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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Region | Period | Model | Resolution and Parameters | Main Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andean Region of Ecuador (Cuenca) | Sep 2014 | WRF-Chem V3.2 | 1 km. Temperature, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation, precipitation, air quality | No unique cumulus option was the best for modeling each of the assessed meteorological parameters. All the options provided comparable performances for modeling air quality variables. Deactivating the cumulus scheme could be beneficial for holistically modeling meteorological and air quality variables in the urban area of Cuenca. | This contribution |
Central Great Plains, Eastern Kansas and western Missouri region (USA) | Three summers, from 2002 to 2004 | NU-WRF | 4 km. Precipitation | There was a clear improvement without using a cumulus scheme, which should become more evident with finer resolutions such as 1 km. | Zhang et al. (2021) [37] |
Jiangsu, China | 19 Jun to 20 Jul 2016 | WRF-3.9 | 30, 15, 9, 5, 3, 1 km. Precipitation | Parameterization in 30–9 km grids is required to represent organized cumuli, while explicitly resolving convections in cloud-permitting grids around 1 km is necessary to improve forecasts. | Liang et al. (2019) [38] |
Peninsular Malaysia | 2013 to 2018 | WRF | 25, 5, 1.6 km. Precipitation | At 5 km, the best-performing scheme was the Betts–Miller—Janjic. The 1.6 km simulation showed significant added value as it was the only simulation that captured the high precipitation intensity in the morning and a precipitation peak during the evening. The role of cumulus schemes became less significant in a higher-resolution simulation. | Amirudin et al. (2022) [39] |
Andean Region of Ecuador (Cuenca) | 1 to 11 November 2020 | WRF-4.0.3 | 1 km.Temperature, wind speed, solar radiation | None of the cumulus options, including the deactivation of the cumulus scheme, adequately modeled the drop in temperature and solar radiation on 9 November 2020. | Parra (2022) [41] |
Shanghai | 25 May 2018, 10 June 2017 | WRF | 27, 15, 9, 5, 3, 1 km. Extreme precipitation | The primary rainfall peak at noon was best reproduced when the 1 km grid with explicit convection was nested directly into their outermost 15-km or 9-km grids using the Kain-Fritsch scheme. However, a secondary peak with a weak forcing was not detected. | Wang et al. (2021) [42] |
Sicily (Italy) | 24 to 25 November 2016 | WRF | 5 km. Precipitation | Using no cumulus schemes provided the most reliable and accurate solution with the highest accuracy. | Castorina et al. (2021) [43] |
The Netherlands | 23 to 24 June 2016 | WRF 3.7.1 | 4, 2 km. Precipitation | The Betts–Miller–Janjic scheme was activated too early and did not predict any convective system over the region of interest. The Grell–Freitas and Kain–Fritsch schemes predicted a convective system, but its intensity was underestimated. With the explicit convection (without cumulus scheme), the model resolved the storm, although with a delay and an overestimated intensity. | Steeneveld and Peerlings (2020) [44] |
South Korea | 15 to 16 July 2017 | WRF | 4km. Extreme precipitation | Simulating convection processes in the grey zone without the convective parameterization scheme is inadequate. | Park et al. (2022) [45] |
South Korea | 26 to 27 July 2011 | WRF | 27, 9, 3, 1 km. Extreme precipitation | Multiple spurious cores occurred when the cumulus parameterization scheme was removed at 3 and 1 km of resolution. | Kwon and Hong (2017) [46] |
