In this Perspective, the authors present the Digitized Memory Clinic, a new framework for the diagnostic pathway of neurodegenerative dementias that incorporates digital health technologies with currently available assessment tools, such as fluid and imaging biomarkers, in an interplay with the physician.

In this Perspective, the authors discuss how our understanding of coeliac disease could provide insights into the mechanisms of multiple sclerosis, the involvement of Epstein–Barr virus and the possibility of antiviral treatment against the virus as a therapy for multiple sclerosis.

Treatment options for migraine have expanded rapidly over the past few years. The latest success in a phase II trial of a new class of drugs for migraine holds the promise of another alternative, with important implications for our understanding of migraine and its clinical management.

Major advances have been made in disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis, but people with Parkinson disease still lack such treatment options. Drawing on discussions from a symposium held in November 2022, this Roadmap proposes areas for exploration in Parkinson disease using lessons learned from therapeutic development in multiple sclerosis.

A study in a mouse model of spinal cord injury helps to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanisms of autoimmune T cells during the early stages of injury, which could be harnessed through T cell therapy to improve long-term outcomes.

Although lecanemab has been licensed for use in the UK, the systems to deliver this or similar disease-modifying therapies do not exist. These systems need to be developed urgently, but not at the expense of post-diagnostic care.