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We used an actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) to study the association between the individual group member and other group therapy members’ defensive functioning on an individual group member’s treatment outcome. We hypothesized that (a) more adaptive individual defensive functioning at pretreatment will be significantly related to better treatment outcomes (i.e., lower binge eating and interpersonal distress) at 6 months post-treatment; and (b) more adaptive other group members’ defensive functioning at pretreatment will be significantly related to better treatment outcomes at 6 months post-treatment. Participants (N = 136) were individuals with BED enrolled in group psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy (GPIP). Participants completed attachment interviews and were assessed on interpersonal distress and days binged at pre-treatment and 6 months post-treatment. The interview audio recordings were transcribed and used to code defensive functioning. We found that individual overall defensive functioning (ODF) scores at pretreatment were not significantly associated with binge-eating frequency or interpersonal distress at 6 months post treatment. Other group members’ mean ODF scores at pretreatment were significantly associated with individual interpersonal distress at 6 months post-treatment. However, the other group members’ mean ODF scores were not significantly associated with individual binge-eating outcomes at 6 months post treatment. Defensive functioning of other members of a therapy group may be particularly important for improving interpersonal functioning in individuals with BED.

Abstract This study aims to examine the extent to which peer collaboration affects EFL learners’ speech act production and cognitive processes. Eleven EFL students in the individual group and 22 students (11 pairs) in the collaborative groups were asked to report their cognitive processes when working on a written discourse completion task (WDCT). The WDCT performances were rated on a five-point Likert-type scale, and the verbalizations were analyzed in terms of pragmatic-related episodes (PREs). Results showed that the individual group scored higher on content, whereas the collaborative group outperformed their counterparts on forms. Regarding the cognitive processes, the individual group tended to plan the general direction of their writing before writing the WDCT and paid more attention to sociopragmatic content while writing. In contrast, the collaborative group planned specific details before the task and attended to pragmalinguistic forms more often while writing.

Abstract In Politics 5.1–3, Aristotle sees different conceptions of proportional equality and justice as the fundamental causes of stasis and metabolē (constitutional change). His account shows what happens to notions of ‘particular’ justice when they become causes of individual and collective action in pursuit of moral and political revolution. The whole discussion of the causes of stasis should be read through the filter of individual/group motivation – as a reflection of what goes on in the heads of those who engage in stasis. Movements towards political change are motivated by ingrained conceptions of proportional equality and fair distribution of honour and wealth. Aristotle’s approach, therefore, may be compared to Axel Honneth’s, that social justice should be seen in terms of the distribution of dignity and respect as well as of material resources.

Nigeria's multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, and multi-ideological nature is a complexity that should spur a synergy for development in all spheres. The theory of dissipative structures employed suggests that. Contrarily, the pursuit of individual group interests to the detriment of others leads to entropy that dissipates development and economic growth that its population needs. Ethnic and religious militia emerged in response to such problems and threats that has brought in consistent loss of lives and properties which whip the economy and country leaving the state bleeding. Militia internationalisation are important factors discussed as well. This chapter looks at the factors behind the emergence of these militias and the consequences their activities have on local economies of their regions and the national economy.

The aim of the study is to measure the impact of the mobile electronic support types (individual/group) in the achievement and development of speaking and listening skills in the English language course for the intermediate school students, by identifying the types of mobile electronic support (individual/group), and determining the speaking and listening skills in the English language course that must be acquired for intermediate school students. In addition, mobile learning tools and applications can be used in mobile electronic support to develop speaking and listening skills and monitor the role of the electronic support style in developing speaking and listening skills, and measure the impact of the different mobile electronic support types (individual/group) in developing speaking and listening skills. The researcher used the semi- experimental approach method, and a sample consisted of (30 students) of the second intermediate grade students in Al- Andalus National Schools in Jeddah. To achieve the objectives of the study, a learning test and an observation card were built. The results of the research found a positive impact on the effectiveness of the mobile electronic support types (individual/group) in the achievement and development of of speaking and listening skills in English course for intermediate school students. The results revealed that there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of students in the pre and post- test in the achievement test and Not card of both Mobile E- support types (individual/group) to develop speaking and listening skills in favor of the post- test. The arithmetic mean of the experimental group students of the individual mobile electronic support type in the post application of the observation card for the speaking skill is equal to ( 9.46), and the arithmetic mean of the experimental group students of the group mobile electronic support type in the post application of the observation card for the speaking skill equals (8.01), and the value (T) equals (9.32). The average score of the observation card for the speaking skill of the experimental group students of the (group) mobile electronic support type in the pre- application is (3.09) and in the post- application is (8.01). In light of the results, the research presented several recommendations, including the necessity of applying the group mobile electronic support type in order to increase the speaking and listening skills in the English language course for intermediate school students.

