Search Results (4,344)

This study investigates the effects of various treatments on soil pH, SOC, and crop yield in red soil with a pH of 4.25 through a two-year field experiment, using a rapeseed and sesame cropping system. The treatments included the control (CK); lime (CaO) (L); fully fermented pig manure (M); a calcium–magnesium–phosphate fertilizer (P); lime and fully fermented pig manure (LM); lime and the calcium–magnesium–phosphate fertilizer (LP); fully fermented pig manure and the calcium–magnesium–phosphate fertilizer (MP); and lime, fully fermented pig manure, and the calcium–magnesium–phosphate fertilizer (LMP). Then, the changes in yield, soil pH, and SOC were analyzed. The results showed that, among all treatments, the LMP treatment produced the highest yields for both rapeseed (93.62%) and sesame (45.10%); they increased by 93.62% and 45.10% compared with that for CK. Furthermore, these treatments with lime application increased the soil pH. During the rapeseed season, compared with CK, the soil pH values increased by 0.87, 0.75, 0.90, 1.03, 1.24, 1.18, and 1.45 units in the L, M, P, LM, LP, MP, and LMP treatments, respectively. Moreover, they increased by 0.66, 0.34, 0.51, 0.95, 0.82, 0.72, and 1.03 units, respectively, in the sesame season. Similarly, in terms of yield, the highest pH was observed in the LMP treatment for both the rapeseed and sesame seasons. In contrast to soil pH, the effects of these treatments on SOC were less pronounced. Furthermore, the relationship between soil pH and crop yields was significant (R², p < 0.05). In addition, fitted equations indicated a higher yield response (5.17%) in rapeseed compared with that in sesame (2.32%), while soil pH increased by 0.1 unit. Therefore, the combined application of lime, composted pig manure, and calcium–magnesium–phosphate is an effective strategy to reduce soil acidification and improve crop yield in highly acidified red soils, with the increase in soil pH having a more substantial impact on crop yield than the increase in SOC. Full article

This study aimed to evaluate the residual effect of different management practices on a subsoil that has been exposed since 1969, which has been under recovery for 30 years. The soil under study is an Oxisol, and its assessment was conducted in 2023 and 2024. The experiment included nine treatments, with two controls, native vegetation and exposed soil, while the remaining treatments combined green manures (velvet bean, pigeon pea replaced by jack bean), liming, and liming + gypsum application from 1992 to 1997. Starting in 1999, Urochloa decumbens was planted in all plots, and from 2009, native Cerrado tree species naturally emerged. The following parameters were evaluated: gravimetric moisture, aggregate stability, infiltration rate, bulk density, soil penetration resistance, and organic matter content. Soil recovery management techniques reduced soil mechanical penetration resistance by 50% and soil density by 19.47%. The velvet bean increased gravimetric moisture by 11.32% compared to mobilized soil. The exposed soil exhibited an infiltration rate that was 90% lower than the other treatments. Conservation management practices increased the soil organic matter content, particularly in the 0–5 cm layer. Additionally, mucuna increased soil organic matter by 7% in the 10–20 cm layer and enhanced the soil organic carbon content. The strategies involving an initial use of velvet bean, velvet bean + liming, or velvet bean with liming + gypsum positively influenced the soil moisture, bulk density, aggregate stability, and organic matter at the 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths. Furthermore, the use of pigeon pea/jack bean with liming + gypsum improved attributes such as moisture, infiltration, and soil bulk density. It was concluded that green manuring enhances the physical properties of soil, with velvet bean or pigeon pea/jack bean combined with liming + gypsum being effective alternatives that are capable of positively impacting soil recovery. Full article

