dermoepidermal junction
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Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is a mucocutaneous autoimmune blistering disease affecting both adults and children. It is caused by IgA antibodies targeting multiple antigens along the basement membrane zone, leading to disruption of dermoepidermal junction and development of bullous lesions which often presents in characteristic arrangement. Although most LABD cases have been reported to be idiopathic, different triggers have been described, including several drugs and infection. However, the occurrence of vaccine-induced cases of LABD is not widely known and accepted due to the few reports available. We present two cases of LABD occurred following different triggers, rising the suspicion for a possible pathogenetic role of vaccines.

BACKGROUND: Dermatoscopy is an integral part of every clinical examination of skin tumors. Dermoscopy has markedly enhances the early diagnosis of non-melanocytic skin cancer (NMSC) compared to naked-eye inspection. Besides its value in the noninvasive diagnosis tool of skin cancer, dermoscopy has also gained increased interest in the response assessment and management of NMSC including basal cell carcinoma, Bowen’s disease, squamous cell carcinoma and merkel cell carcinoma. NMSCs are usually considered a curable disease, however they currently present a growing global healthcare problem due to the increasing incidence, hence this is the reason for my work. AIM: The main aim of the study is to prove the value of dermoscopy in the precision of pre-operative diagnosis of NMSC confirmed by postoperative histopathology (PH) findings. Additional goals are to declare dermoscopy subtypes of NMSC in according to the age, sex, localization, UV radiation, anatomical region, and phototype of skin. METHODS: We used two types of dermoscopy, non-polarized, and polarized dermoscopy. Non-polarized dermoscopy uses magnifying lenses and LED illumination light. This method requires contact with pre-liquid (gel, oil, and alcohol) skin to reduce reflection. Non-polarized dermoscopy allows visualization of structures located in the epidermis and dermoepidermal junction, but not below it. Polarized dermoscopy in addition to the magnifying and light lenses, it uses two polarizing filters to enable cross-polarization. This type of method does not require liquid medium on the skin surface and does not require skin contact. Polarized dermoscopy allows visualization of structures located deeper and below the dermoepidermal junction and the superficial dermis. RESULTS: This paper provides an update on NMSC with special emphasis of dermoscopy in the precision of preoperative diagnosis of NMSC confirmed by postoperative histopathology findings. CONCLUSION: Our first experiences with pre-operative dermoscopy in 11 patients indicate its value in the diagnosis of NMCS. Our further studies in multiple patients should determine its accuracy in pre-operative diagnosis confirmed by post-operative PH findings.

Dermoscopy is a non-invasive, in vivo technique that allows the visualization of subsurface skin structures in the epidermis, at the dermoepidermal junction, and in the upper dermis. Dermoscopy brought a new dimension in evaluating melanocytic skin neoplasms (MSN) also representing a link between clinical and pathologic examination of any MSN. However, histopathology remains the gold standard in diagnosing MSN. Dermoscopic–pathologic correlation enhances the level of quality of MSN diagnosis and increases the level of confidence of pathologists. Melanoma is one of the most genetically predisposed among all cancers in humans. The genetic landscape of melanoma has been described in the last years but is still a field in continuous evolution. Melanoma genetic markers play a role not only in melanoma susceptibility, initiation, and progression but also in prognosis and therapeutic decisions. Several studies described the dermoscopic specific criteria and predictors for melanoma and their histopathologic correlates, but only a few studies investigated the correlation among dermoscopy, pathology, and genetic of MSN. The aim of this work is to review the published data about dermoscopic features of melanoma, their histopathological correlates with regards also to genetic alterations. Particularly, this review will focus on low-CSD (cumulative sun damage) melanoma or superficial spreading melanoma, high-CSD melanoma, and nevus-associated melanoma.

This manuscript presents a report of bullous pemphigoid rash associated with COVID-19 for the first time. The objective of this manuscript is to present a unique dermatological case in the setting of a COVID-19-positive infection to further recognize the virus symptomatology. A 37-year-old female with a past medical history of class III obesity, type II diabetes mellitus, and hypertension presented to the emergency department in September 2020 with inpatient and outpatient follow-up through to November 2020. The patient denied any personal or family history of skin disorders. The patient tested positive for COVID-19 prior to hospitalization and presented to the hospital with severe, persistent, pruritic rash meeting dermatopathological, serologic, and clinical criteria for bullous pemphigoid diagnosis. Histopathology H&E punch biopsy from her left flexor wrist demonstrated epidermal keratinocyte necrosis, subepidermal vesiculation with eosinophils, gossamer stranding of the papillary dermis, and subepidermal edema. Direct immunofluorescence punch biopsy from her left flexor wrist demonstrated strong linear IgG staining at the dermoepidermal junction, with weaker and focal linear C3 staining. Antigen-specific serology was consistent with bullous pemphigoid. There was no previously reported cutaneous association of COVID-19 infection with bullous pemphigoid making this case an important addition to the body of evidence helping to identify bullous pemphigoid in the setting of viral infection.

We present a case of a 43-year-old man with a medical history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation that presented with acute onset generalised vesiculobullous rash of 1-week duration. The rash was initially noticed on his groin and then spread to his hands, feet and mucosal surfaces. Laboratory tests were unremarkable, including an extensive infection aetiology work-up. Punch biopsies were obtained of a fresh lesion and were stained with H&E and sent for direct immunofluorescence. Light microscopy and immunofluorescence study demonstrated a subepidermal blister with predominant neutrophilic infiltrates and a linear band of IgA at the dermoepidermal junction, respectively. The patient was diagnosed with linear IgA bullous dermatosis and was subsequently treated with 0.5 mg/kg of prednisone daily following previous case reports. At 1-week follow-up as an outpatient, the bullae became crusted, and the rash was nearly completely regressed.

