optimal balance
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<span>Big data has remodeled the way organizations supervise, examine and leverage data in any industry. To safeguard sensitive data from public contraventions, several countries investigated this issue and carried out privacy protection mechanism. With the aid of quasi-identifiers privacy is not said to be preserved to a greater extent. This paper proposes a method called evolutionary tree-based quasi-identifier and federated gradient (ETQI-FD) for privacy preservations over big healthcare data. The first step involved in the ETQI-FD is learning quasi-identifiers. Learning quasi-identifiers by employing information loss function separately for categorical and numerical attributes accomplishes both the largest dissimilarities and partition without a comprehensive exploration between tuples of features or attributes. Next with the learnt quasi-identifiers, privacy preservation of data item is made by applying federated gradient arbitrary privacy preservation learning model. This model attains optimal balance between privacy and accuracy. In the federated gradient privacy preservation learning model, we evaluate the determinant of each attribute to the outputs. Then injecting Adaptive Lorentz noise to data attributes our ETQI-FD significantly minimizes the influence of noise on the final results and therefore contributing to privacy and accuracy. An experimental evaluation of ETQI-FD method achieves better accuracy and privacy than the existing methods.</span>

COVID-19 has brought forth unprecedented changes in the delivery of medical education. With concerns rising over a new variant and an upheaval in vaccine distribution, institutions have had to re-strategize and, in many cases, implement provisional shutdowns to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2. For medical schools, providing an optimal balance between in-person training and virtual learning has been challenging. At the University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, key components of the undergraduate medical education, including in-class lectures, interactive practical sessions, and clinical placements, have been affected by the pandemic. In this paper, we highlight barriers to an optimal learning experience among pre-clerkship students at the University of Ottawa and propose ways in which this can be overcome.

Growing role of potato farming in food security system of the country needs attracting the new investment in preserving and process restructuring of the sector, at scientifically proven approach to defining the optimal scope of potato production, processing, and storage – to avoid the extra stocks, unnecessary losses, and inefficient investment resources at any stage of agri-food chain. Purpose of the study is to justify the conceptual model of investing in development of Ukrainian potato sector, based on calculated optimal structure of balance between potato production and consumption, as well as the effective combination of fresh and processed products, to ensure competitive parameters of potato market in actual market environment. Object of the study is forming and increasing the added value in agri-food chain, due to optimal parameters of balance between potato production and consumption. The study methodology is based on system analysis laws, which allow justifying the competitive parameters of Ukrainian potato sector in varying economic space, thus reducing the unnecessary loss in “producing-processing-transporting-sale-consumption” chain. Use of developed optimization model for potato production/consumption balance, by minimizing the potato residues at the end of year, revealed the extra stock (2.4 million tons) in early 2020, which was unbalanced with consumer demand. Due to inefficient distribution of gross potato yield in Ukraine, conclusion was made on need to reduce investment in overproduction (17.5%) and direct the major investment flows in potato processing industry, increase the export potential, and expand the foreign market boundaries for Ukrainian potato products, semi-finished and fresh products, at ensuring the relevant quality. In this view, authors proposed a conceptual investment model for potato sector of Ukraine, based on optimal balance of potato production and consumption till 2027, which ensures achieving the strategic result in terms of global competition.

In this modern world characterized by rapid change, the role of marketing is increasingly important. Developing a brand is one way in which a competitive advantage can be achieved. The work defines the concept of luxury through the prism of marketing, shows the specifics of marketing in the luxury products market and the key factors that influence the demand for luxury products. The paper found that the key to success is to effectively create a market strategy whose main goal is to create a strong and emotional long-term relationship between the brand and the consumer. Also, the new trend of "abundant rarity" has led companies in the luxury goods sector to strive to strike an optimal balance between exclusivity and affordability.

