mohammad Nasim Bhuiyan, Kangjie Wang, Mohammad Saidur Rhaman, Naomi Abe-Kanoh and Wei Ji

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030252 - 26 Feb 2025

Abstract

Nitrogen, an indispensable macronutrient, significantly affects the appearance, quality, and yield of grapes (Vitis vinifera). Adequate nitrate uptake and intracellular transport, facilitated primarily by nitrate transport (NRT) proteins, are crucial for maintaining nutritional balance. However, there are no reports on the [...] Read more.

Nitrogen, an indispensable macronutrient, significantly affects the appearance, quality, and yield of grapes (Vitis vinifera). Adequate nitrate uptake and intracellular transport, facilitated primarily by nitrate transport (NRT) proteins, are crucial for maintaining nutritional balance. However, there are no reports on the NRT gene family in grapes. In this study, we identified 53 Nitrate Transporter 1/Peptide Transporter Family (NPF), 3 nitrate transporter 2 family (NRT2), and 1 Nitrate Assimilation-Related 2 (NAR2) genes in the grapevine Pinot Noir PN40024 genome. A comprehensive analysis of these gene families, including their physicochemical properties, structural organization, chromosomal distribution, collinearity, cis-acting element distribution, and phylogenetic relationships, revealed the rich diversity and evolutionary conservation of the grapevine Nitrate Transporter (NRT) genes. Furthermore, the expression profiles of VvNRTs in different tissues demonstrated that the NRT genes possess spatio-temporal expression specificity. The expression patterns of the NRT genes were examined by transcriptome sequencing in grapevines across various tissues under nitrogen-deficiency conditions. The expression patterns in grapevine leaves under nitrogen-deficiency conditions showed upregulation of the VvNPF2.3 gene in conditions of nitrogen deficiency. This upregulation was strongly associated with a 62.2% reduction in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels and a 21.3% increase in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels, suggesting a complex regulatory response to nitrogen-induced stress. These findings emphasize the potential involvement of NRT genes in the adaptive reaction to nitrogen deficiency and set the stage for future investigations into the molecular mechanisms of nitrogen transportation in grapevines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

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16 pages, 5810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CsWRKY46 Is Involved in the Regulation of Cucumber Salt Stress by Regulating Abscisic Acid and Modulating Cellular Reactive Oxygen Species

by Xue Bai, Pengyu Liu, Fangyi Zhu, Chong Zhang, Hongbo Pang and Ying Zhang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030251 - 26 Feb 2025

Abstract

Soil salinity significantly restricts the growth, development, and productivity of vegetables. Cucumber, a crucial greenhouse vegetable, is helpful for understanding how plants perceive, signal, and respond to salt stress. The WRKY family plays an important role in regulating stress responses. This study utilized [...] Read more.

Soil salinity significantly restricts the growth, development, and productivity of vegetables. Cucumber, a crucial greenhouse vegetable, is helpful for understanding how plants perceive, signal, and respond to salt stress. The WRKY family plays an important role in regulating stress responses. This study utilized the cucumber variety ‘Zhongnong 26’ to investigate the effects of salt stress on morphological changes, physiological and biochemical indices, and molecular regulations. CsWRKY46 was up-regulated in both salt stress and ABA response conditions in the leaves, roots, and fruits of cucumber. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing CsWRKY46 (CsWRK46-OE1 and CsWRK46-OE5) showed higher proline accumulation and reduced electrolyte leakage compared to the wild type (WT). These overexpression lines demonstrated higher peroxidase (POD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, along with lower ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activity. qRT-PCR analysis revealed elevated expression levels of ABI5 and ABF4 in CsWRKY46-OE lines compared to the WT. Additionally, the overexpression of CsWRKY46 increased the expression of stress-inducible genes such as PSCS1, PY19, and RD19. These findings suggest that CsWRKY46 enhances plant tolerance to salt stress, potentially through ABA regulation and modulation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and provide a foundation for the identification of new sources of salt stress tolerance for breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Controlled Environment Horticulture: Indoor Farming and Novel Cultivation Technologies)

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18 pages, 1579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of Dormex^® and Biostimulant Effects on Dormancy Release, Productivity, and Quality in ‘Royal Tioga^®’ Sweet Cherry Trees (Prunus avium L.)

by Burhanettin İmrak, Nesibe Ebru Kafkas, Songül Çömlekçioğlu, Ömer Faruk Bilgin, Ayşegül Esra Gölcü, Ayşegül Burgut, Şule Hilal Attar, Cenk Küçükyumuk and Zeliha Küçükyumuk

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030250 - 26 Feb 2025

Abstract

Dormancy breakers are widely employed in regions with an insufficient chill accumulation to enhance floral bud break in sweet cherry production. Dormex (HC) has not been authorized in Europe and many other countries due to its detrimental effects on human health (carcinogenic) and [...] Read more.

