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An energy-efficient sensor routing scheme for home automation networks
Abstract
In the emerging ubiquitous home, sensors are placed everywhere in the house and collect various physical data such as temperature, humidity, and light to provide information to consumer electronics devices. The devices are then automatically activated if necessary. For example, the ventilator works when the air is foul and the heating system performs according to the weather and the existence of people in the house. Because sensors have limited battery power, energy-efficient routing is important. In this paper, we present a new sensor routing scheme that provides energy-efficient data delivery from sensors to the home base station. The proposed scheme divides the home area into sectors and locates a manager node to each sector. The manager node receives collected data from sensors and delivers the data to the base station through the shortest path of the 2-dimensional (x, y) coordinates. Performance results show that the proposed scheme reduces energy consumption significantly compared with conventional sensor routing schemes.
... The sensors in an ad-hoc sensor network are typically resource constrained and are characterised by a dynamic network topology, an event-driven or on-demand type of interaction, and an improved positioning and fault tolerance since usually more sensors are 80 deployed than required [5]. There are a number of approaches that deal with minimising the energy consumption in such networks: first, both Slijepcevic and Potkonjak [7] and Oh et al. [8] rely on a centralised control mechanism. The former divides sensors into mutually exclusive sets, where one set is active at any time for a fixed interval. ...
... Oh et al. [8] • Centralised control • Division of sensing areas into clusters and selection of one manager node for each cluster • Transmission of data collected from the clustered sensors via the shortest node path ...
... • The sensor nodes are not static for the considered use case • Using fixed-sized grids is less efficient than using a distance-based clustering algorithm for the monitoring application • The sensing range of IBC sensors cannot be altered Centralised control approaches [7,8,14,17] are likely to be ill-suited for the considered monitoring application, as they may yield a performance bottleneck for a large number of IBCs. In contrast to the control approaches proposed by Slijepcevic and Potkonjak [7] as well as Oh et al. [8], ensuring full coverage of the sensing area is unnecessary for the monitoring of IBCs, since each container is equipped with an individual sensor. ...
As part of the fourth industrial revolution, logistics processes are augmented with connected information systems to improve their reliability and sustainability. Above all, customers can analyse process data obtained from the networked logistics operations to reduce costs and increase margins. The logistics of managing liquid goods is particularly challenging due to the strict transport temperature requirements involving monitoring via sensors attached to containers. However, these sensors transmit much redundant information that, at times, does not provide additional value to the customer, while consuming the limited energy stored in the sensor batteries. This paper aims to explore and study alternative approaches for location tracking and state monitoring in the context of liquid goods logistics. This problem is addressed by using a combination of data-driven sensing and agent-based modelling techniques. The simulation results show that the longest life span of batteries is achieved when most sensors are put into sleep mode yielding an increase of ×21.7 and ×3.7 for two typical routing scenarios. However, to allow for situations in which high quality sensor data is required to make decisions, agents need to be made aware of the life cycle phase of individual containers. Key contributions include (1) an agent-based approach for modelling the dynamics of liquid goods logistics to enable monitoring and detect inefficiencies, (2) the development and analysis of three sensor usage strategies for reducing the energy consumption, and (3) an evaluation of the trade-offs between energy consumption and location tracking precision for timely decision making in resource constrained monitoring systems.
... A division of the area for optimal placement of the sensors can also provide an optimal routing solution for efficient data dissemination in WSNs. Some of these approaches include energy efficient routing using relative identification and direction (RIDSR) developed by Weng and Lai [14] which is based on the RDSR protocol developed by Oh et al. [15]. The proposed protocol divides the area into a series of octagons and resolves the issue of routing loop in WSNs by maintaining the energy of the network above a certain threshold value. ...
... broadcast "Hello" ← (6) = segment of current source (∈ ) (7) while (next hop found != true) do (8) sort nodes in order of their attraction (9) select upper node and check for its connections (10) if (connections available == true) then (11) c o n t i n u e (12) else (13) select next optimal node (14) end if (15) check for satisfaction of (9) and (15) (16) if (satisifaction == true) then (17) select node as next hop (18) F l a g=0 (19) else (20) F l a g=1 (21) end if (22) UAVs coordination, and UAV to UAV coordination, as shown in Algorithms 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Algorithm 1 is used in case of sensors to sensors routing. ...
... The whole network model makes announcements regarding the attraction value of nodes using HELLO messages. Then, in the next step, nodes are arranged in order of their attraction value, providing that the conditions in (9) and (15) are satisfied by the node which is to be selected next. Further, during implementation of this algorithm, it is also taken into account that the next hop is not selected from the same segment. ...
With the requirement of better connectivity and enhanced coverage, collaborative networks are gaining a lot of popularity these days. One of such collaborative networks is formed between the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). WSNs comprise static nodes arranged in a flat grid topology which may be randomly deployed or by some particular distribution. With the sensors operating on batteries, WSNs face a crucial issue of energy depletion during network operations. Integration of WSNs with UAVs can provide a solution to this excessive utilization of energy resources. UAVs provide a maneuvering support by playing a pivotal role of a manager node in these networks. However, integration of these networks demands an improved approach for data dissemination for effective utilization of network resources. For this, we propose a new data dissemination approach, which utilizes the attraction properties of fire fly optimization algorithm to provide energy efficient relaying. The proposed approach provides continuous connectivity, better lifetime, and improved coverage in the UAV coordinated WSNs. The performance of the proposed model is presented in terms of significant gains attained for parameters, namely, throughput, coverage, mean hops, lifetime, and delays, in comparison with the EEGA, ERIDSR, and I-ERIDSR approaches.
... The manager node receives collected data from sensor devices of corresponding sector and then transfers it to the base station through the shortest path of 2-dimensional (x, y) coordinates. That results energy-efficient data delivery to the base station [11]. As a case study; the architecture of IQRA University is considered for the implementation of our proposed model as shown in Fig. 1 To develop an understanding between items and their power consumptions, we should gather the detail knowledge of quantities as well as the number of items that is shown in Fig. 2. It is shown that tube lights, desktop computers and CRT/LCD monitors are the largest amount in quantity. ...
