financial leverage
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This study aims to analyze the factors that influence earnings management in automotive companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The analysis variables of earnings management practices are company size, auditor reputation, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, Financial Leverage, and the education level of the president director. The research period is 2016-2020. The sample used is purposive sampling, with as many as 18 pieces—multiple linear analysis data testing methods. The test data results obtained: simultaneously the variables of firm size, auditor reputation, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, Financial Leverage, and the education level of top directors affect Earnings Management, while partially, managerial ownership has a significant negative effect on Earnings Management. Company size, auditor reputation, institutional ownership, Financial Leverage, and education level of top directors have no consideration on Earnings Management.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the relation between debt structure and future external financing and investment. Furthermore, it aims to analyze the association between debt structure and future financial performance.Design/methodology/approachVolume, maturity, possessing collateral and having priority at the settlement date are the dimensions of debt structure that have been employed in this paper. The sample consists of 1,060 firm-year observations from Tehran Stock Exchange corporations during the period 2009–2018.FindingsThe findings reveal that greater reliance on financial leverage (debt volume) and short-term debt are associated with increases in future debt financing as well as future equity financing. Moreover, these two dimensions of debt structure are positively related to future investment. This paper also shows that the positive impact of financial leverage and short-term debt on future financing and investment can finally lead to a favorable financial performance. Regarding other dimensions of debt structure, the results suggest that although collateralized debt with the priority option at the settlement date enhances future external financing, this type of debt can ultimately lead to a reduction in future investment and financial performance. Finally, the findings indicate that uncollateralized debt exacerbates future financial performance.Research limitations/implicationsFinancial performance can be affected by several factors, including available funds, investment amount, investment efficiency and managerial capability. However, this paper only considers the investment amount and external financing as the channels through which debt structure improves future financial performance. This study has the potential to contribute to one of the most important issues in finance and business fields, despite its probable trivial drawbacks.Practical implicationsFinancing strategies as one of the most controversial topics have been meticulously scrutinized in this paper and practical implications are made to facilitate the process of decision-making regarding the optimal type of debt financing.Originality/valueThis study extends the literature by analyzing the direct link between debt structure and firm performance in firms domiciled in developing markets.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh financial leverage dan ukuran perusahaan terhadap kinerja keuangan perusahaan manufaktur. Kinerja keuangan diukur menggunakan Return on Assets (ROA) Data yang digunakan merupakan data laporan keuangan tahunan perusahaan manufaktur tahun 2017-2019. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara purposive sampling sehingga ada 27 perusahaan yang memenuhi kriteria pemelihan sampel. Data dianalisis dengan regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa financial leverage dan ukuran perusahaan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja keuangan.           

Financial distress occurs before the bankruptcy of a company. Thus the financial distress model needs to be developed, because by knowing the company's financial distress from an early age, it is hoped that actions can be taken to anticipate conditions that lead to bankruptcy. Financial distress can be measured through financial statements by analyzing financial statements. This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of liquidity, profitability, financial leverage, and operating cash flow in predicting financial distress conditions for manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016-2020. Data from the company's official website and completed from the IDX and ICMD websites. There are independent variables, namely liquidity, profitability, financial leverage, and operating cash flow, while the dependent variable in this study is financial distress. The data analysis method used in this research is logistic regression analysis method which aims to determine the role of each independent variable in influencing the dependent variable. The results of this study indicate that liquidity has no effect on financial distress, meaning that if the company is able to pay its debts well, then it is likely that the company will not experience financial distress. Profitability has no effect on financial distress, meaning that the size of the company's profit value has no effect on the company so that it avoids financial distress conditions. Financial leverage has a positive effect on financial distress, meaning that if the company has higher debt and is not followed by high sales results, it can allow failure to pay debts which causes the company to be in financial distress. Cash flow has no effect on financial distress, meaning that if the company has a good operating cash flow value, it will not experience financial distress.

The relationship between profitability and leverage is controversial in the capital structure literature. We revisit this relation in light of a novel quasi-natural experiment that increases market power for a subset of firms. We find that treated firms increase their profitability throughout the treatment period. However, they only transiently reduce financial leverage, gradually reverting to their preshock level. Firms respond differently according to size with large firms gradually adjusting their leverage toward a new target and small firms reducing it. The patterns are broadly consistent with dynamic trade-off models with both fixed and variable adjustment costs. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.

Oil and gas sector is among the eight core industries in India and plays a major role in influencing decision making for all the other important sections of the economy. The main purpose of the study is to examine the impact of financial leverage on the profitability of reliance industries ltd. The study verifies two hypotheses first is There is no significant relationship between financial leverage with Profitability and Second one There is no significant impact of financial leverage on profitability of Reliance Industries Ltd during the study period. Financial leverage is taken as independent variable and Net Profit Ratio (NPR), Earning per share (EPS), Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Asset (ROA) are taken as dependent variable. The data collected over period of 2016-17 to 2020-21 regarding financial leverage and profitability from annual consolidated financial statement of Reliance Industries Ltd. Correlation is used to know the relationship between financial leverage with Profitability. Linear regression is used to examine the impact of leverage on profitability. The results showed that there is no significant relationship between financial leverage with NPR and significant positive relationship between financial leverage with EPS, ROE and ROA. Regression result shows that there is no significant impact of leverage on profitability of reliance industries ltd during the study period.