Option | Nomenclature | Cloud Detrainment | Type | Closure |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 No Cumulus | |||
1 | 1 Kain-Fritsch | Yes | Mass flux | Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) removal |
2 | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | No | Adjustment | Sounding adjustment |
3 | 3 Grell-Devenyi | Yes | Mass flux | Various |
5 | 4 Grell-3 | Yes | Mass flux | Various |
Station | Nomenclature | Entity | masl | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|
Municipio | MUN | EMOV EP | 2582 | Temperature, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, rainfall |
Sayausí | SAY | ETAPA EP | 2622 | Temperature, rainfall |
Mamamag | MAM | ETAPA EP | 3609 | Temperature, rainfall |
Ventanas | VEN | ETAPA EP | 3944 | Temperature, rainfall |
Izhcairrumi | IZH | ETAPA EP | 3018 | Temperature, rainfall |
Soldados | SOL | ETAPA EP | 3466 | Temperature, rainfall |
Component and WRF-Chem Option Nomenclature | WRF-Chem Option | Model, Description, and References |
---|---|---|
Microphysics (mp_physics) | 4 | WRF Single–moment 5–class (Hong et al., 2004) [27] |
Longwave Radiation (ra_lw_physics) | 1 | RRTM (Mlawer et al., 1997) [28] |
Shortwave Radiation (ra_sw_physics) | 2 | Goddard (Chou and Suarez, 1999) [29] |
Surface Layer (sf_clay_physics) | 1 | MM5 similarity (Paulson, 1970) [30] |
Planetary Boundary Layer (bl_pbl_physics) | 1 | Yonsei University (Hong et al., 2006) [31] |
Cumulus Parameterization (cu_physics) |
0 | 0 No Cumulus |
1 | 1 Kain-Fritsch [12] | |
2 | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic [13,14] | |
3 | 3 Grell-Devenyi [15] | |
5 | 4 Grell-3 [15,16] | |
Options of chemical mechanisms and aerosol modules (chem_opt) | 7 | CBMZ (Zaveri and Peters, 1999) and MOSAIC (4 sectional aerosol bins) (Zaveri et al., 2008) [25,26] |
Land Surface (sf_surface_physics) | 2 | (Chen and Dudhia, 2001) [32] |
Urban surface (sf_urban_physics) | 0 | No urban physics |
Variable | Metric | Benchmark or Ideal Value |
Accuracy |
---|---|---|---|
Hourly surface temperature | GE | <2 °C | ±2 °C |
MB | <±0.5 °C | ||
IOA | ≥0.8 | ||
Hourly wind speed (10 mas) | RMSE | <2 m s−1 | ±1 m s−1 |
MB | <±0.5 m s−1 | ||
IOA | ≥0.6 | ||
Hourly wind direction (10 mas) | GE | <30° | ±30° |
MB | <±10° | ||
Short-term air quality: Maximum 1 h CO mean, maximum 8 h CO mean, 24 h PM2.5 mean, maximum 8 h O3 mean | MB | 0 | ±50% |
RMSE | 0 | ||
FB | 0 | ||
MNB | 0 | ||
r | 1 | ||
Long-term air quality: NO2 and O3 | ±30% |
Cumulus Option: |
0 No Cumulus | 1 Kain-Fritsch | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | 3 Grell–Devenyi | 4 Grell-3 | Benchmark |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hourly surface temperature: | ||||||
GE | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | <2 °C |
MB | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | <±0.5 °C |
IOA | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ≥0.8 |
Hourly wind speed: | ||||||
RMSE | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | <2 m s−1 |
MB | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | <±0.5 m s−1 |
IOA | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ≥0.6 |
Hourly wind direction: | ||||||
GE | 63.5 | 62.2 | 62.4 | 61.7 | 61.9 | <30° |
MB | -23.5 | -23.5 | -23.9 | -20.5 | -20.8 | <±10° |
Cumulus Option: |
0 No Cumulus | 1 Kain-Fritsch | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | 3 Grell–Devenyi | 4 Grell-3 | Benchmark |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hourly surface temperature: SAY station | ||||||
GE | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | <2 °C |
