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13 pages, 3558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Layer QCA Reversible Full Adder-Subtractor Using Reversible Gates for Reliable Information Transfer and Minimal Power Dissipation on Universal Quantum Computer

by Jun-Cheol Jeon

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8886; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198886 - 2 Oct 2024

Viewed by 921

Abstract

The effects of quantum mechanics dominate nanoscale devices, where Moore’s law no longer holds true. Additionally, with the recent rapid development of quantum computers, the development of reversible gates to overcome the problems of energy and information loss and the nano-level quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) technology to efficiently implement them are in the spotlight. In this study, a full adder-subtractor, a core operation of the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the most important hardware device in computer operations, is implemented as a circuit capable of reversible operation using QCA-based reversible gates. The proposed circuit consists of one reversible QCA gate and two Feynman gates and is designed as a multi-layer structure for efficient use of area and minimization of delay. The proposed circuit is tested on QCADesigner 2.0.3 and QCADesigner-E 2.2 and shows the best performance and lowest energy dissipation. In particular, it shows tremendous improvement rates of 180% and 562% in two representative standard design cost indicators compared to the best existing studies, and also shows the highest circuit average output polarization. Full article

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22 pages, 342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mechanics Underpinning Non-Deterministic Computation in Cortical Neural Networks

by Elizabeth A. Stoll

AppliedMath 2024, 4(3), 806-827; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4030043 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1223

Abstract

Cortical neurons integrate upstream signals and random electrical noise to gate signaling outcomes, leading to statistically random patterns of activity. Yet classically, the neuron is modeled as a binary computational unit, encoding Shannon entropy. Here, the neuronal membrane potential is modeled as a function of inherently probabilistic ion behavior. In this new model, each neuron computes the probability of transitioning from an off-state to an on-state, thereby encoding von Neumann entropy. Component pure states are integrated into a physical quantity of information, and the derivative of this high-dimensional probability distribution yields eigenvalues across the multi-scale quantum system. In accordance with the Hellman–Feynman theorem, the resolution of the system state is paired with a spontaneous shift in charge distribution, so this defined system state instantly becomes the past as a new probability distribution emerges. This mechanistic model produces testable predictions regarding the wavelength of free energy released upon information compression and the temporal relationship of these events to physiological outcomes. Overall, this model demonstrates how cortical neurons might achieve non-deterministic signaling outcomes through a computational process of noisy coincidence detection. Full article

13 pages, 2127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantum Computing in Insurance Capital Modelling

by Muhsin Tamturk

Mathematics 2023, 11(3), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/math11030658 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3299

Abstract

This paper proposes a quantum computing approach for insurance capital modelling. Using an open-source software development kit, Qiskit, an algorithm for working on a superconducting type IBM quantum computer is developed and implemented to predict the capital of insurance companies in the classical surplus process. With the fundamental properties of quantum mechanics, Dirac notation and Feynman’s path calculation are shown. Furthermore, custom quantum insurance premium and claim gates are investigated in order to build a quantum circuit with respect to initial reserve, premium and claim amounts. Some numerical results are presented and discussed at the end of the paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Computing for Industrial Applications)

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25 pages, 17258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata-Based Gate Designs for Efficient Reversible Computing

by Mohsen Vahabi, Ehsan Rahimi, Pavel Lyakhov, Ali Newaz Bahar, Khan A. Wahid and Akira Otsuki

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2265; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032265 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2617

Abstract

Reversible logic enables ultra-low power circuit design and quantum computation. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is the most promising technology considered to implement reversible circuits, mainly due to the correspondence between features of reversible and QCA circuits. This work aims to push forward the state-of-the-art of the QCA-based reversible circuits implementation by proposing a novel QCA design of a reversible full adder\full subtractor (FA\FS). At first, we consider an efficient XOR-gate, and based on this, new QCA circuit layouts of Feynman, Toffoli, Peres, PQR, TR, RUG, URG, RQCA, and RQG are proposed. The efficient XOR gate significantly reduces the required clock phases and circuit area. As a result, all the proposed reversible circuits are efficient regarding cell count, delay, and circuit area. Finally, based on the presented reversible gates, a novel QCA design of a reversible full adder\full subtractor (FA\FS) is proposed. Compared to the state-of-the-art circuits, the proposed QCA design of FA\FS reversible circuit achieved up to 57% area savings, with 46% and 29% reduction in cell number and delay, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Optimal Manufacturing)