... In the proposed model data is fetched from ZigBee, a wireless sensor network. Because sensor devices do not have sufficient computational ability and battery power, an energy-efficient sensor routing scheme is critical to send information to the base station [11]. Routing at physical layer enable communication more fast, reliable and secure as shown in Fig. 6 [11]. ...
... Because sensor devices do not have sufficient computational ability and battery power, an energy-efficient sensor routing scheme is critical to send information to the base station [11]. Routing at physical layer enable communication more fast, reliable and secure as shown in Fig. 6 [11]. Fig. 6(a). ...
... The communication includes an intermediate node, for that reason it generates delay and also minimized the energy in the network. 9 Related to the count of the hop, the MH transmission is categorized into long-hop and short-hop routing. The node count presented in the cluster, as well as the CH network, remains constant based on WSN, so CH can be able to convey the information to BS. 10 Still, the CH procedure suffered because of improper cluster allocation and overhead problems, which reduced the network's lifetime. ...
... Determine the best fitness values for each individual. Here, the attained solution is updated by Equation (7); otherwise, the solution is updated by Equation (9). Moreover, the standard deviation and also the mean value is evaluated. ...
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) plays an essential role in consumer electronics, remote monitoring, an electromagnetic signal, and so forth. The functional capacity of WSN gets enhanced everyday with different technologies. The rapid development of wireless communication, as well as digital electronics, provides automatic sensor networks with low cost and power in various functions, but the challenge faced in WSN is to forward a huge amount of data between the nodes, which is a highly complex task to provide superior delay and energy loss. To overcome these issues, the development of a routing protocol is used for the optimal selection of multipath to perform efficient routing in WSN. This paper developed an energy‐efficient routing in WSNs utilizing the hybrid meta‐heuristic algorithm with the help of Hybrid African Vultures‐Cuckoo Search Optimization (HAV‐CSO). Here, the designed method is utilized for choosing the optimal cluster heads for progressing the routing. The developed HAV‐CSO method is used to enhance the network lifetime in WSN. Hence, the hybrid algorithm also helps select the cluster heads by solving the multi‐objective function in terms of distance, intra‐cluster distance, delay, inter‐cluster distance, throughput, path loss, energy, transmission load, temperature, and fault tolerance. The developed model achieved 7.8% higher than C‐SSA, 25.45% better than BSO‐MTLBO, 23.21% enhanced than AVOA, and 1.29% improved than CSO. The performance of the suggested model is validated, and the efficacy of the developed work is proved over other existing works.
... The authors also discussed the adaptive protocols for wireless sensor networks. One of the other approaches is Relative Direction-based Sensor Routing (RDSR) [10] scheme. In this approach, the monitor area is divided into sectors and set up a manager node in each sector. ...
... The proposed proximity based energy efficient routing algorithm was evaluated for improvement with the existing RDSR [10], and RIDSR [11] routing algorithms. The simulations were configured to operate with sensor nodes ranging between 50 to 250 arranged in an area of 35×35 m 2 . ...
With efficient routing, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can provide the continuous transmission with improved lifetime. Different routing protocols account for the different results over the WSNs. WSNs acquire a special place in modern day network applications such as body area networks, home animations, cellular enhancement, etc. Especially, focussing on the home automation, a lot of routing algorithms and protocols have been proposed over the years that aim at enhancing the lifetime of such networks. Some of the popular algorithms include Relative Direction Based Sensor Routing (RDSR), Convention Routing (CR), Relative Identification and Direction-Based Sensor Routing (RIDSR), etc. These protocols focus on solving the routing loop problem along with improvement in lifetime of the overall network. However, the gains attained by these networks show a relatively less improvement. Thus, considering the similar problem of routing loop and a lifetime, an energy efficient routing algorithm developed on the backbone of the RIDSR is proposed. The proposed routing algorithm uses the proximity approach to find the appropriate set of nodes for transmission, thus, improving lifetime and resolving routing loop issues. The effectiveness of the proposed Proximity Based Energy Efficient Routing (PEER) is demonstrated in as gains attained in terms of improved lifetime, and energy consumption.
... Therefore, energy efficient routing protocol is essential to improve the lifetime of WHANs. Many routing protocols have been proposed for WHANs to extend network lifetime[3],[4]. These protocols reduce total energy consumption by sacrificing uniform energy use in the network and thus result in quick network partitions. ...
... Another drawback is that most of these WHAN architectures (ZigBee, INSTEON, and UWB) implement flooding-based routing protocols that are subject to high energy consumption and high probability of collision in the MAC (media access control) layer. Relative Direction based Sensor Routing (RDSR)[3]divides the entire home area into a number of sectors and assigns a manager node to each sector. The manager nodes receive data from the SNs and send them to the BS. ...
... Many routing protocols have been proposed for WHANs to extend network lifetime [3], [4]. These protocols reduce total energy consumption by sacrificing uniform energy use in the network and thus result in quick network partitions. ...
... Relative Direction based Sensor Routing (RDSR) [3] divides the entire home area into a number of sectors and assigns a manager node to each sector. The manager nodes receive data from the SNs and send them to the BS. ...
Wireless Home Automation Networks consist of battery powered sensors and actuators that communicate with each other over wireless channels. The sensor nodes collect environmental information such as temperature, light intensity, humidity, and pressure to provide context-aware services and to facilitate smart home control. However, resource limitations, unpredictable topology changes, and interference introduce a number of challenges to the design of home automation protocols. One of the challenging tasks is developing energy efficient routing protocols to prolong the network lifetime. This paper proposes an interference aware heuristic routing protocol which determines the forwarding path between sensors and the base station using a heuristic function and a heuristic search algorithm. On the basis of local and global distance, longevity factor (LF), and link quality (LQ), the heuristic function generates a heuristic value for each node and this value is used in A_ search algorithm to determine the efficient route. Simulation results show that the proposed routing scheme outperforms GAHR and AODV_jr protocols in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption, and message throughput. Furthermore, it achieves up to 15% increase in packet delivery ratio over GAHR protocol in a noisy environment.
