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<span>Vehicle and vehicle license detection obtained incredible achievements during recent years that are also popularly used in real traffic scenarios, such as intelligent traffic monitoring systems, auto parking systems, and vehicle services. Computer vision attracted much attention in vehicle and vehicle license detection, benefit from image processing and machine learning technologies. However, the existing methods still have some issues with vehicle and vehicle license plate recognition, especially in a complex environment. In this paper, we propose a multivehicle detection and license plate recognition system based on a hierarchical region convolutional neural network (RCNN). Firstly, a higher level of RCNN is employed to extract vehicles from the original images or video frames. Secondly, the regions of the detected vehicles are input to a lower level (smaller) RCNN to detect the license plate. Thirdly, the detected license plate is split into single numbers. Finally, the individual numbers are recognized by an even smaller RCNN. The experiments on the real traffic database validated the proposed method. Compared with the commonly used all-in-one deep learning structure, the proposed hierarchical method deals with the license plate recognition task in multiple levels for sub-tasks, which enables the modification of network size and structure according to the complexity of sub-tasks. Therefore, the computation load is reduced.</span>

To investigate citizens’ participation behavior in the lottery under the influence of the license plate lottery policy (LPLP) and to guide them to participate in the lottery rationally, this paper, based on social psychology and combined with the theory of planned behavior, divides citizens into citizens with cars in their households and citizens without cars in their households. This study then separately constructs structural equation models, sets perceived car necessity (PCN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), attitude toward car ownership (ATT), and subjective norms (SN), respectively. These four psychological latent variables were used to analyze the participation behavior of different categories of citizens in the car lottery from the perspective of psychological factors. Our empirical study found that there are significant differences in age and the number of people living together. The mechanism of their intention to participate in the car lottery and the psychological factors are different. The psychological factors affecting the intention of people with a car and people without a car to participate in the car lottery are SN > ATT > PCN > PBC and ATT > SN > PBC, respectively. Our research results can help to identify the internal factors and mechanisms that influence citizens’ intention to participate in the car lottery and help government administrators to optimize the LPLP.

In this chapter, an AI (artificial intelligence) solution for LPR (license plate recognition) on moving vehicles is proposed. The license plates in images captured with cameras on moving vehicles have unpredictable distortion and various illumination which make traditional machine vision algorithms unable to recognize the numbers correctly. Therefore, deep learning is leveraged to recognize license plate in such challenging conditions for better recognition accuracy. Additionally, lightweight neural networks are chosen since the power supply of scooter is quite limited. A two-stage method is presented to recognize license plate. First, the license plates in captured images are detected using CNN (convolutional neural network) model and the rotation of the detected license plates are corrected. Subsequently, the characters are recognized as upper-case format (A-Z) and digits (0-9) with second CNN model. Experimental results show that the system achieves 95.7% precision and 95% recall at high speed during the daytime.

The thinning algorithm is one of the approaches of identifying each character printed on the car plate. Malaysian car plate characters appear in different character sizes, styles, customized printed characters etc. These variations contribute to difficulty in thinning successfully segmented and extracted license plate characters for recognition. To address these problems, an improved thinning operation for Malaysian car plate character recognition is proposed. In this algorithm, samples from segmented and extracted license plates are used for a thinning operation which is passed to Zhang-Suen thinning algorithm that could not guarantee one pixel thick and then to single pixelate algorithm that provides one pixel width of character for recognition. From the simulation, the result obtained has clearly proven to be the best for character recognition systems with least number of white pixels (777 pixels) and 0.26% redundant pixel left in the medial curve.    

A reliable estimation of the traffic state in a network is essential, as it is the input of any traffic management strategy. The idea of using the same type of sensors along large networks is not feasible; as a result, data fusion from different sources for the same location should be performed. However, the problem of estimating the traffic state alongside combining input data from multiple sensors is complex for several reasons, such as variable specifications per sensor type, different noise levels, and heterogeneous data inputs. To assess sensor accuracy and propose a fusion methodology, we organized a video measurement campaign in an urban test area in Zurich, Switzerland. The work focuses on capturing traffic conditions regarding traffic flows and travel times. The video measurements are processed (a) manually for ground truth and (b) with an algorithm for license plate recognition. Additional processing of data from established thermal imaging cameras and the Google Distance Matrix allows for evaluating the various sensors’ accuracy and robustness. Finally, we propose an estimation baseline MLR (multiple linear regression) model (5% of ground truth) that is compared to a final MLR model that fuses the 5% sample with conventional loop detector and traffic signal data. The comparison results with the ground truth demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed assessment and estimation methodology.