leaf meal
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Abstract Fish protein is serving as a source of nutrition for protein starving world. However, sustainable aquaculture products require inexpensive plant by-products due to finite sources of fish meal. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine nutrient utilization, growth performance and hematological indices of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) based diets. Fish were fed with six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets having MOLM as a substitute of fish meal (FM) at the levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% for the period of 90 days. Fingerlings having initial weight 6.35±0.04g were reared in triplicate tanks at the stocking density of 15 and hand fed at the rate of 5% of total biomass twice regularly. Chromic oxide inclusion level was 1% in diets. After analysis, maximum growth performance and improved digestibility of nutrients were found in fish fed with diet at 10% replacement level as compared to fish fed on control diet and other test diets. Additionally, it was found that the red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of fish showed a significantly (p<0.05) inverse correlation with the increase in MOLM. In present research, it was concluded that MOLM has good potential to be used as a FM substitute in C. mrigala diet with maximum effect at 10% showing positive hematological indices.

The aim of this study was to determine the response of adding ginseng leaf supplements (Talinum Paniculatum Gaertn) to the diet on the introduction of meat products, including dietary intake, body weight gain and dietary transformation in broilers. The subjects of the study were 100 broilers with five treatments and four replicates grown from DOC for 33 days. A control treatment was a 100% mixed diet (A), and B was a mixed died with 0.5% ginseng leaf mixture supplement. Treatment C was a mixed died with 1% ginseng leaf mixture supplement, with 1.5% ginseng leaf mixture supplement (D treatment), and with 2% additive to the ginseng leaf mixture (E treatment). The blended diet consisted of corn, palm meal, soybean meal, fishmeal, oil, and top mix. The variables measured were diet intake, weight gain, and diet conversion. The research method used an experiment with a completely randomized design. The results showed that the addition of the ginseng leaf meal feed additive to the diet had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on dietary intake, body weight gain, and diet conversion. The conclusion of this study is that the addition of up to 2% of the ginseng leaf meal feed additive to the diet did not negatively affect the appearance of the product and broilers.

The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of Myristic acid and the source of condensed tannin on corn straw basedcomplete feed on nutrient content and in vitro digestibility. The method which was used in this experiment was randomized block design with four treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of T0 complete feed (40% corn straw + 60% concentrate), T1 complete feed (40% corn straw + 60% concentrate + myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM), T2 complete feed (40% corn straw + 50% concentrate + calliandra leaf meal 10%/Kg DM and myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM), T3 complete feed (40% corn straw + 45% concentrate + calliandra leaf meal 15%/Kg DM and myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM), T4 (40% corn straw + 40% concentrate + calliandra leaf meal 20%/Kg DM and myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM). Based on the result, it could be concluded that calliandra leaf meal 15%/Kg DM + Myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM on the complete feed (T3) was the best treatment based on nutrient content and increase of dry matter digestibility, but not an effect of organic matter digestibility

The research aimed to evaluate the effect of cassava leaf meal with enzymes supplementation in the feed on the performance of broiler. The research used factorial completly randomized design 2x3 on 240 Cobb-strain broilers. There were 6 treatments with 2 factors is used cassava leaf meal (CLM) and enzymes (non-starch polysaccharides and protease) with each dose 250 g/ton feed, i.e. P1: basal ration, P2: basal ration with enzymes, P3: ration with 1.5% CLM, P4: ration with 1.5% CLM and enzymes, P5: ration with 3.0% CLM, P6: ration with 3.0% CLM and enzymes. The variables analyzed were body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and if the results indicated significantly different, then the post-hoc test conducted. The results showed that there was an interaction between CLM and enzymes on the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). The addition enzymes can decrease feed conversion ratio (from 1.91 to 1.74) siginificantly (P < 0.05). Addition CLM to a level of 3.0% did not interfere with performance. Enzymes can offset the detrimental effect caused by the use cassava leaf meal in the feed.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of graded levels of Chromolaena odorata leaf meal (COLM) on production performance, egg quality characteristics, and serum biochemical parameters on Brahma laying hens. A total of forty-five local laying hens aged 4 to 5 months were weighed and assigned to three treatment groups in a completely randomized design. COLM was used as a supplement and incorporated into the diets at 0, 1, and 2% in diets T0, T1, and T2 respectively. Data were collected on production performance, egg quality characteristics, and serum biochemistry. Results from the study indicate that body weight gain, average weight, and egg volume were low (p<0.05) with treatment T2 compared to control (T0) and the best was obtained with treatment T1. The Haugh unit and percentage hen day production were not negatively affected by the treatment levels of COLM. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in triglyceride, total cholesterol, and urea. Results obtained from this study revealed that the inclusion of 1% of COLM improved the egg quality as well as the health status of the birds without having any detrimental effect on the birds.