... The process will be going until the event reaches base station (BS), which results in over consumption of node strength in network and adds the conflict in wireless transmission. In order to improve the utilization of network strength, many routing strategies are put forward in recent years456789101112. LEACH [4], whose execution process is periodical, is the typical routing algorithm in WSN. ...
... Document [10] and [11] put forward routing path to find node by creating routing table for shortcomings of RDSR. Document[12] put forward ERIDSR algorithm, which introduces " minimum hop " and adds the factors of telecommunication distance. In order to further save the strength of node and improve the routing efficiency of network, a kind of new routing algorithm is created based on area division management of node. ...
In order to reduce the communication overhead among sensor nodes, a routing algorithm is proposed based on zoning management nodes. The algorithm defines the calculation method of the network partition radius after nodes deployment, and divides monitored area according to the radius meanwhile layouts one management node in each partition. Then nodes' communication cost is calculated based on the distance among nodes as well as nodes' energy, and finishes the selection of routing nodes based on the cost. Finally, using the Matlab simulation environment, the parameters impacting the optimal partition radius are discussed, and the proposed routing algorithm is compared with existing algorithms. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is more balanced on nodes energy consumption. The algorithm reduces network traffic overhead while extends the lifetime of the network.
... With advances in consumer electronics and wireless communications, wireless sensors will be placed everywhere in future's smart home [1]. For example, sensors are deployed for hazards detection [2] such as fire-detection, intruder-detection, etc., and for automation control [1] such as collecting information of temperature, humidity and light for related electronic devices. ...
... With advances in consumer electronics and wireless communications, wireless sensors will be placed everywhere in future's smart home [1]. For example, sensors are deployed for hazards detection [2] such as fire-detection, intruder-detection, etc., and for automation control [1] such as collecting information of temperature, humidity and light for related electronic devices. A PC connected with a Base Station (BS) will work as a control centre for gathering and handling the data messages sensed from physic environment in the home. ...
With advances in consumer electronics and wireless communications, wireless sensors will be placed everywhere in future's smart home to provide the safety and convenience for consumers. A PC connected with a Base Station (BS) will work as a control center for gathering and handling the data sensed from physic environment in the home. Because of the network area of approximately 20m×20m in the home, transmitting distance is no longer important. Directly transmitting data to BS consumes less energy than any other energy-efficient protocols. However, high delay is one of the most important problems produced by direct transmitting. This paper proposes Binary Tree Routing Protocol (BTRP) to reduce delay in the networks of smart home. BTRP is proved to be the optimal tree routing protocol by evaluating the performance of the networks with energy×delay metric. Simulation results show BTRP outperforms traditional direct routing and two-hop routing in terms of lifetime/delay metric.
... EESR is a level directing calculation [16] proposed especially to decline the power use and information inertness, and to give adaptability in the WSN. The Gateway, Base Station, Manager Nodes, and Sensor Nodes make up the majority of it [17,18]. They are tasked with: The Base Station, which has a higher specification than standard sensor nodes, receives messages from the Gateway or from other networks. ...
The creation and use of sensor networks has piqued a lot of interest. Remote sensor network is an assortment of countless little hubs which goes about as switches too. The limited power supply that these nodes carry is non-replaceable and non-rechargeable, making energy consumption a significant issue. In order to extend the network's lifespan, energy conservation is a crucial issue. The choice of routing method is crucial to regulating energy consumption because the sensor nodes also function as routers. Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks is the subject of this paper's analysis and research, which also includes a description of the wireless sensor network framework.
... Positionbased conventions are further classified into avaricious sending and limited flooding [3]. In voracious sending [4], in light of area data of the goal node, a choice procedure by the source node will be made of the node with the best progress towards the goal. After the choice procedure, the information parcel is unicast to the chosen node. ...
The latency of Mobile AD HOC Network (MANET) needs to be improved using different algorithms for mobile nodes,which is the crying need for future research. This paper will present the idea of Quadrant-based directional Routing Protocol (Q-DIR) algorithm with mobile nodes for latency improvement
... Mainly, it consists of Gateway, Base Station, Manager Nodes, and Sensor Nodes[17] [18]. Their duties are: Gateway Delivers messages from Manager Nodes or forms other networks to the Base Station, which has extra specification than normal sensor nodes. ...
1. Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network are in great demand from the recent years, as nowadays we have seen a wide growth of wireless devices including cellular phones, laptops, mobiles, PDA's etc. Wireless Sensor Networks consists of thousands of tiny sensor nodes. In a wireless sensor network a node is no longer useful when its battery dies, so to avoid this problem many routing protocols were introduced. Wireless sensor network is a collection of a large number of small nodes which acts as routers also. These nodes carry very limited power source which is non-rechargeable and non-replaceable which makes energy consumption an significant issue. Energy conservation is a very important issue for prolonging the lifetime of the network. As the sensor nodes act like routers as well, the determination of routing technique plays a key role in controlling the consumption of energy. This paper describes the framework of wireless sensor network and the analysis and study of various research work related to Energy Efficient Routing Protocols like LEACH "Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy", PEGASIS "Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems", TEEN "Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network protocol", and their comparion.
... Mainly, it consists of Gateway, Base Station, Manager Nodes, and Sensor Nodes[17] [18]. Their duties are: Gateway Delivers messages from Manager Nodes or forms other networks to the Base Station, which has extra specification than normal sensor nodes. ...
1. Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network are in great demand from the recent years, as nowadays we have seen a wide growth of wireless devices including cellular phones, laptops, mobiles, PDA's etc. Wireless Sensor Networks consists of thousands of tiny sensor nodes. In a wireless sensor network a node is no longer useful when its battery dies, so to avoid this problem many routing protocols were introduced. Wireless sensor network is a collection of a large number of small nodes which acts as routers also. These nodes carry very limited power source which is non-rechargeable and non-replaceable which makes energy consumption an significant issue. Energy conservation is a very important issue for prolonging the lifetime of the network. As the sensor nodes act like routers as well, the determination of routing technique plays a key role in controlling the consumption of energy. This paper describes the framework of wireless sensor network and the analysis and study of various research work related to Energy Efficient Routing Protocols like LEACH "Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy", PEGASIS "Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems", TEEN "Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network protocol", and their comparion.
... Pi Camera Module is added with RaspberryPi, which acts as a visual interface in case of face detection or recognition. This makes use of an interface, which is specially designed for associating with the cameras [ 5 ]. An algorithm known as Haar Cascade classifier is used for detection of the object, which is trained from the source [ 6 ]. ...
... Hayoung et al [3] presented a sensor routing method to afford energy-efficient data deliverance from sensor nodes to the home base-station. The home area is separated into sectors and locates a manager node into each sector. ...
Sensor nodes can be used for continuous sensing, location sensing and event detection with the help of different types of sensors such as seismic, thermal, visual, infrared, magnetic, and many gaseous sensors. Sensor networks have wide range of applications including medical, military, home, etc. All these applications involve vigorous wireless communication protocol that is good in reduced energy utilization. A Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) algorithm is a protocol designed to obtain energy efficient application specific data aggregation with good performance for the wireless sensor networks. LEACH is a cluster-based routing protocol in which each node has given equal probability to act as cluster head. In this paper, analysis has been done with LEACH protocol and modified LEACH protocols like LEACH-C, and DEEAC. Analyses show that with proper enhancement in the LEACH design, the transmission can enhance the energy efficiency and increase the life time of the sensor node.
... Pi Camera Module is added with RaspberryPi, which acts as a visual interface in case of face detection or recognition. This makes use of an interface, which is specially designed for associating with the cameras [ 5 ]. An algorithm known as Haar Cascade classifier is used for detection of the object, which is trained from the source [ 6 ]. ...
... It is predicted that WMSNs will become applied in our daily life, such as healthcare [1], video surveillance [2], real-time target tracking [3], and habitat monitoring [4]. Extensive studies have been carried out recently on the physical layer [5], the media access control layer [6][7], the network layer [8], and transport layer [9] in WMSNs. ...
... WMSNs have been widely applied to healthcare [5], video-based environment surveillance [6], biometric tracking [7], and habitat monitoring [8]. Extensive studies have been carried out in recent years on the physical layer [9], the media access control layer [10,11], the network layer [12], and the transport layer [13,14] in WMSNs. Recently, there has been substantial research and extensive development in solving wireless multimedia sensor network challenges. ...
Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are increasingly being deployed for surveillance and monitoring applications. WMSNs applications produce large amount of data, which require high transmission rates. An efficient and seamless delivery of multimedia services in WMSNs is still a challenging task. This article proposes an intelligent video surveillance platform (IVSP) for wireless multimedia sensor networks. IVSP presents the design of a networked system for joint rate control and error control of video over resource-constrained embedded devices. First, a combination of two different congestion indicators is introduced to differentiate between congestion levels and handle them accordingly. Second, a feedback-based rate controller is developed to maximize received video quality, in which sensor nodes can adaptively adjust their sending rates. Finally, a different retransmission mechanism for different packets is proposed. Lost packets can be stored temporarily and resend when free channel is available to avoid congestion. The core component of IVSP is an open source hardware platform, which is based on Raspberry Pi sensor nodes. IVSP is extensively evaluated on 7 Raspberry Pi sensor nodes. We present the results of 7-node real-world deployment of IVSP in a video surveillance application and show that it works well in long-term deployments.
... Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have generated much interest in recent years. Numerous studies have been carried out recently on the transport layer [5], the network layer [6], the media access control layer [7][8], and physical layer [9] in WMSNs. ...
... The ad-hoc and unattended nature of sensor networks makes it even more attractive for military and other risk-associated applications. Some of the potential future applications include -Space exploration [Hong et al., 2001], Unmanned aerial vehicles [Sinopoli et al., 2003], Robotic landmine detection [Santana et al., 2005], Border surveillance [Chong and Kumar, 2003], Traffic control [Chong and Kumar, 2003], Bushfire monitoring and response [Mendis et al., 2006], Wearable network [Lorincz et al., 2007], Home automation [Oh et al., 2005] etc. ...
... Home automation networks are a significant application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) where WSN and Consumer Electronics technology work together efficiently to construct a smart home [1]- [3]. In a home automation network, smart consumer sensor nodes collect data from monitoring field and then transmit the data to the Base Station (BS) through multi-hop communication without any human intervention [4]. ...
In recent years, ZigBee has been proven to be an excellent solution to create scalable and flexible home automation networks. In a home automation network, consumer devices typically collect data from a home monitoring environment and then transmit the data to an end user through multi-hop communication without the need for any human intervention. However, due to the presence of typical obstacles in a home environment, error-free reception may not be possible, particularly for power constrained devices. A mobile sink based data transmission scheme can be one solution but obstacles create significant complexities for the sink movement path determination process. Therefore, an obstacle avoidance data routing scheme is of vital importance to the design of an efficient home automation system. This paper presents a mobile sink based obstacle avoidance routing scheme for a home monitoring system. The mobile sink collects data by traversing through the obstacle avoidance path. Through ZigBee based hardware implementation and verification, the proposed scheme successfully transmits data through the obstacle avoidance path to improve network performance in terms of life span, energy consumption and reliability. The application of this work can be applied to a wide range of intelligent pervasive consumer products and services including robotic vacuum cleaners and personal security robots.