The benefits of partially substituting inorganic fertilizers with organic fertilizers have been extensively acknowledged. However, the key mechanisms behind nutrient transformation and supply for stable crop yields are still not fully understood. Based on an 11-year field experiment with a wheat–maize rotation system, this study explored the advantages of combined straw and manure substitution under various organic substitution regimes. These regimes included an unfertilized control (CK), inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers (NPK), NPK substituted with straw (NPKS), NPK substituted with manure (NPKM), and NPK substituted with both straw and manure (NPKSM). Compared to NPK and NPKS, NPKM and NPKSM significantly improved wheat yield by 12.8% and 13.8%, respectively. Bulk soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available superphosphate (AP), β-glucosidase (βG), urease (URE), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were all higher in the NPKM treatment than in the NPKSM treatment. However, compared to NPKM, NPKSM significantly decreased the potential nitrification rate by 31.0% and increased the soil NH₄⁺-N content. Correspondingly, the functional genes of nitrification were also found to be decreased in the NPKSM treatment. In the rhizosphere, most soil factors increased compared to bulk soil, but treatment differences were smaller. However, the differences among treatments were reduced in the rhizosphere. The high amount of manure applied in the NPKM treatment caused excessive soil phosphorus accumulation, reaching over 46.7 mg/kg, resulting in lower N/P and C/P ratios. The soil quality index (SQI), based on soil nutrients, enzymes, functional genes, and C:N:P stoichiometry, was 9.9% higher in NPKSM than in NPKM. Bulk soil SQIs showed stronger correlations with wheat yields than rhizosphere SQIs, highlighting that bulk soil was superior to rhizosphere in predicting crop yield. Partial least squares path modeling showed that C/N, N/P, and C/P ratios strongly influenced SQIs. The NPKSM treatment, which improved soil nutrients, biological factors, and balanced C:N:P stoichiometry, is an effective strategy for sustainable agriculture. Future practices should focus on maintaining stoichiometric balance to sustain soil quality and crop yields. Full article

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS), a nutrient-dense byproduct of mushroom cultivation, has emerged as a promising feedstock for biochar production, offering a sustainable solution to modern agricultural and environmental challenges. This review explores SMS properties, its conversion into biochar, and its various applications. Due to its lignocellulosic structure, high organic matter (OM), and essential nutrients, SMS is ideal for pyrolysis, a process that enhances biochar’s porosity, nutrient retention, and carbon stability. These properties improve soil fertility, water retention, microbial activity, and plant growth while also contributing to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. SMS-derived biochar stands out for its superior benefits, including a balanced pH, a rich nutrient profile, and the ability to adsorb heavy metals, which mitigates soil and water contamination and minimizes toxic risks in the food chain. By enhancing soil structure, nutrient cycling, and moisture retention, SMS-derived biochar supports sustainable farming practices that reduce chemical fertilizer use and boost climate resilience. Beyond soil applications, SMS-derived biochar is effective in wastewater treatment, mitigating plant diseases, and improving mushroom cultivation substrates, thereby enhancing mycelial growth and productivity. Economically, it is a cost-effective alternative due to the abundant availability and inexpensive nature of SMS. Nevertheless, challenges still exist, particularly in optimizing production methods and ensuring consistency in biochar properties, influenced by variations in pyrolysis conditions and SMS types. Advances in production technology and sustainable practices are vital for scaling up SMS-derived biochar production. This paper emphasizes the transformative potential of SMS-derived biochar, advocating for its integration into circular economy frameworks and sustainable agricultural systems. Recommendations for future research and policy support are provided to maximize the ecological and economic benefits of SMS-derived biochar, fostering its widespread adoption in global agricultural and environmental strategies. Full article