The article analyzes both the phenomena of innovative perception of reality by a modern leader, his innovative thinking, and the challenges that determine their relevance. The main tasks set before the head of the educational institution of the realities of the post-Soviet space are considered from the standpoint of social, educational, cultural in the context of the transition to market forms of management. The aim of the article is to reveal the modern requirements for the professional skills of the head of an educational institution (in particular, sports), as a person with innovative thinking, able to find the optimal balance between collective and individual. It is noted that the correct training of managerial staff in pedagogy means as its end product of individually strong children who are able to work productively in teams, rather than the gray mass. Therefore, the head of the educational institution (and sports education institution – in the first place) must be able to separate individual and collective interests, balance them, choosing an effective strategy for educating young people as members of a new society, its vanguard and democratic social views.

ABSTRACTImportanceCommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The optimal duration of antimicrobial therapy remains unclear and controversial.ObjectiveTo find the optimal treatment duration with antibiotics for CAP in adults.Data SourcesMEDLINE, Embase and CENTRAL from inception to present (25 August, 2021).Study SelectionAll randomized controlled trials comparing the same antibiotics used at the same daily dosage but for different durations for CAP in adults. We included any antibiotics, administered orally or intravenously. We included both outpatients and inpatients but not those admitted to intensive care unit.Data Extraction and SynthesisTwo review authors independently screened and extracted data. We conducted random-effects, one-stage duration-effect meta-analysis with restricted cubic splines. We tested the non-inferiority with the pre-specified non-inferiority margin of 10% examined against 10 days using intention-to-treat dataset.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was clinical improvement at day 15 (range 7-45 days). Secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality, serious adverse events, and clinical improvement at day 30 (15-60 days). We calculated odds ratios.ResultsWe included 9 trials (2399 patients with a mean [SD] age of 61.2 [22.1]; 39% women). The duration-effect curve was monotonic with longer duration leading to lower probability of improvement, and the lower 95%CI curve was constantly above the prespecified non-inferiority margin throughout the examined duration. Harmful outcome curves indicated no association. The average percentage of clinical improvement rate at day 15 in the 10-day treatment arms was 68%. Using that average, we computed the absolute clinical improvement rates at the following durations: a 3-day treatment 75% (95%CI: 68 to 81%), 5-day treatment 72% (66 to 78%), and 7-day treatment 69% (61 to 76%).Conclusions and RelevanceShorter treatment duration probably achieves the optimal balance between efficacy and treatment burden for treating CAP in adults. However, the small number of included studies and the overall moderate to high risk of bias may compromise the certainty of the results. Further research focusing on the shorter duration range is required.RegistrationPROSPERO (CRD 42021273357).KEY POINTSQuestionWhat is the optimal treatment duration of antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults.?FindingsThis systematic review and duration-effect meta-analysis of 9 trials with 2399 patients found that the shorter treatment duration (3-9 days) was likely to be non-inferior to the standard treatment duration (10 days) for CAP in adults if they achieved clinical stability.MeaningShorter antibiotic treatment duration probably achieves the optimal balance between efficacy and treatment burden for CAP in adults.

To help resolve the current debate on whether countries should vaccinate the whole population against Covid, we offer a new perspective by looking at the issue as a case of diversity versus standardization, which, we believe, is at the heart of the issue, moving away from the politics. While diversity and standardization are, to a large extent, opposites, they are also complementary in social, economic and technological development. Over-promoting or artificially suppressing one or the other will harm the creativity and efficiency of an economy. The optimal balance between diversity and standardization is that when facing a new problem of an unknown nature, we must diversify and create a competition to find the best methods for solving it. In the current covid crisis, we have done just that, and now we have a good set of vaccines, some better than others. Once the best methods are found, the government of a country should concentrate and adopt them as the standard for the entire nation for implementation. When we develop vaccines, we need some diversity, a diversity of ideas, approaches and chemistry. Once the best vaccines have been found, we need to have standardization to quickly vaccinate the entire population and realize the benefits of the vaccines.