... Energy-Efficient Sensor Routing (EESR) is a flat routing algorithm [17] proposed especially to reduce the energy consumption and data latency, and to provide scalability in the WSN. Mainly, it consists of Gateway, Base Station, Manager Nodes, and Sensor Nodes [18]. Their duties are: -Gateway: Deliver messages from Manager Nodes or form other networks to the Base Station. ...
Many advances have been made in sensor technologies which are as varied as the applications; and many more are in progress. It has been reasonable to design and develop small size sensor nodes of low cost and low power. In this work, we have explored some energy-efficient routing protocols (LEACH, Directed Diffusion, Gossiping and EESR) and their expansions (enhancements), and furthermore, their tactics specific to wireless sensor network, such as data aggregation and in-network processing, clustering, different node role assignment, and data-centric methods. After that we have compared these explored routing protocols based on different metrics that affect the specific application requirements and WSN in general.
... such as health care [1], bridge monitoring [2], and home automation [3]. ...
A wireless sensor network is a data communication system that consists of from several to thousands of tiny wireless sensor nodes. These battery-powered sensor nodes cooperate with each other to accomplish data transmission. A variety of wireless sensor networks have been developed for different applications in the recent years. In this paper, a data routing protocol designed for wireless sensor networks is proposed. Due to the lifetime of such a network depends entirely on the lifetime of the battery, the proposed routing protocol chooses hop counts and battery power levels as metrics in order to conserve as much energy as possible, both in computations and data communications. In addition, when some of the nodes run out of battery power, the routing protocol could effectively adapt the change and find an alternative path. Simulation results demonstrate the robustness and the energy-efficiency of the proposed routing protocol.
... Some routing algorithms have been specifically designed for WSNHA. Oh et al. [8,9] focus on a routing scheme that provides energyefficient data delivery from sensors to the home base station. ZigBee (the most popular standard for WSNHA) employs the AODVjr routing algorithm, a variation of ad-hoc on-demand distance-vector (AODV) routing [10][11][12]. ...
The use of wireless sensor networks in home automation (WSNHA) is a growing trend, on account of their self-organisation, low cost and potential for rapid deployment. Routing in WSNHA is a challenging research topic, because of the requirements of low energy consumption, low storage, low computational complexity, fast response, self-adaptation to unpredictable topological changes and robustness with respect to discontinuous interference. With the development of localisation techniques, localised routing offers a number of attractive benefits, but not all are suitable for WSNHA. In this study, the authors propose a new routing algorithm for WSNHA, called WSNHA-GAHR (greedy and A* heuristic routing for WSNHA). The algorithm uses greedy forwarding, based on the smallest Euclidean distance, to minimise the number of hops for data packet transmission, and thus conserve energy. It also automatically adjusts the route, using the A* heuristic algorithm, when local minimum problems and unpredictable topological changes occur in WSNHA. In addition, link priority classification gives WSNHA-GAHR a greater tolerance than ZigBee routing algorithm for discontinuous interference. Simulation results show that this routing protocol dramatically improves reliability and reduces average packet delay, without introducing additional overhead.
... Position-based protocols are further categorized into greedy forwarding and restricted flooding [4]. In greedy forwarding [5], based on location information of the destination node, source node will select the node with the best progress towards the destination. The location information of the destination will then be inserted in their data packet and unicast to the selected node. ...
In Multihop Wireless Networks, traffic forwarding capability of each node
varies according to its level of contention. Each node can yield its channel
access opportunity to its neighbouring nodes, so that all the nodes can evenly
share the channel and have similar forwarding capability. In this manner the
wireless channel is utilize d effectively, which is achieved using Contention
Window Adaptation Mechanism (CWAM). This mechanism achieves a higher end to -
end throughout but consumes the network power to a higher level. So, a newly
proposed algorithm Quadrant Based Directional Routing Protocol (Q-DIR) is
implemented as a cross - layer with CWAM, to reduce the total network power
consumption through limited flooding and also reduce the routing overheads,
which eventually increases overall network throughput. This algorithm limits
the broadcast region to a quadrant where the source node and the destination
nodes are located. Implementation of the algorithm is done in Linux based NS-2
simulator.
... The interaction of indoor service robot and static wireless sensor networks will greatly improve the capabilities of home monitoring system. Some researchers have begun to design home monitoring and control systems based on the wireless sensor networks, and made some prototypes which are reported in [16][17][18]. These home monitoring and control systems mainly rely on conventional static sensor nodes to construct the indoor monitoring system. ...
... Energy consumption on sensor nodes is a focus in design of WSNs because of restricted and usually unchargeable batteries in sensor nodes. Many energy-centralized routing protocols for WSNs were investigated and reported678. In those proposals, all the sensed data is routed to the single sink node so that sensor nodes near the sink inevitably drain their energy ahead of other nodes far from the sink because the former forwards data for the entire sensor network. ...
Wireless mesh sensor network (WMSN) is a new architecture that merges advantages of wireless mesh networks and wireless sensor networks, especially on scalability, robustness and balanced energy dissipation. Secure routing in WMSNs faces with more challenges than that in traditional sensor networks by reason of multiple sink nodes and the mobility of nodes. In this paper, we propose a scalable architecture of WMSNs, discuss and analyze key research issues under the proposed architecture, and then design two routing protocols aiming at minimizing the number of hops between a source node and a destination node and maximizing the lifetime of sensor networks. Considering new challenges to security in WMSNs, this paper also presents a secure routing protocol SecMLR, which can resist most of attacks against routing in WMSNs and work in energy-efficient way.
... Our system model consists of a gateway, a base station, several manager nodes, and a number of sensor nodes [7]. The gateway delivers commands received from a manager or out of the area to the base station and controls messages received from the base station. ...
