organic layer
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Alkylphosphonic acids are well known for their ability to form self-assembled monolayers on hydroxide surfaces. A crucial step to understanding fundamentally how these surfaces are created is the elucidation of the interaction process that leads to such interface creation. In this study, we employed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics to understand this process. The interaction with the Cu(111) surface of three different alkylphosphonic acids (hexyl-, octyl- and decylphosphonic acids) is evaluated in an aqueous acidic and in an ethanol solution by Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations, while EIS measurements are used to put in evidence the impact of the layer made in ethanol on copper protection. Nyquist diagrams of copper samples modified with an alkylphosphonic monolayer showed a higher polarization resistance that mitigates the copper corrosion in an aqueous acid medium. The phase–frequency Bode plots had higher and broader phase maxima for a modified copper surface with phosphonic moieties, which confirmed the ability of this organic layer to prevent copper corrosion.

Changes of soil properties along elevational gradients were studied in a less accessible and explored forest-tundra ecotone in the NW part of Central Siberia. Data on soil physical and chemical properties were collected along three horizontal transects at an elevation of 100–420 m a.s.l., at two localities differing in the slope angle. At each transect, five soil pits were excavated to a depth of 0.3–0.4 m. Soil samples were taken from the depths of 0–0.1 m, 0.1–0.2 m, and 0.2–0.3 m. The results showed a pronounced effect of slope angle on the pattern of soil properties along the elevational gradient. At the locality with a gentle slope, soils exhibited 2.5 times larger thickness of the surface organic layer (SOL), higher pH, and Na+ content, and lower C, N, Ald, and Fed concentration indicating slower pedogenic processes on this site. On the other hand, at the locality with a steeper slope, soil properties were better differentiated between transects situated along elevational gradient especially at the depths of 0.1–0.2 and 0.2–0.3 m. However, a clear positive or negative trend with the altitude was observed only for some soil characteristics, e.g., SOL, C, N, or Ald concentrations on the Lama location.

AbstractInterlayer carrier transfer at heterointerfaces plays a critical role in light to electricity conversion using organic and nanostructured materials. However, how interlayer carrier extraction at these interfaces is poorly understood, especially in organic-inorganic heterogeneous systems. Here, we provide a direct strategy for manipulating the interlayer carrier diffusion process, transfer rate and extraction efficiency in tetracene/MoS2 type-II band alignment heterostructure by constructing the 2D–3D organic-inorganic (O-I) system. As a result, the prolonged diffusion length (12.32 nm), enhanced electron transfer rate (9.53 × 109 s−1) and improved carrier extraction efficiency (60.9%) are obtained in the 2D O-I structure which may be due to the more sufficient charge transfer (CT) state generation. In addition, we have demonstrated that the interlayer carrier transfer behavior complied with the diffusion mechanism based on the one-dimensional diffusion model. The diffusion coefficients have varied from 0.0027 to 0.0036 cm2 s−1 as the organic layer changes from 3D to 2D structures. Apart from the relationship between the carrier injection and diffusion process, temperature-dependent time-resolved spectra measurement is used to reveal the trap-related recombination that may limit the interlayer carrier extraction. The controllable interlayer carrier transfer behavior enables O-I heterojunction to be optimized for optoelectronic applications.

Deep ploughing—which inverts, covers, or mixes soil organic layer (forest floor) and surface mineral A horizon into the mineral subsoil, burying the upper soil horizon in deeper layers, and disrupting pedogenic processes—is a debatable topic in forest plantation management. Overall, this review article aimed to identify the impacts of deep ploughing on the properties of forest plantations, adapting experiences from the agricultural sector. This paper examines the main impacts of deep ploughing technology on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, ground vegetation, and tree aboveground and belowground biomass in afforested former agricultural land. Analysis of the published literature shows that deep ploughing can be used under different climatic and soil conditions, but it induces site-specific changes in soil properties and vegetation. Mechanical site preparation during afforestation and reforestation should follow the requirements of sustainable soil management, in order to avoid negative effects on the environment and biodiversity. Based on this analysis, we suggest key indicators that may be specific to deep ploughing responses in afforested sites and can contribute to risk assessment, aimed at achieving sustainable forest management. To date, most studies on mechanical site preparation for forest plantation have been performed using a few conifer tree species; therefore, it is important to expand empirical studies.

