optical and electron microscopy
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This study was undertaken to emphasize the influence of Sn and Bi addition on the machinability of Sr-modified, grain-refined, and heat-treated Al–Si B319 and 396 alloys. Drilling and tapping tests were conducted to examine the cutting forces, tool life, tool wear, built-up edge evolution, and chip shape. Microstructures were examined using optical and electron microscopy. Drilling test results show that the B319.2 alloy with 0.15%Sn yields the longest drill life, i.e., twice that of the B319.2 alloy containing 0.5%Bi, and one-and-a-half times that of the B319.2 alloy containing 0.15%Sn + 0.5%Bi. The presence of 0.5%Bi in the B319.2 alloy causes a deterioration of drill life (cf., 1101 holes with 2100 holes drilled in the B319.2 alloy containing 0.15%Sn). The α-Fe phase in the 396 alloy produces the highest number of holes drilled compared with alloys containing sludge or β-Fe. The presence of sludge decreases the drill life by 50%. Built-up edge (BUE) measurements and optical photographs show little change in the BUE width for different numbers of holes except for the B319.2 alloy containing 0.5%Bi, which shows a slightly lower width (0.166 mm) compared with that containing 0.15% Sn (0.184 mm) or 0.15%Sn + 0.5%Bi (0.170 mm).

The paper presents the results of studies of diffusion processes in a five-layer explosion-welded composite titanium VT-20+steel 08Cr18Ni10Ti after heat treatment at temperatures of 850 and 900 ° C and holding times of 20-100 hours. The features of the formation of the microstructure, microhardness, and the chemical composition of the diffusion zones of the composite have been studied using optical and electron microscopy and X-ray spectral analysis.

Microscopy is the main technique to visualize and study the structure and function of cells. The impact of optical and electron microscopy techniques is enormous in all fields of biomedical research. It is possible that different research areas rely on microscopy in diverse ways. Here, we analyzed comparatively the use of microscopy in pharmacology and cell biology, among other biomedical sciences fields. We collected data from articles published in several major journals in these fields. We analyzed the frequency of use of different optical and electron microscopy techniques: bright field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast, polarization, conventional fluorescence, confocal, live cell imaging, super resolution, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and cryoelectron microscopy. Our analysis showed that the use of microscopy has a distinctive pattern in each research area, and that nearly half of the articles from pharmacology journals did not use any microscopy method, compared to the use of microscopy in almost all the articles from cell biology journals. The most frequent microscopy methods in all the journals in all areas were bright field and fluorescence (conventional and confocal). Again, the pattern of use was different: while the most used microscopy methods in pharmacology were bright field and conventional fluorescence, in cell biology the most used methods were conventional and confocal fluorescence, and live cell imaging. We observed that the combination of different microscopy techniques was more frequent in cell biology, with up to 6 methods in the same article. To correlate the use of microscopy with the research theme of each article, we analyzed the proportion of microscopy figures with the use of cell culture. We analyzed comparatively the vocabulary of each biomedical sciences field, by the identification of the most frequent words in the articles. The collection of data described here shows a vast difference in the use of microscopy among different fields of biomedical sciences. The data presented here could be valuable in other scientific and educational contexts.

The vesicular microstructure is a very distinctive arrangement of calcite, consisting of hollow cavities (vesicles) of diverse sizes and shapes, usually elongated in the direction of shell thickening. It is uniquely found among living bivalves in a single oyster family, Gryphaeidae. The vesicles are distributed in lenses interleaved with compact foliated layers. We have studied the morphology and distribution of vesicles within the lenses using optical and electron microscopy, and micro-computed tomography. At a small scale, vesicles do not follow a classical von Neumann–Mullins route typical of ideal foams. At a larger scale, the initiation and evolution of a vesicular layer statistically proceed like a foam, with vesicles becoming more numerous, larger and more even in size. In summary, the vesicular material follows a foam-like coarsening to reduce the number of energetically costly interfaces. However, a steady state is never reached because the animal permanently introduces energy in the system by creating new vesicles. The fabrication of the vesicular material is mediated by the production of an emulsion between the extrapallial fluid and the precursor PILP of the calcitic walls within the thin extrapallial space. For this mechanism to proceed, the mantle cells must perform highly sophisticated behaviours of contact recognition and secretion. Accordingly, the vesicular material is under mixed physical–biological control.

The Antoniu, Antoniu North, and Blidar Contact orebodies from the Băița-Bihor skarn deposit, Romania have been investigated using optical and electron microscopy. Electron probe microanalyses were acquired on samples from the Blidar Contact orebody. Bornite is the most abundant Cu-sulfide and hosts native bismuth, joséite-B, emplectite, and wittichenite. Kësterite and ferrokësterite were identified for the first time in the Băița-Bihor deposit; the occurrence of stannite was also confirmed. Temperatures of ore deposition in the Blidar Contact orebody are constrained from the compositions of sphalerite-kësterite and sphalerite-ferrokësterite pairs at 287 ± 25 °C to 310 ± 35 °C, and 447 ± 17 °C to 503 ± 68 °C, respectively.