With advances in processor and wireless communication technologies, sensor networks will be used everywhere in the future life. Home networks are one of the good environments that sensor networks will be deployed. In sensor networks, many sensor devices detect various physical data and send them to the base station. In this paper, we present a sensor routing scheme, EESR (Energy-Efficient Sensor Routing) that provides energy-efficient data delivery from sensors to the base station. The proposed scheme divides the area into sectors and locates a manager node to each sector. The manager node receives collected data from sensor devices in its corresponding sector and then transfers the data to the base station through the shortest path of the 2-dimensional (x, y) coordinates. In this process, we use relative direction based routing in the 2-dimensional (x, y) coordinates in wireless sensor networks. Via simulation, we show that the proposed scheme achieve significant energy savings and outperform idealized transitional schemes (e.g., broadcasting, directed diffusion, clustering) under the investigated scenarios.
Wireless sensor network is a rising technology that provides the various applications in defense and industries. Congestion and security are the main parameters in sensor networks. Congestion takes place when several nodes can transmit packets to a single channel. When nodes get closer to the sink, the traffic arises, which leads to congestion. It leads to loss of information, heavy packet loss, packet delay and less energy efficiency. A congestion control scheme is necessary to improve the quality of service (QoS) and system lifetime. The modified LACAS is to avoid traffic from many to one node. This is mainly designed for health care units. The nodes interact with the previous nodes at continuous intervals of time to reduce the congestion. Here, TADR algorithm with buffer management is implemented with MAC layer and transport layer. A TADR algorithm is designed to route packets around the blocking regions and spread out the unnecessary packets in different paths of idle nodes and low weighted nodes. The buffer automatically adapts the sensor’s forwarding rates to be nearly optimal without causing congestion. The simulation result shows that the throughput gets increased, and packet loss is reduced drastically.
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a gathering of sensor hubs that powerfully self-sort themselves into a wireless system without the use of any previous framework. One of the serious issues in WSNs is the energy consumption, whereby the system lifetime is subject to this factor. Energy-efficient routing is viewed as the most testing errand. Sensor organizes for the most part work in perplexing and dynamic situations and directing winds up repetitive assignment to keep up as the system measure increments. This chapter portrays the structure of wireless sensor network the analysis and study of different research works identified with energy-efficient routing in wireless sensor networks. Along these lines, to beat all the routing issues, the pattern has moved to biological-based algorithms like swarm intelligence-based strategies. Ant colony optimization-based routing protocols have shown outstanding outcomes as far as execution when connected to WSN routing.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is an emerging technology to assist Internet of Things (IoT) related applications. Applications such as automated power control, monitoring of houses to prevent from theft etc. can be implemented using IoT. In this paper one such application is considered and WSN based IoT system is proposed. The proposed system uses three passive infrared (PIR) motion sensors connected to a camera to capture the images of person entering or leaving the house. The captured images are communicated to the server for storing and further processing. This information is also used to switch off or on power appliances such as fan, lights, etc. thereby reducing power consumption. The forwarding of information such as number of persons present in the room and the images of the persons entering or leaving the house is done using River Formation Dynamics based Multi-hop Routing Protocol (RFDMRP). A prototype of the proposed system is developed, installed, and tested.
Usually, home automation talks about the domestic atmosphere that increases the class of the occupant's life by eliminating as much human interface as in theory possible in numerous domestic practices and exchange them with automated mechatronics systems. Home automation comprises selected form of intelligence, home network and or centralized or logic distributed network or specific control unit. The modest system works on an approach in which the functionality is hardwired and incorporated into the system and cannot be altered automatically without the interference of technical or a knowledgeable person. Advanced sensor technology with Wireless advancement expands our sensing competencies by linking communication networks and physical world which enables wide-ranging applications in respect of home automation. In this article, we are discussing various sensors, actuators and control systems utilized for the home automation systems.
In this paper, a Location Aided Energy Efficient Routing (LAEER) protocol is proposed. The proposed on-demand routing protocol consider location and residual energy of the nodes as the routing metric. Only the forwarding neighboring nodes are involved in routing while the non-forwarding nodes are switched to idle state. This ensures reduction in energy consumption in the network. The novelty of the proposed work is that the best progress node with acceptable link quality is alone chosen as the optimal forwarding neighbor. This leads to reduction in memory and bandwidth utilization. The performance of the proposed LAEER protocol is compared with AODV. From the simulation results, it is found that the proposed LAEER protocol outperforms AODV in terms of control overhead, average end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and average energy consumption in the network.
With the fast development of wireless communications, ZigBee and semiconductor devices, home automation networks have recently become very popular. Since typical consumer products deployed in home automation networks are often powered by tiny and limited batteries, one of the most challenging research issues is concerning energy reduction and the balancing of energy consumption across the network in order to prolong the home network lifetime for consumer devices. The introduction of clustering and sink mobility techniques into home automation networks have been shown to be an efficient way to improve the network performance and have received significant research attention. Taking inspiration from nature, this paper proposes an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based clustering algorithm specifically with mobile sink support for home automation networks. In this work, the network is divided into several clusters and cluster heads are selected within each cluster. Then, a mobile sink communicates with each cluster head to collect data directly through short range communications. The ACO algorithm has been utilized in this work in order to find the optimal mobility trajectory for the mobile sink. Extensive simulation results from this research show that the proposed algorithm significantly improves home network performance when using mobile sinks in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime as compared to other routing algorithms currently deployed for home automation networks.
