Citronella oil improves the efficacy of trap surveys of the Japanese orange fly, Bactrocera tsuneonis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, filariasis, chikunguniya, yellow fever, dengue and Japanese encephalitis are the major cause of remarkable morbidity and mortality in livestock and humans worldwide. Since ancient times, aromatic plants are used for their medicinal value. Essential oils derived from these plants may be used as effective alternatives/adjuvants in pharmaceuticals, biomedical, cosmetic, food, veterinary and agriculture applications. These oils have also gained popularity and interest for prevention and treatment of various disorders. However, several reports on adverse effects including skin eruption, contact artricaria or toxic encephalopathy in children are available for synthetic repellent in the literature. Thus, natural insect repellents like essential oils have been explored recently as an alternative. One such essential oil studied widely, is citronella oil, extracted mainly from Cymbopogon nardus. This essential oil has exhibited good efficacy against mosquitoes. It is a mixture of components including citronellal, citronellol, geraniol as major constituents contributing to various activities (antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant antitrypanosomal and wound healing), besides mosquito repellent action. Citronella essential oil is registered in US EPA (Environmental protection agency) as insect repellent due to its high efficacy, low toxicity and customer satisfaction. However, poor stability in the presence of air and high temperature limits its practical applications. Since specific knowledge on properties and chemical composition of oil is fundamental for its effective application, the present review compiles and discusses biological properties of citronella oil. It also sheds light on various formulations and applications of this essential oil.

In citronella oil extraction process by steam distillation, inefficient use of steam is the main cause of excessive energy consumption that affects energy cost and oil yield. This research is aimed to reduce the energy cost and increase the oil yield by studying the steam used in the process. The proposed method is the three-stage extraction model combined with the Data Envelopment Analysis developed by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (DEA-CCR model). Although the three-stage extraction model has been widely used, there is no research integrate this model with DEA-CCR model. It is well known that DEA-CCR model is an effective tool to evaluate efficiency of decision making units/alternatives. The advantages of this research were presented as the calculation of the optimum distillation conditions, including the steam flow rate and the distillation time, were achieved as discussed in this article. The study was comprised of 3 parts. Firstly, the three-stage extraction model for citronella oil was formulated. Secondly, the results of the proposed model were calculated under different conditions, classified by steam flow rates from 5,000 to 60,000 cm3/min for the distillation period of 15–180 min. Finally, the DEA-CCR model was utilized to evaluate and rank alternatives. The results expressed that the best condition for producing citronella oil was at the steam flow rate of 40,000 cm3/min and the distillation time of 60 min. The optimal energy cost and percentage of oil yield were equal to 0.440 kWh/mL and 0.7%, respectively. When comparing to the experimental results, the percentage error of optimal energy cost and oil yield were slightly different, with a value of 0.98% and 0.85%, respectively. Moreover, the energy consumption was also reduced by 34.6% compared to the traditional operating conditions.

Aim:Endodontic retreatment is a procedure that removes the lling materials from the root canals followed by their cleaning, shaping and obturation. This in-vitro study aimed to compare and evaluate the ability of various essential oils as solvents in dissolving gutta-percha, epoxy resin, and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) cements. Materials and methods: A total of 28 cylindrical specimens in each group ZOE, epoxy resin, 28 ISO size 40 gutta-percha cones were prepared and divided into four groups for immersion in the different solvents, i.e. lemon oil, citronella oil, lavender oil, and TCE(Tetrachloroethylene (control)) for 5 minutes. The obturating materials dissolution in the solvents were obtained by the difference between the pre-immersion original weight and the post-immersion weight on a digital analytical scale. Data were statistically analysed by a paired t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (p < 0.05). Results: Order of efcacy of dissolution of essential oils was found to be lemon oil > Citronella oil > Lavender oil and was highly signicant (p < 0.01). In all the solvents, Gutta-percha showed maximum dissolution (Fvalue:149.56) followed by ZOE(89.07 ) and resin sealer least (23.86). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the lemon oil can be used as a solvent for dissolving obturating materials.