The high cost of feed has become a great challenge in poultry production. Good quality and cheap feed is therefore crucial for optimal growth performance of poultry chickens. In this study the effect of Euphorbia heterophylla Leaf Meal (EHLM) on the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrients digestibility and economics were evaluated. Broiler chicks numbering one hundred and eighty (180) of Ross 308 strain were fed for 4 weeks. The birds were randomly allotted to six experimental diets with three replications of 10 birds each. The diets were formulated with the inclusion of EHLMat 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% levels, for T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 which replaces soyabean meal respectively and data collected were subjected to analysis of variance in a completely randomized design. Results obtained indicated that the experimental diets significantly (P<0.05) affected the average feed intake and average daily protein intake, while the average daily weight gain, average feed conversion ratio, average daily protein efficiency ratio and average final live weight were not affected (P>0.05); mortality was not affected (P>0.05) by the diet. Carcass parameters, carcass cut and internal organs such as fasted liveweight, plucked weight, dressed weight, breast weight, thigh, drum stick, neck, shank and wings, heart, empty gizzard, lungs, spleen, pancreas, small intestine and esophagus weights showed no significant (P>0.05) difference while back, head, liver, proventriculus, kidney, abdominal fat, large intestine and caeca weight were significantly (P<0.05) different. The GIT length was affected (P<0.05) by the diet except the caeca length. The nutrient digestibility of CP and NFE did not showed significant (P>0.05) effect, but CF, EE and Ash were affected (P<0.05) by the dietary treatments. The nutrient digestibility of 5%, 10%, 15% and 25% were higher than the control diet(0%) for the five nutrients evaluated. The economics of production showed that feed cost (N/kg weight gain), total income (birds sold) and total profit (net gain) were not significantly (P>0.05) different while the feed cost (N/chicken), cost saving due to EHLM inclusion, total cost of production (N/chicken) and feed cost as percentage of total cost were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the test diets. The result showed that birds fed diet containing 15% have better economic advantage for optimum benefit. Therefore 15% EHLM replacement of soya bean is recommended for adoption for optimum growth performance, carcass yield, nutrient digestibility and economics of production in finisher broiler chicken.     Le coût élevé des aliments pour animaux est devenu un grand défi dans la production avicole.Une alimentation de bonne qualité et bon marché est donc cruciale pour des performances de croissance optimales des poulets de volaille. Dans cette étude, l'effet de la farine de feuilles d'Euphorbia heterophylla (EHLM) sur la performance, les caractéristiques de la carcasse, la digestibilité des nutriments et l'économie ont été évalués. Des poussins de chair au nombre de cent quatre-vingts (180) de souche Ross 308 ont été nourris pendant 4 semaines. Les oiseaux ont été répartis au hasard dans six régimes expérimentaux avec trois répétitions de 10 oiseaux chacune. Les régimes ont été formulés avec l'inclusion d'EHLM à 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 et 25%, pour T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 et T6 qui remplace respectivement le tourteau de soja et les données collectées ont été soumises à une analyse de variance. dans une conception complètement aléatoire. Les résultats obtenus ont indiqué que les régimes expérimentaux affectaient significativement (P<0,05) la consommation alimentaire moyenne et la consommation quotidienne moyenne de protéines, tandis que le gain de poids quotidien moyen, le rapport de conversion alimentaire moyen, le rapport d'efficacité protéique moye quotidien et le poids vif final moyen n'étaient pas affectés ( P>0,05) ; la mortalité n'a pas été affectée (P>0,05) par le régime alimentaire. Les paramètres de la carcasse, la coupe de la carcasse et les organes internes tels que le poids vif à jeun, le poids plumé, le poids paré, le poids de la poitrine, le poids de la cuisse, de la baguette, du cou, du jarret et des ailes, le poids du cœur, du gésier vide, des poumons, de la rate, du pancréas, de l'intestin grêle et de l'œsophage ont été montrés aucune différence significative (P> 0,05) alors que le poids du dos, de la tête, du foie, du proventricule, des reins, de la graisse abdominale, du gros intestin et des caeca étaient significativement différents (P< 0,05). La longueur GIT a été affectée (P < 0,05) par le régime, à l'exception de la longueur des caeca. La digestibilité des nutriments du CP et du NFE n'a pas montré d'effet significatif (P>0,05), mais CF, EE et Ash ont été affectés (P<0,05) par les traitements diététiques. La digestibilité des nutriments de 5 %, 10 %, 15 % et 25 % était supérieure à celle du régime témoin (0 %) pour les cinq nutriments évalués. L'économie de la production a montré que le coût de l'alimentation (N/kg de gain de poids), le revenu total (oiseaux vendus) et le bénéfice total (gain net) n'étaient pas significativement différents (P>0,05) alors que le coût de l'alimentation (N/poulet), la réduction des coûts en raison de l'inclusion de l'EHLM, le coût total de production (N/poulet) et le coût des aliments en pourcentage du coût total ont été significativement (P<0,05) affectés par les régimes d'essai. Le résultat a montré que les oiseaux nourris avec un régime contenant 15 % ont un meilleur avantage économique pour un bénéfice optimal. Par conséquent, il est recommandé d'adopter un remplacement EHLM de 15 % du soja pour des performances de croissance optimales, un rendement en carcasse, une digestibilité des éléments nutritifs et des économies de production dans le poulet de chair de finition. 

