evolutionary development
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The objective of this article is to trace the participation of women in the historical sequence of the main milestones of origin and evolutionary development of the Coordinadora Arauco Malleco from the category "body-space/time-territory", approached by the philosopher Francesca Gargallo The subject of study are the bodies located in a space-time that takes place in the surroundings of Lake Lleu Lleu, the axial geopolitical space where, from the Mapuche shamanic perspective, more than 30 years ago the spirit of thunder revived the power and violence of the ancient warriors of theweichan. Two generations of women exposed their bodies in the struggle to recover a liberated territory, transgressing cultural mandates and bearing the costs of confronting the State with prison and a fugitive life. However, the protagonism of women linked to the CAM has been silenced by traditional historiography as well as by the hegemonic masculine discourse of the Coordinadora itself. The becoming militant of women constitutes a complex plot that includes displacement of gender roles in the Mapuche culture and a transition from the political militancy of the weichafe to auxiliary spiritual roles of the machi such as tayilfe, curiche and dungumachife.

Together with language, music is perhaps our most distinctive behavioral trait. Following the lead of paleolinguistic research, different hypotheses have been proposed to explain why only humans perform music and how this ability might have evolved in the species. In this paper, we advance a new model of music evolution that builds on the theory of self-domestication, according to which the human phenotype is, at least in part, the outcome of a process similar to mammal domestication, triggered by a progressive reduction in reactive aggression levels in response to environmental changes. In the paper, we specifically argue that changes in aggression management through the course of human cultural evolution can account for the behaviors conducive to the emergence and evolution of music. We hypothesize 4 stages in the evolutionary development of music under the influence of environmental changes and evolution of social organization: starting from musilanguage, proto-music gave rise to personal and private forms of timbre-oriented music, then to small-group ensembles of pitch-oriented music, at first of indefinite and then definite pitch, and finally to collective (tonal) music. These stages parallel what has been hypothesized for languages and encompass the diversity of music types and genres described worldwide. Overall, music complexity emerges in a gradual fashion under the effects of enhanced abilities for cultural niche construction, resulting from the stable trend of reduction in reactive aggression towards the end of the Pleistocene, leading to the rise of hospitality codes, and succeeded by increase in proactive aggression from the beginning of the Holocene onward. This paper addresses numerous controversies in the literature on the evolution of music by providing a clear structural definition of music, identifying its structural features that distinguish it from oral language, and summarizing the typology of operational functions of music and formats of its transmission. The proposed framework of structural approach to music arms a researcher with means to identify and comparatively analyze different schemes of tonal organization of music, placing them in the context of human social and cultural evolution. Especially valuable contribution to the understanding of transition from animal communication to human music and language is the theory of so-called “personal song”, described and analyzed here from ethological, social, cultural, cognitive, and musicological perspectives. The emergence of personal song and its development into a social institution are interlinked with the evolution of kinship and placed into the timeline of cultural evolution, based on totality of ethnographic, archaeological, anthropological, genetic, and paleoclimatic data.

AbstractThe act of handwriting affected the evolutionary development of humans and still impacts the motor cognition of individuals. However, the ubiquitous use of digital technologies has drastically decreased the number of times we really need to pick a pen up and write on paper. Nonetheless, the positive cognitive impact of handwriting is widely recognized, and a possible way to merge the benefits of handwriting and digital writing is to use suitable tools to write over touchscreens or graphics tablets. In this manuscript, we focus on the possibility of using the hand itself as a writing tool. A novel hand posture named FingerPen is introduced, and can be seen as a grasp performed by the hand on the index finger. A comparison with the most common posture that people tend to assume (i.e. index finger-only exploitation) is carried out by means of a biomechanical model. A conducted user study shows that the FingerPen is appreciated by users and leads to accurate writing traits.

A historical analysis of seminal influences on the evolutionary development of mediation principles, values and practice models. This article will focus on the ideas of pioneering individuals who had a significant role and influence on contemporary mediation principles and practice. It will describe their professional field of practice; the particular principles and values that underpinned their practice; the theoretical models and styles of practice they developed and how those became transported into contemporary mediation practice. The relevance for mediation is to raise awareness of the centrality, significance, and importance of these key principles. Ideally, this will in turn impact on the quality of contemporary practice. Hopefully it will inform or remind reflective practitioners, trainers, and practice consultants of what constitutes the foundations of best practice.