MB | -1.2 | -1.2 | -1.2 | -1.3 | -1.3 | <±0.5 °C |
IOA | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ≥0.8 |
Hourly surface temperature: MAM station | ||||||
GE | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | <2 °C |
MB | -1.8 | -1.7 | -1.7 | -1.7 | -1.7 | <±0.5 °C |
IOA | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ≥0.8 |
Hourly surface temperature: VEN station | ||||||
GE | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | <2 °C |
MB | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <±0.5 °C |
IOA | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ≥0.8 |
Hourly surface temperature: IZH station | ||||||
GE | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | <2 °C |
MB | -0.2 | -0.2 | -0.1 | -0.2 | -0.2 | <±0.5 °C |
IOA | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ≥0.8 |
Hourly surface temperature: SOL station | ||||||
GE | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | <2 °C |
MB | -1.7 | -1.7 | -1.7 | -1.8 | -1.8 | <±0.5 °C |
IOA | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ≥0.8 |
Cumulus Option: | 0 No Cumulus | 1 Kain-Fritsch | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | 3 Grell–Devenyi | 4 Grell-3 | Records |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hourly surface temperature | 77.8 | 78.7 | 78.1 | 77.0 | 78.0 | 644 |
Hourly wind speed | 73.9 | 74.1 | 73.8 | 77.0 | 76.9 | 644 |
Hourly wind direction | 36.6 | 37.1 | 37.0 | 37.9 | 37.1 | 644 |
Daily rainfall | 77.8 | 70.4 | 63.0 | 66.7 | 63.0 | 27 |
Average | 66.5 | 65.1 | 62.9 | 64.6 | 63.7 |
Station | 0 No Cumulus | 1 Kain-Fritsch | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | 3 Grell–Devenyi | 4 Grell-3 | Records |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hourly surface temperature | ||||||
SAY | 62.7 | 63.2 | 63.0 | 62.3 | 61.8 | 644 |
MAM | 58.1 | 60.1 | 59.8 | 58.2 | 57.3 | 644 |
VEN | 83.2 | 83.9 | 83.2 | 85.4 | 85.2 | 644 |
IZH | 81.4 | 81.2 | 81.1 | 82.0 | 80.9 | 644 |
SOL | 43.8 | 43.3 | 46.1 | 42.7 | 43.5 | 644 |
Daily rainfall | ||||||
SAY | 63.0 | 59.3 | 55.6 | 63.0 | 63.0 | 27 |
MAM | 59.3 | 74.1 | 63.0 | 55.6 | 63.0 | 27 |
VEN | 70.4 | 70.4 | 63.0 | 66.7 | 66.7 | 27 |
IZH | 59.3 | 55.6 | 48.1 | 63.0 | 63.0 | 27 |
SOL | 74.1 | 66.7 | 77.8 | 74.1 | 66.7 | 27 |
Station | Records | 0 No Cumulus | 1 Kain-Fritsch | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | 3 Grell–Devenyi | 4 Grell-3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total rainfall (records, mm) | ||||||
MUN | 36.7 | 31.9 | 39.4 | 42.7 | 94.2 | 119.8 |
SAY | 55.8 | 39.7 | 103.1 | 100.3 | 160.4 | 186.8 |
MAM | 77.8 | 108.5 | 128.9 | 81.8 | 110.5 | 127.5 |
VEN | 49.9 | 154.9 | 141.5 | 105.5 | 80.2 | 85.5 |
IZH | 56.7 | 135.2 | 147.0 | 119.8 | 112.4 | 124.0 |
SOL | 54.7 | 106.2 | 113.2 | 77.4 | 86.4 | 104.8 |
(Total modeled rainfall – Total rainfall)/(Total rainfall)*100 | ||||||
MUN | -13.2 | 7.3 | 16.3 | 156.6 | 226.3 | |
SAY | -28.8 | 84.8 | 79.7 | 187.5 | 234.7 | |
MAM | 39.4 | 65.7 | 5.2 | 42.0 | 63.9 | |
VEN | 210.4 | 183.6 | 111.3 | 60.6 | 71.4 | |
IZH | 138.5 | 159.2 | 111.4 | 98.3 | 118.7 | |
SOL | 94.1 | 107.0 | 41.6 | 58.0 | 91.5 |
Cumulus Option: | 0 No Cumulus | 1 Kain-Fritsch | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | 3 Grell–Devenyi | 4 Grell-3 | Ideal Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum 1 h CO mean: | ||||||
MB | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0 |
RMSE | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0 |
FB | 5.6 | 6.5 | 4.6 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 0 |
MNB | 7.09 | 8.55 | 6.35 | 9.11 | 8.42 | 0 |
r | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 1 |