The analysis and assessment of regional characteristics of the preventive healthcare organization for children population in the Republic of Tatarstan were carried out within this research. It has revealed the major issues of prevention system in children healthcare in the Republic. Our goal was to develop and implement a set of measures on improvement of medical prevention in the system of children healthcare, and to evaluate their efficacy. The guidelines developed for preventive care in children have allowed us to create three-level model of preventive care for children in five main areas. The provision of medical, social, legal, psychological, and pedagogical care for children and adolescents (especially for children in difficult circumstances and/or socially dangerous situations) is one of the major issues for preserving the health of future generations in contrast to all socio-economic changes. This necessitates the creation of new forms, approaches, and mechanisms, as well as the development of measures on improvement of existing preventive technologies at the individual, group, and population levels via using information technologies.

In investigating how member ability is translated into group brainstorming performance, it was predicted that a group’s collective intelligence (CI) would enable it to capitalize on member ability while maximizing process gains and mitigating process losses. Ninety-nine groups were randomly assigned to complete a short brainstorming task using a hybrid (individual-group work) or collective (only group work) task structure. High CI groups were better than low CI groups at translating member ability into group brainstorming performance. Additionally, this hybrid structure was more beneficial for low CI groups than for high CI groups in generating total ideas.

The article covers the basis for method of circuit training, that consist of multiple repetition of physical exercises under the condition of exact dosage of loading in established sequence of change and rotation with rest. The foundation of pedagogical approaches and key demands for circuit training are deeply connected to general principles of sports training. Circuit training looks like complex system of training process which is built on up-to-date achievements in scientific developments and modern organizational methodical approaches during training lessons with the purpose of implementation of individual group tasks and improvement of key moving abilities and their complex identifications. Circuit training gives a chance to independently obtain knowledge from physical features, improve specific abilities and skills. Lessons on circuit training permit to carry out easier exercises without tools, and then gradually increase the tempo and the amount of repetitions.

PurposeThis study explores how and when intuitive forms of planning can be used in a family firm's succession process.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses an extended focus group meeting, consisting of individual, group and subgroup discussions with seven highly experienced external family business advisors in the Netherlands to gain a holistic understanding of the succession process and its underlying logic. The study also employs pre- and post-group questionnaires.FindingsThis study reveals that advisors perceive intuitive forms of planning as an integral part of the succession process, with the latter containing both intuitive and formal logic and activities. Both logics are used situationally and flexibly to deal with the uniqueness and unpredictability of the succession process and to build strong relations and manage relational dynamics in business families to address tasks, dilemmas and contingencies.Originality/valueThe succession process is an important part of business families' achievement of transgenerational intent. Creating commitment among potential successors begins when they are children, and understanding the role of the more intuitive forms of planning during the succession process will provide us with a more holistic perspective on its dynamics.

<div><pre>research data is qualitative data about bureaucratic behavior in the implementation of education policies. Sources of data obtained from interviews and FGD about the focus of the research. The research data is compiled and verified before the analysis is carried out by triangulation of data on behavior which includes knowledge, abilities, discipline, motivation and employee responsibilities at the individual, group and organizational levels </pre></div><div><br></div>