fundamental relation
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AbstractMagnetoelectric phenomena are intimately linked to relativistic effects and also require the material to break spatial inversion symmetry and time-reversal invariance. Magnetoelectric coupling can substantially affect light–matter interaction and lead to non-reciprocal light propagation. Here, we confirm on a fully experimental basis, without invoking either symmetry-based or material-specific assumptions, that the optical magnetoelectric effect in materials with non-parallel magnetization (M) and electric polarization (P) generates a trilinear term in the refractive index, δn ∝ k ⋅ (P × M), where k is the propagation vector of light. Its sharp magnetoelectric resonances in the terahertz regime, which are simultaneously electric and magnetic dipole active excitations, make Co2Mo3O8 an ideal compound to demonstrate this fundamental relation via independent variation of M, P, and k. Remarkably, the material shows almost perfect one-way transparency in moderate magnetic fields for one of these magnetoelectric resonances.

<p>This thesis aims to study the impact of mineral resource development on the indigenous peoples in the Philippines, focussing primarily on the consequential effect of the destruction of their ancestral domains and loss of access to their sacred spaces as it relates to their survival. Further, it seeks to bring to the widest attention possible their little known struggles against the invading and destructive forces of development, particularly large-scale mining, in their traditional areas. Most of all, this research ambitions to (1) debunk the prevailing research trend of dismissing emotions as irrational, illogical and useless in research because it is unquantifiable, and therefore, unscientific; and (2) critique Western-influenced paradigms on development by shedding light on the limitations of Eurocentric commitment to orthodox discourses that valorise resource development as supreme over cultural meanings and view environment as something completely detached from humans. In this study is presented the conflicting sides found at the heart of this age-old problem: the opposing views of government/mining companies on one hand, and those of the indigenous peoples on the other, their differing perceptions and stance on the issue of exploitation and control of natural resources found in ancestral domains.  This research explored the deep emotional connections of indigenous peoples to their ancestral domains and how these are inexorably linked to their cultural identity. The data illustrate their profound sufferings in the hands of development agents and, paradoxically, the Philippine government itself through its open-arms policy on foreign investments and liberalised mining laws, heavily compounded by the unwarranted deployment of the military to ensure a smooth transition in approved mining areas.  Using de-colonising methodologies and research approaches to tackle the issue, empirical data gathered are drawn from participant observation, semi-structured interviews and informal indigenous communities, and later organised according to themes evident upon collation of data. The findings are linked to a wider theoretical context and complemented with analyses of academic literature orientated to post-structural political ecology, emotional geographies and indigenous geographies that support the arguments in this study.  As well as highlighting potential areas for future studies on indigenous peoples, this research points to the root cause of the problem to a people’s fundamental loss of power that denies them their control over their emotional spaces, resources and destiny. Accordingly, this fundamental relation needs to be given greater consideration in policy formulation and implementation of regulations that govern environment, natural resources and ancestral domains.</p>

<p>This thesis aims to study the impact of mineral resource development on the indigenous peoples in the Philippines, focussing primarily on the consequential effect of the destruction of their ancestral domains and loss of access to their sacred spaces as it relates to their survival. Further, it seeks to bring to the widest attention possible their little known struggles against the invading and destructive forces of development, particularly large-scale mining, in their traditional areas. Most of all, this research ambitions to (1) debunk the prevailing research trend of dismissing emotions as irrational, illogical and useless in research because it is unquantifiable, and therefore, unscientific; and (2) critique Western-influenced paradigms on development by shedding light on the limitations of Eurocentric commitment to orthodox discourses that valorise resource development as supreme over cultural meanings and view environment as something completely detached from humans. In this study is presented the conflicting sides found at the heart of this age-old problem: the opposing views of government/mining companies on one hand, and those of the indigenous peoples on the other, their differing perceptions and stance on the issue of exploitation and control of natural resources found in ancestral domains.  This research explored the deep emotional connections of indigenous peoples to their ancestral domains and how these are inexorably linked to their cultural identity. The data illustrate their profound sufferings in the hands of development agents and, paradoxically, the Philippine government itself through its open-arms policy on foreign investments and liberalised mining laws, heavily compounded by the unwarranted deployment of the military to ensure a smooth transition in approved mining areas.  Using de-colonising methodologies and research approaches to tackle the issue, empirical data gathered are drawn from participant observation, semi-structured interviews and informal indigenous communities, and later organised according to themes evident upon collation of data. The findings are linked to a wider theoretical context and complemented with analyses of academic literature orientated to post-structural political ecology, emotional geographies and indigenous geographies that support the arguments in this study.  As well as highlighting potential areas for future studies on indigenous peoples, this research points to the root cause of the problem to a people’s fundamental loss of power that denies them their control over their emotional spaces, resources and destiny. Accordingly, this fundamental relation needs to be given greater consideration in policy formulation and implementation of regulations that govern environment, natural resources and ancestral domains.</p>

AbstractWe construct a geometric lifting of the Burge correspondence as a composition of local birational maps on generic Young-diagram-shaped arrays. We establish its fundamental relation to the geometric Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence and to the geometric Schützenberger involution. We also show a number of properties of the geometric Burge correspondence, specializing them to the case of symmetric input arrays. In particular, our construction shows that such a mapping is volume preserving in log-log variables. As an application, we consider a model of two polymer paths of given length constrained to have the same endpoint, known as polymer replica. We prove that the distribution of the polymer replica partition function in a log-gamma random environment is a Whittaker measure, and deduce the corresponding Whittaker integral identity. For a certain choice of the parameters, we notice a distributional identity between our model and the symmetric log-gamma polymer studied by O’Connell, Seppäläinen, and Zygouras (2014).