The first generation of Digital Natives (DNs) is now growing up. However, these digital natives were rather late starters since; their exposure to computers started when they could master the mouse and the penetration of computers in educational institutions was still very low. Today, a new breed of digital natives is emerging. This new breed includes those individuals who are being introduced from their first instances to the world of wireless devices. One year olds manage to master the intuitive touch interfaces of their tablets whilst sitting comfortably in their baby bouncers. The controller-less interfaces allow these children to interact with a machine in a way which was unconceivable below. Thus, our research investigated the paradigm shift between the different generations of digital natives. We analysed the way in which these two generations differ from each other and we explored how the world needs to change in order to harness the potential of these new digital natives.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is beneficial to individuals, business, and society because it creates a wide range of value-added services by interconnecting diverse devices and information objects. However, as IoT devices have resource constraints to employ powerful security mechanisms, they are vulnerable to sophisticated security attacks such as the main-in-the-middle (MITM) attack. Therefore, an intelligent authentication mechanism that considers both resource constraints and security is required. In this paper, we suggest a dynamic and energy-aware authentication scheme for the Internet of Things (DAoT). DAoT uses a feedback control scheme to dynamically select an energy-efficient authentication policy. With DAoT, IoT devices with limited resources can be safely interconnected because DAoT finds and adopts the best cost-effective authentication mechanism.
Many wireless sensor network (WSN) routing protocols spend lots of resources to build end-to-end routes before transmitting data packets. Moreover, they have to maintain these routes regularly. On the contrary, the location-based routing protocols need not establish routing paths in advance and route packets just according to the locations of nodes, which simplifies routing establishment. These location-based ones, however, have some disadvantages, like heavy communication collision, low energy efficiency. This paper proposes a new locationbased routing algorithm for WSNs by partitioning the sensor field into regions and implementing CDMA and TDMA to these regions. The new algorithm doesn’t build routes before sending data packets. It can effectively reduce the communication conflicts between nodes. Moreover, it takes the remaining energy of nodes into account when doing data transmission decision. The new algorithm improves the energy efficiency and more data packets can be received by the base station before the WSN dies. We compared the new algorithm with the well-known LEACH protocol, LASAA (a cluster-based CDMA/TDMA protocol), and LEDO (a location-based routing protocol) through simulations on the ns-2 platform. The simulation results show that the new algorithm significantly reduces the communication conflicts and performs better than the others in the large scale networks and the light load networks.
In modern society home and office automation has become increasingly important, providing ways to interconnect various home appliances. This interconnection results in faster transfer of information within home/offices leading to better home management and improved user experience. Home Automation, in essence, is a technology that integrates various electrical systems of a home to provide enhanced comfort and security. Users are granted convenient and complete control over all the electrical home appliances and they are relieved from the tasks that previously required manual control. This paper tracks the development of home automation technology over the last two decades. Various home automation technologies have been explained briefly, giving a chronological account of the evolution of one of the most talked about technologies of recent times.
In recent years, ecological monitoring is given more importance to preserve the various species in the environment. Wildlife monitoring gradually progressed with the developments in Global Positioning System (GPS) and wireless sensor communication. In this paper, a study on our national animal reserves is made and reviewed papers related to animal tracking. Also the paper proposed an efficient monitoring approach for tigers using wireless sensor network based on hotspot algorithm to preserve the wild species. This system can be used by the ecologists to track and monitor various parameter of the wild species to preserve the habitats.
This article designs a rescue-assist wireless sensor networks for fire rescue and health care in large building. This system consists of wearable tags, route sensor nodes and base station. The wearable tag detects the activity of the user. We firstly propose an efficient fall detection algorithm. This algorithm has a low computational complexity and can be used in sensor node. And the wearable tag sends emergency information to the base station when the user is detected falling down and cannot get up in a given time. And then we propose a localization method to locate the user in NLOS environment. This method removes the NLOS effects through a NLOS identification algorithm to improve the localization accuracy. The system and proposed algorithms have been put into actual test application, the experimental results demonstrate that the system is able to apply in rescue and the localization algorithm can locate the user accurately in the building.
In studies of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), routing protocols in network layer is an important topic. To date, many routing algorithms of WSNs have been developed such as relative direction-based sensor routing (RDSR). The WSNs in such algorithm are divided into many sectors for routing. RDSR could simply reduce the number of routes as compared to the convention routing algorithm, but it has routing loop problem. In this paper, a less complex, more efficient routing algorithm named as relative identification and direction-based sensor routing (RIDSR) algorithm is proposed. RIDSR makes sensor nodes establish more reliable and energy-efficient routing path for data transmission. This algorithm not only solves the routing loop problem within the RDSR algorithm but also facilitates the direct selection of a shorter distance for routing by the sensor node. Furthermore, it saves energy and extends the lifetime of the sensor nodes. We also propose a new energy-efficient algorithm named as enhanced relative identification and direction-based sensor routing (ERIDSR) algorithm. ERISDR combines triangle routing algorithm with RIDSR. Triangle routing algorithm exploits a simple triangle rule to determine a sensor node that can save more energy while relaying data between the transmitter and the receiver. This algorithm could effectively economize the use of energy in near-sensor nodes to further extend the lifetime of the sensor nodes. Simulation results show that ERIDSR get better performance than RDSR, and RIDSR algorithms. In addition, ERIDSR algorithm could save the total energy in near-sensor nodes more effectively.
The dramatic increase in sensors application over the past 20 years, made it clear that the sensors will make a revolution like that witnessed in microcomputers in 1980s. Moreover, some researchers have labeled the first decade of the 21st century as the “Sensor Decade” [1]. Sensor nodes are powered by limited capacity of batteries and because of this limitation, the energy consumption of a sensor node must be tightly controlled. WSN life time mainly depends on the lifetime of limited power source of the nodes. Therefore, energy consumption is main concern in WSNs. So, during the operation of each sensor node, the sources that consume energy must be analyzed and maintained efficiently. In this paper, we have focused on features of Sensor Networks, Clustering and Routing and more precisely on Energy Efficient (E.E) routing protocols and finally, made an integrated comparison among these E.E Routing protocols.