The rust and brown eye spot are the main coffee diseases. The losses are due to intense defoliation of plants, which has reduced its production and longevity. The brown eye spot also occurs in fruits, with negative effects on the beverage quality. Some essential oils have presented promising results in the control of plant diseases, as an alternative to the use of fungicides. The objective of this study was to evaluate citronella essential oil in the control of rust and brown eye spot and in the activation of coffee plants defense responses. Twelve-month-old plants were sprayed with citronella oil 1000 µL L-1, acibenzolar-S-methyl 200 mg L-1 and tebuconazole fungicide 200 mg L-1. Plants were inoculated with Hemileia vastatrix and Cercospora coffeicola seven days later. The application was repeated after 30 days. Plants with five months were sprayed with the same treatments to assess the induced defense responses. Citronella oil controlled rust and brown eye spot with efficiencies of 47.2% and 29.7%, respectively, while tebuconazole presented control of 96.5% and 90.5%, respectively. Acibenzolar-S-methyl reduced brown eye spot by 55.9% and showed no significant control of rust. Citronella oil increased peroxidase and chitinase activities in five months coffee plants 336, and 24 and 336 hours after spraying, respectively. Acibenzolar-S-methyl increased peroxidase, chitinase and ββ-1,3-glucanase activities 192, 288 and 336; 24 and; 240 hours after spraying, respectively. The treatments did not increase accumulation of phenols, but a significant increase in lignin was observed in plants sprayed with citronella oil.

Sereh wangi merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman minyak atsiri, yang tergolong sudah berkembang. Dari hasil penyulingan daunnya diperoleh minyak sereh wangi yang dalam dunia perdagangan dikenal dengan nama Citronella Oil. Saat ini perkembangan minyak atsiri menjadi perhatian yang cukup besar dari pemerintah Indonesia. Dari bebagai bahan baku pembuatan Minyak Atsiri, salah satu tanaman bahan baku minyak atsiri di Indonesia yang bagus untuk dikembangkan adalah Sereh Wangi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memperoleh minyak atsiri dengan proses Ekstraksi dan Destilasi, memperoleh persen Yield dan Kadar Air. Metode yang dilakukan adalah dengan mendiamkan sereh wangi 3 hari 3 malam, kemudian dikecilkan ukurannya lalu direndam dengan etanol 90% 3 hari 3 malam. Kemudian diekstraksi dengan waktu yang telah ditentukan, lalu hasilnya di Destilasi selama 2 jam. Kemudian ditambahkan Natrium Bisulfit dengan berat yang telah ditentukan. Lalu aduk dan diamkan sampai terbentuk 2 lapisan, lalu dipisahkan. Lapisan atas merupakan Minyak Atsiri dan lapisan bawah merupakan sisa Natrium Bisulfit. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh kadar Sitronella terbaik 55,78% dan Geraniol 17,69%, Yield tertinggi 94,38% dan Kadar Air tertinggi 36,87%. 