The article provides insights into the nature and specifics of social responsibility of higher education institutions in the context of transformational economy. In particular, it is argued that in the frameworks of structural and innovative transformations, technogenic safety as a readiness to be socially responsible, contributes to implementing the idea of integration of philosophical, legal, sociological and pedagogical approaches to enhance the performance of modern higher education institutions. The most critical factors in building social responsibility are the focus on professional responsibility, autonomy of higher education institutions, as well as the compliance with the principle of freedom of choice and responsibility in providing dual education services and applied research. The hypothesis of the study is the statement that in the context of structural and innovative transformations, the gnoseological nature of social responsibility of higher education institutions is embodied in gradual building of a technogenic safety paradigm. The research objective is to explore the specifics of social responsibility of higher education institutions from the perspectives of structural and innovative transformations. To attain the study agenda, the following research methods have been employed: historical analysis – to track successive changes in social responsibility concepts in the area of higher education subject to evolutionary development of society; analysis and synthesis techniques – to reveal the content and structure of a social responsibility framework. The findings demonstrate that a technological background to facilitate successive change in the structure of social responsibility elements is the following chain relationship: goals – knowledge – methods – activities. In this chain, goals are considered as expected professional performance outcomes; knowledge, methods and activities – as the capacity (readiness) of higher education institutions to implement effective professional technologies to attain the best results along with meeting all stakeholders’ demands. The summary concludes that the gnoseological implications in building social responsibility in higher education institutions affect the content of goals and the qualitative variety of tools which rely upon worldview and cultural societal values, as well as moral principles and ethical standards of educational activities.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented structural change in the current evolutionary development of the national economy of Ukraine. Situational trends that arise in the open economy of the country require reactive changes in the conditions for doing business and force public authorities to update strategies or mechanisms to support it. At the same time, a number of explicit factors, including unemployment and inflation, further exacerbate the problems in business activities. This makes it necessary to search for relevant methods that would allow interested stakeholders to carry out uninterrupted diagnostics of the state of entrepreneurship development and, on this basis, determine effective government policy tools to support this sector of the economy. Important management measures are the current assessment of the business sector, determination of its future development, and forecasting the consequences of the impact of the external environment on the activities of enterprises. At the same time, the updated methods should take into account the evolution of the development of the national economy and the specifics of the modern activities of large, medium, and small enterprises in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to develop a relevant methodology for assessing the current activities of business entities in the managerial aspect, as well as modeling the forecast for the development of this sector of the economy, taking into account the specifics of the functioning of the national economy of Ukraine. The use of the methodology proposed by the authors will make it possible to systematically assess the current state of entrepreneurship development and respond in advance to negative factors that cause its inert development.

Introduction. The entrepreneurial activity in history has passed a very long distance in the course of its evolutionary development. At each of the stages of its development, it possessed very specific features and qualities that directly depended on a number of various factors. These factors include: the level of development of productive forces, the nature of various (socio-economic, production, political) relationships, forms of ownership and their changes. Materials and Methods. Comparative historical, chronological and genealogical research methods were used, the principles of objectivity and historicism were observed. Results. By the time the lease system was canceled, the period of initial capital accumulation for the former leaseholders was over. Discussion and Conclusion. One of the main stages in the development of Russian entrepreneurship falls on the first half of the 19th century. At this time, directly related to the beginning and development of the industrial revolution, there was a significant acceleration of the processes of initial capital accumulation. This process was based on various forms and types of trade and intermediary activities within the developing the all-Russian market.

Immune system of living organisms ranging from fungi, plants, vertebrates and invertebrates are all aided by polypeptide chains like defensins and cathelicidins. In humans the defensisns are quite fundamental part of innate immune system in combating with day-to-day exposure to unknown pathogens. The defensins are classified as alpha beta and sigma defensins expressed at chromosome 8 at nearly same positions, the sigma defensin is however synthetically developed as reterocyclin, as it has been stopped producing because of evolutionary development of stop codon 7.5 million years ago. The expression of Defensins can be either constitutive or inducible through epithelial cells, Paneth cells or other respective immune cells to regulate the activation of the innate immune responses. These impart their role either by direct microbicidal action, antiviral activity, inactivation or neutralization of microbial products, mobilization or activation of phagocytes and mast cells. Further to this there is lot more to explore about the availability of similar genetic expressions as defensins with unclear functions and in vivo experimental models development.

Based on the study of relevant research findings, law enforcement practices and content analysis, the paper identifies the peculiarities of social and legal environment reflecting the experimental nature of life of a modern society. The mutual effects of technologies, social relationships and legal regulations are discussed. It is stated that technologies which initially had an uncertain impact (social, economic, political and legal) have set an evolutionary development trend of modern societies worldwide, only to justify the insight into evolving conditions in which the personal legal status is implemented. In identifying the nature of technological revolution at the current stage, a conclusion is made on the implementation of a vast majority of social relationships in context of technology-driven social experiment. The legal features of this experiment making it different from the previous stages of the technological progress are identified, and the importance of convergence of the community and digital technologies to set directions for development of the law is underlined. Special attention is paid to the category of the personal legal status and aspects of its protection. The factors of its transformation in the given context are studied and the impact of the experiment’s legal features on the personal legal status is demonstrated. The paper is aimed at proposing solutions to the issue of preserving legal status of a person as a legitimate party to social and technological processes protected from technocratic manifestations, endowed with the right of choice and opportunities to exercise it. In terms of methodology, the study is based on both general and particular research methods. The former include structured and historical methods while the latter — formal legal method and logical cognitive tools such as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. It is proposed to expand the field of application of legal experiment to keep pace with the social relationships dynamics in the context of technological change, help maintain the guarantees related to the established rights and liberties and also contribute to the development of well-balanced legal controls.