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15 pages, 8689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Reversible Comparator Design in Quantum Dot-Cellular Automata with Power Dissipation Analysis

by Mohsen Vahabi, Pavel Lyakhov, Ali Newaz Bahar, Akira Otsuki and Khan A. Wahid

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7846; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157846 - 4 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2417

Abstract

In very large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits, a partial of energy lost leads to information loss in irreversible computing because, in conventional combinatorial circuits, each bit of information generates heat and power consumption, thus resulting in energy dissipation. When information is lost in conventional circuits, it will not be recoverable, as a result, the circuits are provided based on the reversible logic and according to reversible gates for data retrieval. Since comparators are one of the basic building blocks in digital logic design, in which they compare two numbers, the aim of this research is to design a 1-bit comparator building block based on reversible logic and implement it in the QCA with the minimum cell consumption, less occupied area, and lower latency, as well as to design it in a single layer. The proposed 1-bit reversible comparator is denser, cost-effective, and more efficient in quantum cost, power dissipation, and the main QCA parameters than that of previous works. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Quantum Science and Technology)

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16 pages, 3448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cellular Computational Logic Using Toehold Switches

by Seungdo Choi, Geonhu Lee and Jongmin Kim

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(8), 4265; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084265 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4934

Abstract

The development of computational logic that carries programmable and predictable features is one of the key requirements for next-generation synthetic biological devices. Despite considerable progress, the construction of synthetic biological arithmetic logic units presents numerous challenges. In this paper, utilizing the unique advantages of RNA molecules in building complex logic circuits in the cellular environment, we demonstrate the RNA-only bitwise logical operation of XOR gates and basic arithmetic operations, including a half adder, a half subtractor, and a Feynman gate, in Escherichia coli. Specifically, de-novo-designed riboregulators, known as toehold switches, were concatenated to enhance the functionality of an OR gate, and a previously utilized antisense RNA strategy was further optimized to construct orthogonal NIMPLY gates. These optimized synthetic logic gates were able to be seamlessly integrated to achieve final arithmetic operations on small molecule inputs in cells. Toehold-switch-based ribocomputing devices may provide a fundamental basis for synthetic RNA-based arithmetic logic units or higher-order systems in cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Molecular Structure on Nucleic Acid-Protein Interactions)

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11 pages, 19616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Cost-Efficient Design of a Reversible Gate Based on a Nano-Scale Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Technology

by Saeid Seyedi, Akira Otsuki and Nima Jafari Navimipour

Electronics 2021, 10(15), 1806; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151806 - 28 Jul 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3624

Abstract

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology is a practical suggestion for replacing present silicon-based technologies. It provides many benefits, such as low power usage, high velocity, and an extreme density of logic functions on a chip. In contrast, designing circuits with no waste of information (reversible circuits) may further reduce energy losses. The Feynman gate has been recognized as one of the most famous QCA-based gates for this purpose. Since reversible gates are significant, this paper develops a new optimized reversible double Feynman gate that uses efficient arithmetic elements as its key structural blocks. Additionally, we used several modeling principles to make it consistent and more robust against noise. Moreover, we examined the suggested model and compared it to the previous models regarding the complexity, clocking, number of cells, and latency. Furthermore, we applied QCADesigner to monitor the outline and performance of the proposed gate. The results show an acceptable improvement via the designed double Feynman gate in comparison to the existing designs. Finally, the temperature and cost analysis indicated the efficiency of the proposed nan-scale gate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microelectronics)

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