Maximum 8 h CO mean: | ||||||
MB | -0.08 | -0.08 | -0.09 | -0.08 | -0.08 | 0 |
RMSE | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0 |
FB | -10.4 | -10.2 | -11.1 | -9.8 | -9.9 | 0 |
MNB | -9.56 | -9.20 | -10.04 | -8.67 | -8.81 | 0 |
r | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 1 |
24 h PM2.5 mean: | ||||||
MB | 1.02 | 1.05 | 0.87 | 1.17 | 1.17 | 0 |
RMSE | 3.16 | 3.16 | 3.10 | 3.22 | 3.25 | 0 |
FB | 14.9 | 15.2 | 12.8 | 16.8 | 16.8 | 0 |
MNB | 41.76 | 42.19 | 39.08 | 44.95 | 45.73 | 0 |
r | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 1 |
Maximum 8 h O3 mean: | ||||||
MB | 15.86 | 15.92 | 16.09 | 15.29 | 15.29 | 0 |
RMSE | 18.83 | 18.80 | 18.93 | 18.54 | 18.51 | 0 |
FB | 24.1 | 24.2 | 24.4 | 23.3 | 23.3 | 0 |
MNB | 31.50 | 31.61 | 31.92 | 30.61 | 30.61 | 0 |
r | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 1 |
Cumulus Option: | 0 No Cumulus | 1 Kain-Fritsch | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | 3 Grell–Devenyi | 4 Grell-3 | Records |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short-term air quality: | ||||||
Max. 1 h CO mean | 96.3 | 96.3 | 88.9 | 92.6 | 92.6 | 27 |
Max. 8 h CO mean | 96.3 | 100.0 | 96.3 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 27 |
24 h PM2.5 mean | 63.0 | 63.0 | 63.0 | 63.0 | 63.0 | 27 |
Max. 8 h O3 mean | 81.5 | 81.5 | 81.5 | 85.2 | 85.2 | 27 |
Average: | 84.3 | 85.2 | 82.4 | 85.2 | 85.2 | |
Long-term air quality: | ||||||
NO2, monthly mean | 93.3 | 93.3 | 93.3 | 93.3 | 93.3 | 15 |
O3, monthly mean | 56.3 | 56.3 | 56.3 | 56.3 | 56.3 | 16 |
Average: | 74.8 | 74.8 | 74.8 | 74.8 | 74.8 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Submitted:
16 April 2024
Posted:
17 April 2024
You are already at the latest version
A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
16 April 2024
Posted:
17 April 2024
You are already at the latest version
Region | Period | Model | Resolution and Parameters | Main Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andean Region of Ecuador (Cuenca) | Sep 2014 | WRF-Chem V3.2 | 1 km. Temperature, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation, precipitation, air quality | No unique cumulus option was the best for modeling each of the assessed meteorological parameters. All the options provided comparable performances for modeling air quality variables. Deactivating the cumulus scheme could be beneficial for holistically modeling meteorological and air quality variables in the urban area of Cuenca. | This contribution |
Central Great Plains, Eastern Kansas and western Missouri region (USA) | Three summers, from 2002 to 2004 | NU-WRF | 4 km. Precipitation | There was a clear improvement without using a cumulus scheme, which should become more evident with finer resolutions such as 1 km. | Zhang et al. (2021) [37] |
Jiangsu, China | 19 Jun to 20 Jul 2016 | WRF-3.9 | 30, 15, 9, 5, 3, 1 km. Precipitation | Parameterization in 30–9 km grids is required to represent organized cumuli, while explicitly resolving convections in cloud-permitting grids around 1 km is necessary to improve forecasts. | Liang et al. (2019) [38] |
Peninsular Malaysia | 2013 to 2018 | WRF | 25, 5, 1.6 km. Precipitation | At 5 km, the best-performing scheme was the Betts–Miller—Janjic. The 1.6 km simulation showed significant added value as it was the only simulation that captured the high precipitation intensity in the morning and a precipitation peak during the evening. The role of cumulus schemes became less significant in a higher-resolution simulation. | Amirudin et al. (2022) [39] |
