marketing margins
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Abstract Background: Tomato is one of the most important and widely grown vegetable in Ethiopia. This study was aimed at analyzing tomato value chain in Yayu and Hurumu districts of Ilubabor zone. The specific objectives of the study were to identify actors and their roles in the value chain, to estimate marketing margins of each actor and identifying determinants of market participation decision and level of participation of farm households in tomato market.Methodology: The study used both primary and secondary data. Descriptive statistics, value chain analysis and Heckman two-stage selection model were used to analyze the data.Results: The major tomato value chain actors in the study area are input suppliers, producers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. Producer received the maximum profit when they sell directly to consumers. The Heckman first stage model result showed that four variables such as family size, production experience, participation in non-farm activity and quantity produced significantly affect the tomato market participation decision. Heckman second stage model indicated that extension contact, quantity produced and perception of lagged price significantly influence the tomato level of market participation.Conclusion: in the study area Tomato is produced mainly as a source of food and income and it is one of the most important and widely grown vegetable. The market participation decision of the farmers is influenced significantly by family size, production experience, participation in non-farm activity and quantity produced. Similarly, extension contact, quantity produced and perception of lagged price were among determinants which affect significantly tomato producer’s level of market participation. Hence, these significant factors need to be intervening so as to enhance the possible gain that could be drawn from tomato value chain in the study area.

The orange juice chain is a representative sector of the Brazilian agribusiness sector and its performance warrants analysis to identify strategies to enhance its competitiveness. Analysis of asymmetry in food value chain is important because it provides valuable information on market structure and performance. We use an asymmetric threshold error correction model to examine threshold, short- and long-run asymmetries on price transmission from international to domestic prices of oranges in Brazil. We use monthly data on international frozen concentrated orange juice prices and domestic prices of oranges in Brazil for the period from January 1996 to December 2020 in the analysis. We find evidence of threshold and asymmetries in short- and long-run price transmission and asymmetric adjustment towards a long-run relationship between international and domestic orange prices in Brazil. Decreases in international prices that lead to reductions in marketing margins are passed on quickly to domestic prices, but this is not the case for increases in international prices. We discuss implications for the Brazilian citrus industry.

Food products are the main concern for the government and people of Indonesia. Changes in food prices have significant effects on the welfare of the population. Covid-19 pandemic has significantly affected community activities and the food agribusiness system. This study analyzes patterns of changes in prices and marketing margins of seven main food products in Indonesian food consumption i.e. rice, shallots, garlic, red chillies, cayenne pepper, cooking oil, and sugar, after the Covid-19 pandemic by presenting descriptive statistics of daily food prices data from the National Strategic Food Price Information Center (PIHPSN). Based on empirical results, except for shallots and cooking oil, most food prices at various market levels have fallen during the Covid-19 pandemic. On the other hand, the risk of food prices at various levels of the market has been increasing. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the magnitude and variability of marketing margins along the marketing chain also have been increasing. These findings imply the urgency of Institutional policies that can increase market transparency and competition appears to be more effective in the long term at reducing the price shocks caused by Covid-19 at various levels of the market than price interventions.

Coconut palm sugar Srikandi is different from other sugar. Coconut palm sugar Srikandi is derived from the raw material of nira obtained from coconut trees that grow on organic certification land. This organic certificate was issued by the Dutch Control Union, namely  the EU Organic Farming certificate and USDA Organic certificate from America. In addition, there was already a halal label from LPPOM Central Java Province and PIRT Purworejo Regency Health Office. Coconut palm sugar Srikandi could reach the market in accordance with organic certificates that were Europe, America, Australia and Sri Lanka. This study aims to identify the marketing channels, marketing margins, farmer's share and the analysis of profit-to-cost ratios. The type of research used by the survey method. The research location was chosen by probability sampling method, that was in Loano District and Kaligesing District, Purworejo Regency as an object and coconut palm sugar tapper who is a member of Srikandi Women's Cooperative as the subject. The most efficient marketing channel research resulted with a marketing margin value of Rp. 15.000 / kg, farmer's share value of 53.13% and the value of profit and cost ratio of 9.78 are found on the channel III.