Mixing and matching N₂-fixing leguminous species is a crucial strategy to enhance quality and efficiency in sustainable forestry. Tree leaves and rhizosphere are primary sites for matter and energy exchange, functioning as key assimilation organs that forests provide for ecological services. The introduction of functional species alters soil properties, which, in turn, directly or indirectly shape leaf functional traits, soil microbial dynamics, and their association. However, the correlation between aboveground functional traits and belowground rhizosphere soil microorganisms of dominant tree species in mixed leguminous and non-leguminous forests remains unclear. In this study, the responses and correlations of leaf functional traits and rhizosphere soil microbial communities of Castanopsis hystrix Hook. f. & Thomson ex A. DC. across three forest types were investigated. A pure forest (PF) of C. hystrix was designated as control forest, while a leguminous mixed forest (LMF) consisting of C. hystrix and the leguminous species Acacia mangium Willd. as well as a non-leguminous mixed forest (NMF) comprising C. hystrix and the non-leguminous species Schima superba Gardner & Champ. served as experimental forests. Seven leaf functional trait indices were measured, and the high-throughput sequencing of soil microbial communities was included in the analysis. The results were as follows: Firstly, compared to the pure forest, the specific leaf area (SLA) of C. hystrix significantly decreased in both mixed forest types (p < 0.05). Additionally, in comparison to the pure forest, the leaf area (LA) and leaf organic carbon content (LOC) of C. hystrix significantly reduced (p < 0.05), whereas the leaf total phosphorus content (LTP) significantly increased in the non-leguminous tree species mixed forest (p < 0.01). The leaf dry matter content (LDMC), relative chlorophyll content (RCC), and leaf total nitrogen content (LTN) of C. hystrix exhibited no significant differences among the three forest types (p > 0.05). Secondly, neither the dominant phyla of rhizosphere soil microorganisms nor the bacterial richness and diversity had differences in the mixed forests. However, the richness and diversity of rhizosphere soil fungi significantly increased in the mixed forests, and those in the leguminous mixed forest exhibited more positive effects compared to those in the non-leguminous mixed forest. Finally, redundancy analysis (RDA) showed significant correlations between plant leaf functional traits and rhizosphere soil microorganisms. Specifically, LDMC, SLA, LTN, and LTP of C. hystrix showed significant correlations with differences in the structure of bacterial community (p < 0.05), and LTN was significantly correlated with differences in the structure of the fungal community (p < 0.05). In summary, we found that plant leaf functional traits and the community of rhizosphere soil microorganisms displayed significant differences in the mixed forests, and those mixed with leguminous trees may further enhance the assimilation processes by modifying the utilization of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus by plants and microorganisms. Meanwhile, our results support the interaction of physiological and ecological processes between the aboveground and belowground parts of C. hystrix. These findings emphasize the important roles of N₂-fixing leguminous trees and synergy of aboveground–belowground processes in establishing sustainable artificial forests. Full article

Global climate change is closely tied to CO₂ emissions, and implementing conservation-agricultural systems can help mitigate emissions in the Amazon. By maintaining forest cover and integrating sustainable agricultural practices in pasture, these systems help mitigate climate change and preserve the carbon stocks in Amazon forest soils. In addition, these systems improve soil health, microclimate regulation, and promote sustainable agricultural practices in the Amazon region. This study aimed to evaluate the CO₂ emission dynamics and its relationship with soil attributes under different uses in the Amazon. The experiment consisted of four treatments (Degraded Pasture—DP; Managed Pasture—MP; Native Forest—NF; and Livestock Forest Integration—LF), with 25 replications. Soil CO₂ emission (FCO₂), soil temperature, and soil moisture were evaluated over a period of 114 days, and the chemical, physical, and biological attributes of the soil were measured at the end of this period. The mean FCO₂ reached values of 4.44, 3.88, 3.80, and 3.14 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in DP, MP, NF, and LF, respectively. In addition to the direct relationship between soil CO₂ emissions and soil temperature for all land uses, soil bulk density indirectly influenced emissions in NF. The amount of humic acid induced the highest emission in DP. Soil organic carbon and carbon stock were higher in MP and LF. These values demonstrate that FCO₂ was influenced by the Amazon land uses and highlight LF as a low CO₂ emission system with a higher potential for carbon stock in the soil. Full article

Degradation and sealing are still frequent in soil management today despite intensive research. An unsatisfactory assessment of soil key components and soil health still limits sustainable land use. For the future evaluation of soil health, soils under productive use have been compared with natural and semi-natural soils using thermogravimetric fingerprinting of air-dried soil samples. This approach has led to a more precise quantification of known relationships and the discovery of several new ones between soil components that have evolved over thousands of years of soil formation without human intervention, each changing in a specific way due to land use. The use-related deviations from the natural soil condition allow a distinction between natural soils, disturbed soils, and soil-like carbon-containing mineral mixtures (e.g., compost, horticultural substrates). Carbon added to soils with fresh organic residues or from anthropogenic (soot, slag) or geological (coal) sources can be distinguished from soil organic matter (humus) accumulated during soil genesis, regardless of extreme chemical heterogeneity. The degree of carbon sequestration in soils is easy to quantify. Using near-natural soils as a reference, considering bound water seems to be a suitable starting point for the experimental definition of soil health. An elucidation of the causal relationships between the soil components used should accompany it. Full article