Andean Region of Ecuador (Cuenca) | 1 to 11 November 2020 | WRF-4.0.3 | 1 km.Temperature, wind speed, solar radiation | None of the cumulus options, including the deactivation of the cumulus scheme, adequately modeled the drop in temperature and solar radiation on 9 November 2020. | Parra (2022) [41] |
Shanghai | 25 May 2018, 10 June 2017 | WRF | 27, 15, 9, 5, 3, 1 km. Extreme precipitation | The primary rainfall peak at noon was best reproduced when the 1 km grid with explicit convection was nested directly into their outermost 15-km or 9-km grids using the Kain-Fritsch scheme. However, a secondary peak with a weak forcing was not detected. | Wang et al. (2021) [42] |
Sicily (Italy) | 24 to 25 November 2016 | WRF | 5 km. Precipitation | Using no cumulus schemes provided the most reliable and accurate solution with the highest accuracy. | Castorina et al. (2021) [43] |
The Netherlands | 23 to 24 June 2016 | WRF 3.7.1 | 4, 2 km. Precipitation | The Betts–Miller–Janjic scheme was activated too early and did not predict any convective system over the region of interest. The Grell–Freitas and Kain–Fritsch schemes predicted a convective system, but its intensity was underestimated. With the explicit convection (without cumulus scheme), the model resolved the storm, although with a delay and an overestimated intensity. | Steeneveld and Peerlings (2020) [44] |
South Korea | 15 to 16 July 2017 | WRF | 4km. Extreme precipitation | Simulating convection processes in the grey zone without the convective parameterization scheme is inadequate. | Park et al. (2022) [45] |
South Korea | 26 to 27 July 2011 | WRF | 27, 9, 3, 1 km. Extreme precipitation | Multiple spurious cores occurred when the cumulus parameterization scheme was removed at 3 and 1 km of resolution. | Kwon and Hong (2017) [46] |
Option | Nomenclature | Cloud Detrainment | Type | Closure |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 No Cumulus | |||
1 | 1 Kain-Fritsch | Yes | Mass flux | Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) removal |
2 | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | No | Adjustment | Sounding adjustment |
3 | 3 Grell-Devenyi | Yes | Mass flux | Various |
5 | 4 Grell-3 | Yes | Mass flux | Various |
Station | Nomenclature | Entity | masl | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|
Municipio | MUN | EMOV EP | 2582 | Temperature, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, rainfall |
Sayausí | SAY | ETAPA EP | 2622 | Temperature, rainfall |
Mamamag | MAM | ETAPA EP | 3609 | Temperature, rainfall |
Ventanas | VEN | ETAPA EP | 3944 | Temperature, rainfall |
Izhcairrumi | IZH | ETAPA EP | 3018 | Temperature, rainfall |
Soldados | SOL | ETAPA EP | 3466 | Temperature, rainfall |
Component and WRF-Chem Option Nomenclature | WRF-Chem Option | Model, Description, and References |
---|---|---|
Microphysics (mp_physics) | 4 | WRF Single–moment 5–class (Hong et al., 2004) [27] |
Longwave Radiation (ra_lw_physics) | 1 | RRTM (Mlawer et al., 1997) [28] |
Shortwave Radiation (ra_sw_physics) | 2 | Goddard (Chou and Suarez, 1999) [29] |
Surface Layer (sf_clay_physics) | 1 | MM5 similarity (Paulson, 1970) [30] |
Planetary Boundary Layer (bl_pbl_physics) | 1 | Yonsei University (Hong et al., 2006) [31] |
Cumulus Parameterization (cu_physics) |
0 | 0 No Cumulus |
1 | 1 Kain-Fritsch [12] | |
2 | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic [13,14] | |
3 | 3 Grell-Devenyi [15] | |
5 | 4 Grell-3 [15,16] | |
Options of chemical mechanisms and aerosol modules (chem_opt) | 7 | CBMZ (Zaveri and Peters, 1999) and MOSAIC (4 sectional aerosol bins) (Zaveri et al., 2008) [25,26] |