Abstract The objectives to be achieved in this study are to determine the distribution pattern of capture fishery products at Ujong Baroh Fishing Port and determine an efficient distribution pattern in conducting a marketing system by knowing the margin received. The method used in this study is a survey method with purposive sampling data collection techniques. The data analysis used in this research is descriptive analysis and marketing margin analysis. The descriptive analysis used to describe the distribution pattern in Ujong Baroh Fishing Port. Marketing margin analysis is used to measure the profits of each actor involved in the catch distribution pattern. Results of this study obtained 2 distribution patterns that occur in Ujong Baroh Fishing Port. The first distribution pattern is fishermen to fish collectors to wholesalers to retailers to consumers; second, fishermen to fish collectors to traders to consumers. Both distribution patterns at Ujong Baroh Fishing Port are correct because these patterns get a marketing margin value of < 50% and a fisherman’s profit sharing value of > 50%, where the distribution pattern is classified as efficient. The party who benefits from both distribution patterns is fish collectors because they get a sales profit of 7%.

This study aims to determine the form of marketing channels, marketing margins, share of the price received by producers and marketing efficiency of gadung chips in the "Dua Putra Jaya" home industry in Jombang Regency. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method. Determination of sampling is done purposively. Respondents include producers, retailers, collectors, and consumers. Data were obtained from direct observation in the field through interviews, distributing questionnaires and tracing. The results showed that the marketing channel for Gadung chips "Dua Putra Jaya" consists of three marketing channels, namely; zero-level channels consist of producers (consumers, Level 1 channels consist of producers( retailers (consumers; Level 2 marketing channels consist of producers( collectors( retailers( consumers. The total margin on the zero level channel is non existent, the level 1 marketing channel is IDR 20,000 and the level 2 marketing channel is IDR 20,000. The share of the price received by on the zero level channel does not exist, the price share on the level 1 channel is 75%; while the channel level 2 is 55.5%. There is no efficiency value in the zero level marketing channel, the marketing channel level 1 is 31.6% and the marketing channel level 2 is 35.5%, so that it can be seen that the marketing channel in channel one is more efficient because of the marketing costs incurred in channel one. less first.

This study aims to analyze at the income level of fishermen in Para I Village during the Covid-19 pandemic, and look at the marketing flow and marketing margins of Threadfin bream in Para I village. This research can be input to the Government in improving the welfare of fishermen amid Covid-19 pandemic. This research was conducted in Para I Village, Tatoareng District, Sangihe Islands Regency in March – May 2021. The methods used in this study were qualitative and quantitative ones. Data collection was carried out through direct observation and interviews with local fishermen, while maintaining health protocols. The income of threadfin bream fisherman per week in Para I Village ranges from IDR 500,000 - IDR 3,000,000 depending on weather condition. The marketing of threadfin bream and other demersal fish belongs to an efficient one. During the pandemic, fishermen's income decreased slightly because they could not bring their catch to be sold to Tahuna city or Dagho Fishing Port. However, there are also traders who come directly to buy fish on Para Island. Income decreased to IDR 500,000 per week during the pandemic.  However, this condition only lasted for 2-3 months, but then their income returned to the normal. The strategy taken by fishermen to deal with the income decline during the pandemic is to process their catch into salted fish that can be sold or stored as food reserves for their households. The government can help organize Financial Management Training and education about business opportunities in the fisheries sector. 

Community Forest is a scheme that aims to empower local communities and provide access to manage protected or production forest areas. The pine sap commodity is one of the sources of livelihood for the community by utilizing existing access. Financial ratio analysis is very important to determine the value added of marketing margins and profit margins from the pine sap commodities that have been turned into a product. Respondents were selected based on people who worked as pine sap collectors, from farmers to the pine sap processing industry who bought and processed the pine sap products. The results showed that the pine sap processed by the pine sap processing industry was in the form of gondorukem and turpentine which were then marketed to international markets, namely India, Vietnam, and China with different financial ratios for each business actor.

This study aims to analyze income, added value of tofu soybeans, tofu product marketing channels, and marketing margins. The research method used is the case study method in the Agroindustrial House of Tofu, Way Halim Permai Village, Way Halim District, Bandar Lampung City. The location of the research was determined deliberately with the consideration that Way Halim District is the center of tofu agroindustry in Bandar Lampung City and House of Tofu Agroindustry with the highest production in Way Halim Regency. This research was conducted in January - March 2020. The data analysis method used in this research was qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the income of producing each tofu product was profitable because R/C > 1 and the agroindustry had positive added value. The marketing channel consists of three channels. The market share for all types of tofu in the marketing process of the House of Tofu Agroindustry is more than 50%.Key words : agroindustry, income, marketing, production, tofu.