Panax notoginseng is a prominent traditional Chinese medicinal herb, yet its yield and quality are significantly constrained by continuous cropping obstacles, primarily stemming from soil-related issues. This study analyzed soils subjected to various degrees of continuous P. notoginseng cultivation, soils without P. notoginseng planting, and natural forest floor soil without P. notoginseng planting. The objective was to investigate variations in soil microbial communities, physicochemical properties, and enzyme activities across different cropping conditions. Macro-genome sequencing was employed to reveal microbial shifts and key factors influencing rhizosphere microbial communities. Notably, the natural forest floor soil exhibited the highest levels of soil organic matter, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available potassium. Furthermore, continuous cropping soils showed the highest levels of pH, available phosphorus, electrical conductivity, and total potassium. The activities of catalase, urease, acid phosphatase, sucrase, and soil FDA hydrolase decreased significantly after continuous cropping, but increased again after five years of fallowing. Microbial analysis revealed that Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi dominated the soils without P. notoginseng planting, whereas Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria were the predominant phyla in continuous cropping and natural forest floor soils. Continuous cropping led to an increase in Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Chloroflexi, while fallowing reduced Actinobacteria. Gemmatimonades was almost exclusively present in the continuous cropping soils. Overall, continuous P. notoginseng planting altered the soil nutrients and microbial composition. Key factors influencing microbial communities included pH, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and electrical conductivity. The study suggests that attention should be paid to scientific and rational fertilization practices to mitigate the effects of continuous cropping. Additionally, a fallow period of more than five years is recommended. The proper application of probiotic fertilizers is also advised. Finally, cultivating P. notoginseng under forest conditions is recommended as a viable method. Full article

In recent decades, much of China’s farmland has been transformed into forests due to the Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasses Project. While past research has mainly examined soil nutrients and water conservation, less attention has been given to soil microbial communities. This study examined the effects of converting farmland to forests of Pleioblastus amarus (PA), Populus deltoides (PD), or Zanthoxylum bungeanum (ZB) on the soil physiochemical properties, enzymes, and microbial communities, using abandoned land (AL) as the control, over a period of five years. The results showed that PA increased the soil organic carbon (SOC) content, although not significantly, while significantly boosting the C:N and C:P ratios and urease activity compared to the AL. PD notably reduced the amylase and cellulase activities, as well as the fungal Shannon index. Additionally, the beta diversity of both the bacterial and fungal communities in the PA stand was clearly distinct from that of the AL and the other tree species. The SOC content, total potassium content, and cellulase activity showed significant correlations with bacterial communities. Moreover, the bacterial community changes in the PD and ZB stands were mainly driven by the genera Steroidobacter, Roseisolibacter, and Serendipita, and were negatively correlated with the SOC content, C:N and C:P ratios, and cellulase activity. In contrast, the fungal community changes in the PA stand were primarily influenced by the order Capnodiales, family Capnodiaceae, genus Chaetocapnodium, and species Chaetocapnodium philippinense, which were positively correlated with the soil pH, C:N and C:P ratios, and cellulase activity. Furthermore, “Metabolism” was identified as the primary bacterial function, and converting farmland to forest altered the fungal nutritional type from Saprotroph to Pathotroph–Saprotroph–Symbiotroph, particularly in the PA stand. These findings indicate that converting farmland to forest, particularly with bamboo P. amarus, significantly impacts the bacterial and fungal communities in the soil and changes the fungal trophic type due to the carbon source and cellulase activity of this tree species. Full article