Land Surface (sf_surface_physics) | 2 | (Chen and Dudhia, 2001) [32] |
Urban surface (sf_urban_physics) | 0 | No urban physics |
Variable | Metric | Benchmark or Ideal Value |
Accuracy |
---|---|---|---|
Hourly surface temperature | GE | <2 °C | ±2 °C |
MB | <±0.5 °C | ||
IOA | ≥0.8 | ||
Hourly wind speed (10 mas) | RMSE | <2 m s−1 | ±1 m s−1 |
MB | <±0.5 m s−1 | ||
IOA | ≥0.6 | ||
Hourly wind direction (10 mas) | GE | <30° | ±30° |
MB | <±10° | ||
Short-term air quality: Maximum 1 h CO mean, maximum 8 h CO mean, 24 h PM2.5 mean, maximum 8 h O3 mean | MB | 0 | ±50% |
RMSE | 0 | ||
FB | 0 | ||
MNB | 0 | ||
r | 1 | ||
Long-term air quality: NO2 and O3 | ±30% |
Cumulus Option: |
0 No Cumulus | 1 Kain-Fritsch | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | 3 Grell–Devenyi | 4 Grell-3 | Benchmark |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hourly surface temperature: | ||||||
GE | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | <2 °C |
MB | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | <±0.5 °C |
IOA | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ≥0.8 |
Hourly wind speed: | ||||||
RMSE | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | <2 m s−1 |
MB | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | <±0.5 m s−1 |
IOA | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ≥0.6 |
Hourly wind direction: | ||||||
GE | 63.5 | 62.2 | 62.4 | 61.7 | 61.9 | <30° |
MB | -23.5 | -23.5 | -23.9 | -20.5 | -20.8 | <±10° |
Cumulus Option: |
0 No Cumulus | 1 Kain-Fritsch | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | 3 Grell–Devenyi | 4 Grell-3 | Benchmark |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hourly surface temperature: SAY station | ||||||
GE | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | <2 °C |
MB | -1.2 | -1.2 | -1.2 | -1.3 | -1.3 | <±0.5 °C |
IOA | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ≥0.8 |
Hourly surface temperature: MAM station | ||||||
GE | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | <2 °C |
MB | -1.8 | -1.7 | -1.7 | -1.7 | -1.7 | <±0.5 °C |
IOA | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ≥0.8 |
Hourly surface temperature: VEN station | ||||||
GE | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | <2 °C |
MB | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <±0.5 °C |
IOA | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ≥0.8 |
Hourly surface temperature: IZH station | ||||||
GE | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | <2 °C |
MB | -0.2 | -0.2 | -0.1 | -0.2 | -0.2 | <±0.5 °C |
IOA | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ≥0.8 |
Hourly surface temperature: SOL station | ||||||
GE | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | <2 °C |
MB | -1.7 | -1.7 | -1.7 | -1.8 | -1.8 | <±0.5 °C |
IOA | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ≥0.8 |
Cumulus Option: | 0 No Cumulus | 1 Kain-Fritsch | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | 3 Grell–Devenyi | 4 Grell-3 | Records |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hourly surface temperature | 77.8 | 78.7 | 78.1 | 77.0 | 78.0 | 644 |
Hourly wind speed | 73.9 | 74.1 | 73.8 | 77.0 | 76.9 | 644 |
Hourly wind direction | 36.6 | 37.1 | 37.0 | 37.9 | 37.1 | 644 |
Daily rainfall | 77.8 | 70.4 | 63.0 | 66.7 | 63.0 | 27 |
Average | 66.5 | 65.1 | 62.9 | 64.6 | 63.7 |
Station | 0 No Cumulus | 1 Kain-Fritsch | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | 3 Grell–Devenyi | 4 Grell-3 | Records |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hourly surface temperature | ||||||
SAY | 62.7 | 63.2 | 63.0 | 62.3 | 61.8 | 644 |