Abstract. While the carbon (C) content of temperate and boreal forest soils is relatively well studied, much less is known about the ratios of C, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) of the soil organic matter, and the abiotic and biotic factors that shape them. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore carbon, nitrogen, and organic phosphorus (OP) contents and element ratios in temperate and boreal forest soils and their relationships with climate, dominant tree species, and soil texture. For this purpose, we studied 309 forest soils with a stand age >60 years located all over Sweden between 56° N and 68° N. The soils are a representative subsample of Swedish forest soils with a stand age >60 years that were sampled for the Swedish Forest Soil Inventory. We found that the N stock of the organic layer increased by a factor of 7.5 from −2 °C to 7.5 °C mean annual temperature (MAT), it increased almost twice as much as the organic layer stock along the MAT gradient. The increase in the N stock went along with an increase in the N : P ratio of the organic layer by a factor of 2.1 from −2 °C to 7.5 °C MAT (R2 = 0.36, p < 0.001). Forests dominated by pine had higher C : N ratios in the litter layer and mineral soil down to a depth of 65 cm than forests dominated by other tree species. Further, also the C : P ratio was increased in the pine-dominated forests compared to forests dominated by other tree species in the organic layer, but the C : OP ratio in the mineral soil was not elevated in pine forests. C, N and OP contents in the mineral soil were higher in fine-textured soils than in coarse-textured soils by a factor of 2.3, 3.5, and 4.6, respectively. Thus, the effect of texture was stronger on OP than on N and C, likely because OP adsorbs very rigidly to mineral surfaces. Further, we found, that the P and K concentrations of the organic layer were inversely related with the organic layer stock. The C and N concentrations of the mineral soil were best predicted by the combination of MAT, texture, and tree species, whereas the OP concentration was best predicted by the combination of MAT, texture and the P concentration of the parent material in the mineral soil. In the organic layer, the P concentration was best predicted by the organic layer stock. Taken together, the results show that the N : P ratio of the organic layer was most strongly related to MAT. Further, the C : N ratio was most strongly related to dominant tree species, even in the mineral subsoil. In contrast, the C : P ratio was only affected by dominant tree species in the organic layer, but the C : OP ratio in the mineral soil was hardly affected by tree species due to the strong effect of soil texture on the OP concentration.

In electrical machines, laminated steels are commonly adopted as soft magnetic materials, while for permanent magnets, sintered ferrites and NdFeB are the most common solutions. On the other hand, the growing demand for volume reduction with the increment of efficiency leads to the necessity of exploring other magnetic materials able to face the challenge better than the traditional ones. Bonded magnets have been used to replace sintered magnets, obtaining a better use of space and particular magnetic properties. Instead, for the magnetic circuit, Soft Magnetic Composites (SMC) allow realizing very complex magnetic design (3D path for flux) with iron loss reduction at medium-high frequencies, especially for the eddy currents loss contribution. On the other hand, SMC materials have such drawbacks as low mechanical properties and high hysteresis losses. For this reason, in this work, different studies considering several variables have been carried out. SMCs were produced through a moulding process; inorganic and organic layers to cover ferromagnetic particles were used, adopting different coating processes. Particular tests have been performed for a quicker and more indicative overview of the materials obtained. The single sheet tester (SST) is easier than traditional toroidal methods; on the other hand, the multiplicity of variables affects the SMC materials and their process. For this reason, coercivity and conductibility tests permit rapid measurement and provide a direct classification of the produced SMCs, providing the main information needed to select suitable materials. Results highlighted that choosing the more appropriate SMC material is possible after using these simple preliminary tests. After these tests, it was possible to argue that with 0.2 wt% of phenolic resin as the organic layer (and compaction pressure of 800 MPa), it is possible to produce a good SMC. On the other hand, the SMC with 0.2 wt% of epoxy resin (and compaction pressure of 800 MPa) gives a minor coercivity value. Additionally, despite the SMC with the inorganic layer, 0.2 wt% of nano-ferrites showing the best coercivity values (specifically for vacuum treatment at 600 °C), their resistivity was unsatisfactory.

Abstract Aims The retreat of glaciers is exposing new terrains to primary plant succession around the globe. To improve the understanding of vegetation development along a glacier retreat chronosequence, we (i) evaluated a possible link between base metal (Ca, Mg, K, Na) supply and vegetation establishment, (ii) determined the rates of the establishment of soil and plant base metal stocks, and (iii) estimated the size of the main base metal fluxes. Methods We determined base metal stocks in the soil organic layer, the mineral topsoil (0–10 cm), and in leaves/needles, trunk, bark, branches and roots of the dominating shrub and tree species and estimated fluxes of atmospheric deposition, plant uptake and leaching losses along the 127-yr Hailuogou chronosequence. Results Total ecosystem Ca and Mg stocks decreased along the chronosequence, while those of K and Na were unrelated with ecosystem age. Fortyfour and 30% of the initial stocks of Ca and Mg, respectively, were leached during the first 47 years, at rates of 130 ± 10.6 g m−2 year−1 Ca and 35 ± 3.1 g m−2 year−1 Mg. The organic layer accumulated at a mean rate of 288 g m−2 year−1 providing a bioavailable base metal stock, which was especially important for K cycling. Conclusions We suggest that the initial high Ca bioavailability because of a moderately alkaline soil pH and carbonate depletion in 47 years, together with the dissolution of easily-weatherable silicates providing enough Mg and K to the pioneer vegetation, contributed to the establishment of the mature forest in ca. 80 years.