In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been an interesting and important research area. Many routing protocols for WSNs have been designed for various objectives. In this paper, a novel energy-aware routing protocol in WSNs is proposed for achieving high energy-efficiency which prolongs the network lifetime and is one of the most important requirements for applications of WSNs. Additionally, communication delay is fully considered. Performance analyses and simulation results show that our proposed protocol has much better performance than directed diffusion and rumor routing in terms of both network lifetime and communication delay.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consists of tiny autonomous devices called sensors capable of sensing, processing and transmitting information. Energy consumption, routing and maximizing lifetime are the important challenges in the sensor network. In this paper, we propose multiple tree construction (MTC) algorithm to address the problem of finding path from each node to its nearest base stations to maximize the network lifetime. The algorithm proposed deals with having optimal number of base stations. Analytical and simulation results show that MTC performs better than existing algorithms involving single base station.
In recent years, many routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been designed to achieve high energy-efficiency, high reliability, low overhead, etc. However, few routing protocols for WSNs were designed to minimize the communication delay, which is one of the most important requirements for applications of WSNs, such as real-time surveillance systems. In this paper, a novel real-time routing protocol for WSNs is proposed for guaranteeing real-time communication. Additionally, energy-efficiency that prolongs the network lifetime is fully considered. Performance analyses and simulation results show that our protocol has much better performance than Directed Diffusion and Rumor Routing in terms of both communication delay and network lifetime.
Sink mobility brings new challenges to large-scale sensor networking. It suggests that information about each mo- bile sink's location be continuously propagated through the sensor eld to keep all sensor nodes updated with the di- rection of forwarding future data reports. Unfortunately frequent location updates from multiple sinks can lead to both excessive drain of sensors' limited battery power sup- ply and increased collisions in wireless transmissions. In this paper we describe TTDD, a Two-Tier Data Dissemination approach that provides scalable and ecient data delivery to multiple mobile sinks. Each data source in TTDD proac- tively builds a grid structure which enables mobile sinks to continuously receive data on the move by ooding queries within a local cell only. TTDD's design exploits the fact that sensor nodes are stationary and location-aware to con- struct and maintain the grid structures with low overhead. We have evaluated TTDD performance through both analy- sis and extensive simulation experiments. Our results show that TTDD handles multiple mobile sinks eciently with performance comparable with that of stationary sinks.
Networking together hundreds or thousands of cheap microsensor nodes allows users to accurately monitor a remote environment by intelligently combining the data from the individual nodes. These networks require robust wireless communication protocols that are energy efficient and provide low latency. We develop and analyze low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), a protocol architecture for microsensor networks that combines the ideas of energy-efficient cluster-based routing and media access together with application-specific data aggregation to achieve good performance in terms of system lifetime, latency, and application-perceived quality. LEACH includes a new, distributed cluster formation technique that enables self-organization of large numbers of nodes, algorithms for adapting clusters and rotating cluster head positions to evenly distribute the energy load among all the nodes, and techniques to enable distributed signal processing to save communication resources. Our results show that LEACH can improve system lifetime by an order of magnitude compared with general-purpose multihop approaches.
Sensor webs consisting of nodes with limited battery power and wireless communications are deployed to collect useful information from the field. Gathering sensed information in an energy efficient manner is critical to operate the sensor network for a long period of time. In W. Heinzelman et al. (Proc. Hawaii Conf. on System Sci., 2000), a data collection problem is defined where, in a round of communication, each sensor node has a packet to be sent to the distant base station. If each node transmits its sensed data directly to the base station then it will deplete its power quickly. The LEACH protocol presented by W. Heinzelman et al. is an elegant solution where clusters are formed to fuse data before transmitting to the base station. By randomizing the cluster heads chosen to transmit to the base station, LEACH achieves a factor of 8 improvement compared to direct transmissions, as measured in terms of when nodes die. In this paper, we propose PEGASIS (power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems), a near optimal chain-based protocol that is an improvement over LEACH. In PEGASIS, each node communicates only with a close neighbor and takes turns transmitting to the base station, thus reducing the amount of energy spent per round. Simulation results show that PEGASIS performs better than LEACH by about 100 to 300% when 1%, 20%, 50%, and 100% of nodes die for different network sizes and topologies.
Advances in processor, memory, and radio technology enable small and cheap nodes capable of sensing, communication, and computation. Networks of such nodes can coordinate to perform distributed sensing of environmental phenomena. We explore the directed diffusion paradigm for such coordination. Directed diffusion is data-centric in that all communication is for named data. All nodes in a directed-diffusion-based network are application aware. This enables diffusion to achieve energy savings by selecting empirically good paths and by caching and processing data in-network (e.g., data aggregation). We explore and evaluate the use of directed diffusion for a simple remote-surveillance sensor network analytically and experimentally. Our evaluation indicates that directed diffusion can achieve significant energy savings and can outperform idealized traditional schemes (e.g., omniscient multicast) under the investigated scenarios.
In this paper, we present a family of adaptive protocols, called SPIN (Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation) , that eciently disseminate information among sensors in an energy-constrained wireless sensor network. Nodes running a SPIN communication protocol name their data using high-level data descriptors, called meta-data. They use meta-data negotiations to eliminate the transmission of redundant data throughout the network. In addition, SPIN nodes can base their communication decisions both upon application-specic knowledge of the data and upon knowledge of the resources that are available to them. This allows the sensors to eciently distribute data given a limited energy supply. We simulate and analyze the performance of four specic SPIN protocols: SPIN-PP and SPIN-EC, which are optimized for a point-to-point network, and SPIN-BC and SPIN-RL, which are optimized for a broadcast network. Comparing the SPIN protocols to other possible approaches, we nd that the SPIN pro...
A Two-Tier Data Dissemination Model for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks
- F Ye
- H Luo
- J Cheng
- S Lu
- L Zhang
F. Ye, H. Luo, J. Cheng, S. Lu and L. Zhang, "A Two-Tier Data
Dissemination Model for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks,"
Proceedings of the 8th annual international conference on Mobile
computing and networking (MOBICOM), pp.148-159, 2002.
An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks
- W R Heinzelman
- A Chandrakasan
- H Balakrishnan
W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H.Balakrishnan, "An
application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor
networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,
Vol.1, No.4, pp.660-670, 2002.