Dormancy breakers are widely employed in regions with an insufficient chill accumulation to enhance floral bud break in sweet cherry production. Dormex (HC) has not been authorized in Europe and many other countries due to its detrimental effects on human health (carcinogenic) and the environment. This situation has increased the demand for alternative chemicals to HC. The current study was conducted in an orchard of 5-year-old ‘Royal Tioga^®’ sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) grafted on MaxMa 14 rootstocks in the Karayusuflu Village (at an altitude of 50 m), Adana, a Mediterranean city in Türkiye. Levante (LV) and HC were applied approximately 30 days before the anticipated dormancy break of the buds. Chill accumulation was quantified monthly during the 2023–2024 winter season using the chilling hours below 7.2 °C (467 h) and chill units (280 CUs). This study evaluated the effects of dormancy breakers on hormonal changes in floral buds, focusing specifically on gibberellic acid (GA₃) and abscisic acid (ABA). Also, their impact on fruit set and quality parameters was assessed. The findings revealed that the LV and HC applications reduced the ABA content in flower buds during the dormancy period compared to the control. LV significantly improved bud break rates (56.8%) and fruit set (85.2%) while positively influencing the fruit quality parameters and yield. No significant differences between the LV and HC treatments were observed regarding average fruit weight (8.8–8.4 g) and yield values (3.7–3.5 kg tree⁻¹). These results suggest LV as an alternative to HC for early-season cherry production in warm climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses to Abiotic Stresses in Horticultural Crops—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 2054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Meteorological Factors and Frost Injury on Flowering Stage of Apples and Pears Across Regions at Varying Altitudes

by Young-Min Choi, Sang-Baek Kim, Dong-Geun Choi, Seung-Heui Kim and Ju-Hee Song

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030249 - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Recent meteorological variability in winter and spring complicates predicting and managing frost damage in apples and pears. This study investigated the relationship between frost injury during the flowering stages of apples (‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’) and pears (‘Wonwhang’ and ‘Niitaka’) and weather conditions across [...] Read more.

Recent meteorological variability in winter and spring complicates predicting and managing frost damage in apples and pears. This study investigated the relationship between frost injury during the flowering stages of apples (‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’) and pears (‘Wonwhang’ and ‘Niitaka’) and weather conditions across regions at varying altitudes. Orchards were categorized into coastal, inland, mid-mountainous, and mountainous regions, and flowering stages and frost injury were analyzed. The flowering period of apples, from the onset of blooming to full bloom, averaged approximately 15 days, which was about 3 to 5 times longer than that of pears. Furthermore, the total flowering duration of apples was 1.5 to 2.0 times longer than that of pears. Additionally, flowering exhibited a tendency to be delayed at higher altitudes. However, orchards situated in mid-mountainous regions experienced earlier flowering compared to those in other regions. Among the two apple cultivars, the average frost damage was more severe in central flowers than in lateral flowers and was relatively higher in ‘Fuji’ than in ‘Hongro’. In pears, frost damage was most prevalent in the first to fourth flowers within the inflorescence, with ‘Wonhwang’ exhibiting relatively greater susceptibility than ‘Niitaka’. Across different cultivation regions, severe frost damage was observed in orchards located in mid-mountainous areas for both fruit species and cultivars. The severity of frost damage followed the order mid-mountainous, mountainous, plain, and coastal regions. Minimum temperatures were lowest in mid-mountainous and mountainous regions, while daily temperature differences were largest in mid-mountainous regions. Meteorological analysis (1981 to 2022) revealed consistent trends, with an increase in daily temperature range in recent years. These findings highlight the vulnerability of mid-mountainous orchards due to flowering stages overlapping with coastal and plain regions, exposing them to lower temperatures and larger temperature differences. Further studies on temperature variability are essential to mitigate frost damage risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management Under Climate Change: 2nd Edition)

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