Nitrogen (N)-fixing plants are commonly employed in the restoration of degraded terrestrial ecosystems due to their ability to increase soil N capital and boost ecosystem productivity. Given the close coupling between N and phosphorus (P) in soil, the effects of N-fixing plants on soil P fractions and availability in karst forests remain largely unexplored. Herein, we compared soil P pools, fractions, and availability in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of N-fixing and non-N-fixing plants, and explored associated drivers, such as soil, microbial, and plant properties, in a subtropical karst forest. The results showed that the N-fixing plants increased total P, inorganic P, and available P in both the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. The nitrogen-fixing plants increased soil labile P (LP) and non-labile P (NLP), but decreased moderately labile P (MLP), particularly in the rhizosphere soils, due to transformations among different soil P fractions. Soil P fractions were primarily influenced by soil inorganic P, root and leaf N, and microbial biomass N in the N-fixing plant treatment, whereas soil inorganic P, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and dissolved organic N (DON) were the key factors in the non-N-fixing plant treatment. Consequently, soil properties, microbial attributes, plant nutrients, and soil P fractions collectively exerted both direct and indirect effects to increase soil P availability in the N-fixing plant treatment. In contrast, soil P fractions directly and soil properties indirectly influenced soil P availability in the non-N-fixing plant treatment. Our results revealed the unique role of N-fixing plants in driving soil P availability in subtropical karst forests. These findings are essential for developing effective strategies for P nutrient management and guiding the selection of appropriate plant species for vegetation restoration in karst regions. Full article

Accurate digital soil organic carbon mapping is of great significance for regulating the global carbon cycle and addressing climate change. With the advent of the remote sensing big data era, multi-source and multi-temporal remote sensing techniques have been extensively applied in Earth observation. However, how to fully mine multi-source remote sensing time-series data for high-accuracy digital SOC mapping remains a key challenge. To address this challenge, this study introduced a new idea for mining multi-source remote sensing time-series data. We used 413 topsoil organic carbon samples from southern Xinjiang, China, as an example. By mining multi-source (Sentinel-1/2) remote sensing time-series data from 2017 to 2023, we revealed the temporal variation pattern of the correlation between Sentinel-1/2 time-series data and SOC, thereby identifying the optimal time window for monitoring SOC using Sentinel-1/2 data. By integrating environmental covariates and a super ensemble model, we achieved high-accuracy mapping of SOC in Southern Xinjiang, China. The results showed the following aspects: (1) The optimal time windows for monitoring SOC using Sentinel-1/2 data were July–September and July–August, respectively; (2) the modeling accuracy using multi-source sensor data integrated with environmental covariates was superior to using single-source sensor data integrated with environmental covariates alone. In the optimal model based on multi-source data, the cumulative contribution rate of Sentinel-2 data is 51.71% higher than that of Sentinel-1 data; (3) the stacking super ensemble model’s predictive performance outperformed the weight average and simple average ensemble models. Therefore, mining the optimal time windows of multi-source remote sensing data and environmental covariates, driven a super ensemble model, represents a high-accuracy strategy for digital SOC mapping. Full article

Given the climate crisis, the search for sustainable production with potential to reduce excess of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere has been the subject of global agreements. Soils are fundamental carbon storage systems, with a relevant role in CO₂ mitigation emissions. Considering coffee as an important commodity for several countries and agroforestry systems (AFSs) as important allies for mitigating greenhouse gases emitted by the agricultural sector, this study aimed to investigate the ability of coffee plantations in AFSs to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, through soil carbon sequestration. For this purpose, we performed a meta-analysis of 45 AFSs, including simple and diversified ones, from a detailed literature search of scientific research investigating soil organic carbon in AFSs including coffee cultivation. Overall, no effect of AFSs on carbon stock change rates was found, but an increment of soil carbon storage was observed when comparing AFSs with conventional coffee cultivation. Generally, climatic variables and soil texture positively affect soil carbon stock. When comparing diversified and simple AFSs, the first had a positive effect on carbon stock change rates. Agroforestry coffee showed capacity to mitigate climate effects through carbon storage in the soil, especially when the system is diversified. This is a climate-smart strategy and should be implemented in preference to conventional coffee cultivation. Full article