Soya bean, a conventional plant protein source in poultry feeding has become so costly and occasionally scarce resulting in high cost of poultry feed. The replacement of soya bean is therefore necessary to improve production. This study evaluated the effects of Euphorbia heterophylla (Spurge weed) leaf meal (EHLM) on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of One Hundred and Eighty (180) Ross 308 strain of broiler chicks. They were randomly allotted to six (6) experimental diets with three replications of ten bird each and fed for 28 days. Diets were formulated such that EHLM was included as 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% levels for T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 which replaces soya bean meal in the basal diets. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance in a completely randomized design. Results indicated that the average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, average daily protein intake, protein efficiency ratio and average final live weight, were significantly different (P<0.05) among treatment groups while average feed conversion ratio and mortality were not affected. Digestibility coefficient of CP, CF, EE, NFE and Ash showed significant different(P<0.05) among treatment groups. However, bird fed T2, T3 and T4 digest nutrient efficiently compared with the control than T5 and T6. It was therefore concluded that upto 15% EHLM levels could be adopted for optimum growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler chicks aged 0-4 weeks.     Le soja, une source conventionnelle de protéines végétales dans l'alimentation de la volaille, est devenu si coûteux et parfois rare, ce qui entraîne un coût élevé de l'alimentation de la volaille. Le remplacement du soja est donc nécessaire pour améliorer la production. Cette étude a évalué les effets de la farine de feuilles (EHLM) d'Euphorbia heterophylla (euphorbe ésule) sur les performances de croissance et la digestibilité des nutriments de la souche cent quatre-vingt (180) Ross 308 de poulets de chair. Ils ont été répartis au hasard dans six (6) régimes expérimentaux avec trois répétitions de dix oiseaux chacun et nourris pendant 28 jours. Les régimes ont été formulés de telle sorte que l'EHLM a été inclus en tant que niveaux de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 et 25 % pour T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 et T6 qui remplace le tourteau de soja dans les régimes de base. Les données recueillies ont été soumises à une analyse de variance dans un plan complètement randomisé. Les résultats ont indiqué que l'apport alimentaire quotidien moyen, le gain de poids quotidien moyen, l'apport protéique quotidien moyen, le ratio d'efficacité protéique et le poids vif final moyen étaient significativement différents (P< 0,05) entre les groupes de traitement, tandis que le taux de conversion alimentaire moyen etla mortalité n'étaient pas affectés. Le coefficient de digestibilité de CP, CF, EE, NFE et Ash a montré une différence significative (P<0,05) parmi les groupes de traitement. Cependant, les oiseaux nourris avec T2, T3 et T4 digèrent efficacement les nutriments par rapport au témoin que T5 et T6. Il a donc été conclu que jusqu'à 15 % de niveaux d'EHLM pouvaient être adoptés pour des performances de croissance optimales et une digestibilité des nutriments chez les poulets de chair âgés de 0 à 4 semaines.