MAM | 58.1 | 60.1 | 59.8 | 58.2 | 57.3 | 644 |
VEN | 83.2 | 83.9 | 83.2 | 85.4 | 85.2 | 644 |
IZH | 81.4 | 81.2 | 81.1 | 82.0 | 80.9 | 644 |
SOL | 43.8 | 43.3 | 46.1 | 42.7 | 43.5 | 644 |
Daily rainfall | ||||||
SAY | 63.0 | 59.3 | 55.6 | 63.0 | 63.0 | 27 |
MAM | 59.3 | 74.1 | 63.0 | 55.6 | 63.0 | 27 |
VEN | 70.4 | 70.4 | 63.0 | 66.7 | 66.7 | 27 |
IZH | 59.3 | 55.6 | 48.1 | 63.0 | 63.0 | 27 |
SOL | 74.1 | 66.7 | 77.8 | 74.1 | 66.7 | 27 |
Station | Records | 0 No Cumulus | 1 Kain-Fritsch | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | 3 Grell–Devenyi | 4 Grell-3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total rainfall (records, mm) | ||||||
MUN | 36.7 | 31.9 | 39.4 | 42.7 | 94.2 | 119.8 |
SAY | 55.8 | 39.7 | 103.1 | 100.3 | 160.4 | 186.8 |
MAM | 77.8 | 108.5 | 128.9 | 81.8 | 110.5 | 127.5 |
VEN | 49.9 | 154.9 | 141.5 | 105.5 | 80.2 | 85.5 |
IZH | 56.7 | 135.2 | 147.0 | 119.8 | 112.4 | 124.0 |
SOL | 54.7 | 106.2 | 113.2 | 77.4 | 86.4 | 104.8 |
(Total modeled rainfall – Total rainfall)/(Total rainfall)*100 | ||||||
MUN | -13.2 | 7.3 | 16.3 | 156.6 | 226.3 | |
SAY | -28.8 | 84.8 | 79.7 | 187.5 | 234.7 | |
MAM | 39.4 | 65.7 | 5.2 | 42.0 | 63.9 | |
VEN | 210.4 | 183.6 | 111.3 | 60.6 | 71.4 | |
IZH | 138.5 | 159.2 | 111.4 | 98.3 | 118.7 | |
SOL | 94.1 | 107.0 | 41.6 | 58.0 | 91.5 |
Cumulus Option: | 0 No Cumulus | 1 Kain-Fritsch | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | 3 Grell–Devenyi | 4 Grell-3 | Ideal Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum 1 h CO mean: | ||||||
MB | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0 |
RMSE | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0 |
FB | 5.6 | 6.5 | 4.6 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 0 |
MNB | 7.09 | 8.55 | 6.35 | 9.11 | 8.42 | 0 |
r | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 1 |
Maximum 8 h CO mean: | ||||||
MB | -0.08 | -0.08 | -0.09 | -0.08 | -0.08 | 0 |
RMSE | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0 |
FB | -10.4 | -10.2 | -11.1 | -9.8 | -9.9 | 0 |
MNB | -9.56 | -9.20 | -10.04 | -8.67 | -8.81 | 0 |
r | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 1 |
24 h PM2.5 mean: | ||||||
MB | 1.02 | 1.05 | 0.87 | 1.17 | 1.17 | 0 |
RMSE | 3.16 | 3.16 | 3.10 | 3.22 | 3.25 | 0 |
FB | 14.9 | 15.2 | 12.8 | 16.8 | 16.8 | 0 |
MNB | 41.76 | 42.19 | 39.08 | 44.95 | 45.73 | 0 |
r | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 1 |
Maximum 8 h O3 mean: | ||||||
MB | 15.86 | 15.92 | 16.09 | 15.29 | 15.29 | 0 |
RMSE | 18.83 | 18.80 | 18.93 | 18.54 | 18.51 | 0 |
FB | 24.1 | 24.2 | 24.4 | 23.3 | 23.3 | 0 |
MNB | 31.50 | 31.61 | 31.92 | 30.61 | 30.61 | 0 |
r | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 1 |
Cumulus Option: | 0 No Cumulus | 1 Kain-Fritsch | 2 Betts-Miller-Janjic | 3 Grell–Devenyi | 4 Grell-3 | Records |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short-term air quality: | ||||||
Max. 1 h CO mean | 96.3 | 96.3 | 88.9 | 92.6 | 92.6 | 27 |
Max. 8 h CO mean | 96.3 | 100.0 | 96.3 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 27 |
24 h PM2.5 mean | 63.0 | 63.0 | 63.0 | 63.0 | 63.0 | 27 |
Max. 8 h O3 mean | 81.5 | 81.5 | 81.5 | 85.2 | 85.2 | 27 |
Average: | 84.3 | 85.2 | 82.4 | 85.2 | 85.2 | |
Long-term air quality: | ||||||
NO2, monthly mean | 93.3 | 93.3 | 93.3 | 93.3 | 93.3 | 15 |
O3, monthly mean | 56.3 | 56.3 | 56.3 | 56.3 | 56.3 | 16 |
Average: | 74.8 | 74.8 | 74.8 | 74.8 | 74.8 |
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Rene Parra
Atmosphere,
2023
Khandakar Md. Habib Al Razi
et al.
Atmosphere,
2012
Prashant Singh
et al.
Atmosphere,
2021
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