A 6-year-old, intact male miniature Pinscher dog had erosive lesions on perilabial, peripenial and perianal mucocutaneous areas, which were exacerbated by ulcerations, crusts, with pain while defecating and urinating. The lesions were symmetrical, and no systemic signs were observed. Histopathological evaluation showed parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, ulceration and cell-rich lymphoplasmacytic interface dermatitis with basal keratinocyte apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong reaction in the dermoepidermal junction against goat-canine IgG and mild-to-moderate reaction against goat-canine IgA, IgM and C3. Based on these findings, the dog was diagnosed with mucocutaneous lupus erythematosus (MCLE). Oral prednisolone 1 mg/kg twice daily, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 18.3 mg/kg twice daily and 0.1% tacrolimus ointment were prescribed as initial treatment. The lesions showed remarkable improvement within 4 weeks, but the dog exhibited polyuria, polydipsia and hepatomegaly with high dosage of prednisolone. Hence, the dosage of prednisolone was gradually tapered for 9 weeks and discontinued, but MMF and tacrolimus were continued. No new lesion or associated side effect was observed while reducing the MMF dose to 10 mg/kg twice daily and with continuous use of tacrolimus ointment after steroid discontinuation. In conclusion, this case report emphasizes the usefulness of MMF and tacrolimus as steroid-sparing agents in the treatment of dogs with MCLE. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of MCLE that was successfully managed long-term with MMF and tacrolimus.

Background: The vesiculobullous reaction pattern is characterized by the presence of vesicles or bullae within the epidermis or at the dermoepidermal junction. Despite some having characteristic presentations, it’s difficult to make a definite diagnosis clinically. Hence, cytological evaluation is required for reliable and early diagnosis. Objectives of the study are to determine the incidence of various vesiculobullous lesions and evaluate cytology as a tool for early diagnosis of vesiculobullous lesions. Methods: For Tzanck smears fresh vesicle or bulla was selected and incised with scalpel, reflecting the roof of bulla. Base of the blister scraped gently and material spread on a glass slide. These smears were stained with MGG (air dried), Pap and H&E stains (fixed).Skin punch biopsies from the bullae were subjected to routine fixation, processing, sectioning and staining. Results: A total of 62 Tzanck smears were done for vesiculobullous lesions of skin of which 29 had histopathological correlation. Herpes constituted the most common vesiculobullous disorder (42%) followed by bullous pemphigoid (27.4%) and pemphigus vulgaris (19.3%). Most patients were in the age group 61- 70 years. The M:F ratio of 1:1.38 showing female preponderance. Tzanck smears showed acantholytic cells in pemphigus group, eosinophils in bullous pemphigoid and multinucleate giant cells in viral blisters. Histopathology showed intraepidermal acantholysis in pemphigus vulgaris, subcorneal blister in pemphigus foliaceus and subepidermal in bullous pemphigoid. Conclusion: Cytohistopathological correlation showed an overall sensitivity of 79%. Tzanck smear showed 96% sensitivity for viral infections. Tzanck smear is a quick, non-invasive method for the early diagnosis of vesiculobullous disorders.

Lichen Planopilaris (LPP) is an uncommon scalp disorder of unknown etiology and prevalence. It is thought to be an autoimmune process triggered by unknown genetic and/or environmental factors that attack hair follicles of the scalp. LPP has been reported to mimic or present in association with various autoimmune diseases and immunomodulatory therapies. We present two atypical case of LPP in Caucasian patients; the first is a patient with generalized pruritus, skin eruptions, and scalp hair loss. Biopsy of the lesions revealed exocytosis of atypical lymphocytes at the Dermo-Epidermal Junction (DEJ) and formation of small Pautrier’s microabscesses in the interfollicular epidermis as well as a robust lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate with destruction of perifollicular appendages. This led us to the diagnosis of LPP-like Folliculotropic Mycosis Fungoides (FMF). The second case is a patient with a history of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) who presented clinically with perifollicular erythema and alopecic patches, with loss of follicular ostia on the frontal and vertex scalp and evidence of follicular tufting. Histologically, she had decreased number of follicles with a peri-infundibular lymphocytic infiltrate and vacuolization at the Dermoepidermal Junction (DEJ) and there was also thickening of the basement membrane highlighted with a periodic acidic Schiff stain. This led to a diagnosis of SLE/LPP overlap. Keywords: Lichen Planopilaris (LPP); Cicatricial; Alopecia; Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia (FFA), Folliculotropic Mycosis Fungoides (FMF), Lichen Planus (LP).

The structure and function of the skin details the individual components of the epidermis, dermis, and their roles in normal skin health. The individual cell types in the epidermis, the different epidermal layers, and the roles of the keratinocyte are explained. The epidermis and dermis, and their important relation to each other through the dermoepidermal junction are described. The dermal adnexal structures of hair follicles (pilosebaceous units), sweat glands, and nerves are all considered. The functions of skin and barrier function are also listed. Rare but important causes of disordered sweating (hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis) are described. In addition, presentations of hyperhidrosis are discussed.