Global warming alters freeze–thaw process frequency and intensity, impacting soil carbon cycles. Four soils from a 12-year straw return experiment were used: S0 (no straw), S1 (low rate of addition), S2 (medium rate), and S3 (high rate). Ten treatments with or without temporary straw addition at different rates were conducted to explore their effects on soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) under laboratory and field freeze–thaw conditions. Compared to constant temperature, the freeze–thaw process under laboratory conditions reduced MBC (5.79%~29.9%), whereas this trend was mitigated or reversed under field conditions. The alleviating effect of straw addition on the decrease in MBC was greater in S0 than in S1, S2, and S3 by an average of 31.7%. Medium rate straw application (S2 8 t/ha) provided appropriate labile C levels, enhancing microbial activity while keeping DOC low and reducing C loss risk. The results revealed discrepancies in freeze–thaw effects on soil labile OC between laboratory and field conditions, the mitigation of freeze–thaw impacts on MBC by straw addition, and the appropriate straw return rate in Liaohe Plain. Therefore, proper nutrient management can maintain and regulate microbial activity and soil labile C in areas with freeze–thaw cycles. Full article

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) are key components of soil carbon pools in arid ecosystems, playing a crucial role in regional carbon cycling and climate change mitigation. However, the interactions between these two forms of carbon in arid alpine ecosystems remain underexplored. This study was conducted in the Heihe River Basin (HRB) in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, focusing on the distribution and dynamics of SOC and SIC in deep soil layers. Using data from 329 samples collected from 49 soil profiles extending to the bedrock, combined with path analysis, we explored the inter-relationships between SOC and SIC and quantified the influence of environmental factors. The results showed that (1) SOC exhibited a unimodal distribution with elevation, peaking at 3300–3600 m, while SIC continuously decreased with elevation, with reduction rates ranging from −0.39% to −31.18%; (2) SOC and SIC were significantly positively correlated (r = 0.55, p < 0.01), with SOC decreasing with depth and SIC showing an inflection point at 50 cm depth; (3) SOC was primarily driven by nutrient factors, such as total nitrogen (TN), with a path coefficient of 0.988, while SIC was influenced by abiotic factors, including potential evapotranspiration (PET), with a coefficient of −1.987; (4) SOC density accounted for 81.62% of the total soil carbon pool, playing a dominant role in carbon storage, whereas SIC density exhibited dynamic changes, particularly at depths of 110–150 cm. These findings advance our understanding of deep soil carbon dynamics in arid alpine ecosystems and provide critical data for improving carbon management strategies in similar regions. Full article

The present study highlights the possibility of using sewage sludge-derived compost (SSC) or biochar (SSB) as valuable organic amendments. Such utilization of sewage sludge fulfills the principles of a carbon farming and nature-based solution strategy (NBS). This study focused on a detailed analysis of quantitative and qualitative changes in soil C compounds (total carbon—TC, total organic carbon—TOC, humic substances—CHS, labile carbon—LC, and water extractable organic carbon—WEOC), which resulted from the application of SSC or SSB; an assessment of variability in total and available forms of N and S as biogenic components that are integrally related to the organic matter of the amendments used in the experiment; and an indication of the possible relationships between C compounds and available nutrients. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions with terra rosa soil amended with SSC or SSB at different application rates (25, 50, 75, 100% by mass). Soil samples were analyzed for the abovementioned parameters using appropriate analytical methods. Regardless of the organic amendment, the values of tested parameters increased with the applied dose, with the differences being significantly greater in relation to the contents determined for the control soil. In general, the application of SSC was more favorable than SSB, which was manifested by 12–49-fold higher TOC, 6–24-fold higher total N, and 10–41-fold higher total S levels. An exception was found for the content of available sulfur, which was significantly higher in the soil fertilized with biochar. In addition, SSC contributed more humic acid carbon (12.5–24.15 g∙kg⁻¹) and labile carbon (10.34–27.37 g∙kg⁻¹). On the other hand, SSB had a greater effect on fulvic acid carbon levels (2.18–2.75 g∙kg⁻¹), which were comparable to the levels of LC (3.44–6.86 g∙kg⁻¹) and WEOC (2.56–6.28 g∙kg⁻¹). The research results highlighted the validity of processing SS into compost or biochar for further use for agricultural/reclamation purposes. Despite their different impacts on the studied soil properties, both organic amendments are important for maintaining soil health and can play a significant role in carbon farming as NBS practices. The findings allow us to conclude that the strategy of increasing the amount of C through SSC or SSB fertilization is the advisable direction in sustainable soil management. Full article