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the notation of single-valued neutrosophic hyper BCK-subalgebras and a novel concept of neutro hyper BCK-algebras as a generalization and alternative of hyper BCK-algebras, that have a larger applicable field. In order to realize the article’s goals, we construct single-valued neutrosophic hyper BCK-subalgebras and neutro hyper BCK-algebras on a given nonempty set. The result of the research is the generalization of single-valued neutrosophic BCK-subalgebras and neutro BCK-algebras to single-valued neutrosophic hyper BCK-subalgebras and neutro hyper BCK-algebras, respectively. Also, some results are obtained between extended (extendable) single-valued neutrosophic BCK-subalgebras and single-valued neutrosophic hyper BCK-subalgebras via fundamental relation. The paper includes implications for the development of single-valued neutrosophic BCK-subalgebras and neutro BCK-algebras and for modelling the uncertainty problems by single-valued neutrosophic hyper BCK-subalgebras and neutro hyper BCK-algebras. The new conception of single-valued neutrosophic hyper BCK-subalgebras and neutro hyper BCK-algebras was given for the first time in this paper. We find a method that can apply these concepts in some complex networks.

We review the recent progress in the study of line defects in three-dimensional Chern–Simons-matter superconformal field theories, notably the ABJM theory. The first part is focused on kinematical defects, supporting a topological sector of the theory. After reviewing the construction of this sector, we concentrate on the evaluation of topological correlators from the partition function of the mass-deformed ABJM theory and provide evidence on the existence of topological quantum mechanics living on the line. In the second part, we consider the dynamical defects realized as latitude BPS Wilson loops for which an exact evaluation is available in terms of a latitude Matrix Model. We discuss the fundamental relation between these operators, the defect superconformal field theory and bulk physical quantities, such as the Bremsstrahlung function. This relation assigns a privileged role to BPS Wilson operators, which become the meeting point for three exact approaches: localization, integrability and conformal bootstrap.

The Hubble constant Ho represents the speed of expansion of the universe and various cosmological observations and modeling methods were utilized by astronomers for a century to pin down its exact value. Determining Ho from cosmological observations is a long and tedious process requiring highly accurate datasets. To circumvent this need, a simple theoretical approach is introduced in this study which uses the concept of gravitational weakening and seismic-induced recession. As tremors occur among celestial objects, their gravitational fields would also change. This resulted in a fundamental relation of Ho and the computed rate of recession that gives a theoretical value for Ho=69.921 Km/s/Mpc. Using the newly discovered seismic-induced gravitational weakening and time dilation, it is possible that various astrophysical methods using different measurement methods would converge to this theoretical Ho value when cosmological distances and time delay measurements are corrected with the simple formulas we derived. The new model assumes that, as quakes occur in celestial objects, luminosity-induced acceleration and high-energy collision of protons and electrons may produce a massive number of neutrinos, quarks and other subatomic particles. Furthermore, the fine structure constant was found to be inversely proportional to Ho-squared and that the fine-structure constant obtained in this study gives a new physical interpretation of α. New relations for the speed of light, orbital velocity, gravitational force and the Hubble constant were further derived from the new recession constant using approximate relations for the Newtonian and electric force constant. This resulted in a modified gravitational law that is both repulsive and attractive and a theoretical explanation of the phenomenon of light-induced gravitation analogous to the electromagnetic force where photon is the force-carrier. Finally, the fundamental forces of gravitation, electromagnetism and strong nuclear force are now unified.

Inspired by fuzzy hyperalgebras and fuzzy polynomial function (term function), some homomorphism properties of fundamental relation on fuzzy hyperalgebras are conveyed. The obtained relations of fuzzy hyperalgebra are utilized for certain applications, i.e., biological phenomena and genetics along with some elucidatory examples presenting various aspects of fuzzy hyperalgebras. Then, by considering the definition of identities (weak and strong) as a class of fuzzy polynomial function, the smallest equivalence relation (fundamental relation) is obtained which is an important tool for fuzzy hyperalgebraic systems. Through the characterization of these equivalence relations of a fuzzy hyperalgebra, we assign the smallest equivalence relation α i 1 i 2 ∗ on a fuzzy hyperalgebra via identities where the factor hyperalgebra is a universal algebra. We extend and improve the identities on fuzzy hyperalgebras and characterize the smallest equivalence relation α J ∗ on the set of strong identities.

A reliable prediction of the human-induced vibrations of footbridges relies on an accurate representation of the pedestrian excitation for different loading scenario. Particularly, the modeling of crowd-induced dynamic loading is a critical issue for the serviceability assessment of footbridges. At the design stage, the modeling of crowd loading is often derived from single pedestrian models, neglecting the effect of the structural vibrations as well as the interactions among pedestrians. A detailed description of the crowd behavior can be achieved employing a social force model that describes the different influences affecting individual pedestrian motion. These models are widely adopted to describe the crowd behavior especially in the field of evacuation of public buildings, public safety and transport station management while applications in the serviceability assessment of footbridges are less common. To simulate unidirectional pedestrian flows on footbridges, this paper proposes a parameter calibration of the Helbing’s social force model performed adopting the response surface methodology. Parameters of the social force model are calibrated so as to represent the fundamental relation between mean walking speed and density of the pedestrian crowd. The crowd-induced vibrations are then simulated by modeling each pedestrian in the crowd as a vertical load that crosses the footbridge with time varying trajectory and velocity estimated from the calibrated social force model. Finally, results are compared to those obtained from a multiplication factor approach proposed in literature. This considers the crowd as a uniform distribution of pedestrians with constant speed and given synchronization level and the footbridge response is evaluated as the response to a single pedestrian scaled by a proper enhancement factor.