<p>Telah dilakukan pembuatan formula fly spray dengan bahan aktif utama ekstrak piretrum dan uji efTektivitasnya dilakukan terhadap serangga rumah tangga. Penelitian dimulai dari April sampai Oktober 2001 di Laboratorium Fisiologi Hasil dan Keteknikan, Balinro dan Laboratorium Entomologi, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, IPB Komponen formula terdiri dari ekstrak piretrum, minyak serai wangi, minyak wijen, naftalen, pine oil, pclarut pertasol CB dan LAWS. Perlakuan formulasi yaitu dibual variasi konsentrasi ekstrak piretrum ( 0.041% dan 0.052% ), penambahan/tanpa pine oil (0%, 0.1%) dan natalen (0%, 1.0%) serta jenis pclarut (LAWS dan pertasol CB). Uji effektivitas dilakukan terhadap serangga rumah tangga yaitu lalat, nyamuk, semut dan kecoa. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa dua formula yaitu Fi dan F, adalah formula paling effektif terhadap lalat Musca domeslica dan sebagai formula terpilih adalah Fj. Formula ini effektif terhadap nyamuk Culex qumquefasciatus dengan mematikan 92% pada menit ke dua sangat efektif terhadap semut t'onera sp. dengan angka kematian 100% pada menit ke dua, dan kurang effektif terhadap kecoa Blatella germanica menyebabkan kematian 90% pada menil ke 30. Komposisi formula F&gt; terdii dari ekstrak piretrum dengan kadar piretrin 0.041%, minyak serai wangi 0.1%, minyak wijen 3%, natalen 1% dan pelarut LAWS. Pelarut terbaik untuk formula ini adalah LAWS.</p><p>Kata kunci: Fly spray, Piretrum, formulasi, uji effektivitas, serangga rumah tangga</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT </strong></p><p><strong>Fly spray formulation of pyrethrum extract and its effectiveness on houseflies</strong></p><p>The production of ly spray formula with active ingredient pyrethrum extract and its efficacy on houselics were conducted from Apil to October 2001 at (he Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops, Bogor and at Entomology laboratory of FKH - IPB. The formula was made from pyrethrum extract, citronella oil, sesame oil, natalein, pine oil and solvent, i.e pertasol CB and LAWS. The parameters observed were the variation concentration of pyrethrum extract (0.041% and 0.051%), added with pine oil (0%, 0.1%), natalein (0%, 1.0%) and solvents (LAWS and pertasol CB). The eficacy lest was conducted on houselies which included housely, mosquito, ant and cockroach. The result showed that F&gt; and Fi were ihe most effective to M. domeslica and Fi is the selected formula. Fi was effective to Cx. qumquefasciatus mosquito which killed 92% of the mosquito in two minutes, and very effective to Ponera sp ants which killed 100% in iwo minutes, and less effective to B. germanica cockroach which killed 90% in half hour. The Fj formula was made from pyrethrum extract with 0.041% piretrin, 0.1% citronella oil, 3% sesame oil, 1% natalein and LAWS solvent LAWS was the best solvent for the formula.</p><p>Key words : Fly spray, pyrethrum, formulation, efficacy test, houselies</p>

<p align="center">ABSTRACK</p><p>In Indonesia, the patchouli plant has been developed in twenty one Province and now there are 10 provinces that would be the area of development of patchouli with an area of 150 ha and a seed garden is focused in North Sulawesi with an area of 6 hectares. Mosaic disease on patchouli has been developing very fast, within a period of 3 years have spread to the central cultivation of patchouli in Sumatera, Java and Sulawesi. This is mainly due to the multiplication of patchouli by vegetative cutting. Therefore, the use of virus-free seed patchouli and early detection methods of patchouli seed is a major concern. In addition, the maintenance of patchouli seeds in the nursery to be free of mosaic disease and its vector is very important. Sanitation and spraying the plants with formulation of clove and citronella oil needs to be done every one or two weeks to protect the seed patchouli in nursery and every four weeks in field.</p><p>Keywords: Pogostemon cablin, Potyvirus, biopesticide, mosaic disease control.</p><p> </p><p align="center">ABSTRAK</p><p>Status terkini penyakit mosaik pada tanaman nilan dan pengendaliannya di Indonesia</p><p>Di Indonesia, tanaman nilam telah dikembangkan di duapuluh satu Provinsi dan sekarang ada 10 provinsi yang akan menjadi daerah pengembangan nilam dengan luas 150 ha dan kebun bibit difokuskan di Sulawesi Utara dengan luas 6 hektar. Penyakit mosaik dari nilam telah berkembang sangat cepat, dalam jangka waktu 3 tahun telah menyebar ke budidaya pusat nilam di Sumatera, Jawa dan Sulawesi. Hal ini terutama disebabkan oleh perbanyakan nilam dengan memotong vegetatif. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan nilam benih bebas virus dan metode deteksi dini benih nilam merupakan perhatian utama. Selain itu, pemeliharaan bibit nilam di persemaian untuk bebas dari penyakit mosaik dan vektor yang sangat penting. Sanitasi dan penyemprotan tanaman dengan formulasi cengkeh dan minyak sereh perlu dilakukan setiap satu atau dua minggu untuk melindungi benih nilam di persemaian dan setiap empat minggu di lapangan.</p>Kata kunci: Pogostemon cablin, Potyvirus, biopestisida, pengendalian penyakit mosaik.