axonal neuropathy
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Background:Mast syndrome is a rare disorder belonging to the group of hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs). It is caused by bi-allelic mutations in the ACP33 gene, and is originally described in Old Order Amish. Outside this population, only one Japanese and one Italian family have been reported. Herein, we describe five subjects from the first three SPG21 families of German and Austrian descent.Methods:Five subjects with complicated HSP were referred to our centers. The workup consisted of neurological examination, neurophysiological and neuropsychological assessments, MRI, and genetic testing.Results:Onset varied from child- to adulthood. All patients exhibited predominant spastic para- or tetraparesis with positive pyramidal signs, pronounced cognitive impairment, ataxia, and extrapyramidal signs. Neurophysiological workup showed abnormal motor and sensory evoked potentials in all the patients. Sensorimotor axonal neuropathy was present in one patient. Imaging exhibited thin corpus callosum and global brain atrophy. Genetic testing revealed one heterozygous compound and two homozygous mutations in the ACP33 gene.Conclusion:Herein, we report the first three Austrian and two German patients with SPG21, presenting a detailed description of their clinical phenotype and disease course. Our report adds to the knowledge of this extremely rare disorder, and highlights that SPG21 must also be considered in the differential diagnosis of complicated HSP outside the Amish community.

Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a neurodegenerative disorder commonly diagnosed in infants and characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, spasticity, motor sensory neuropathy and axonal demyelination. ARSACS is caused by mutations in the SACS gene that lead to truncated or defective forms of the 520 kDa multidomain protein, sacsin. Sacsin function is exclusively studied on neuronal cells, where it regulates mitochondrial network organization and facilitates the normal polymerization of neuronal intermediate filaments (i.e., neurofilaments and vimentin). Here, we show that sacsin is also highly expressed in astrocytes, C6 rat glioma cells and N9 mouse microglia. Sacsin knockout in C6 cells (C6Sacs−/−) induced the accumulation of the glial intermediate filaments glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nestin and vimentin in the juxtanuclear area, and a concomitant depletion of mitochondria. C6Sacs−/− cells showed impaired responses to oxidative challenges (Rotenone) and inflammatory stimuli (Interleukin-6). GFAP aggregation is also associated with other neurodegenerative conditions diagnosed in infants, such as Alexander disease or Giant Axonal Neuropathy. Our results, and the similarities between these disorders, reinforce the possible connection between ARSACS and intermediate filament-associated diseases and point to a potential role of glia in ARSACS pathology.

AbstractAdult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) is a rare but probably underdiagnosed autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder due to pathogenic variants in GBE1. The phenotype is characterized by neurogenic bladder dysfunction, spastic paraplegia, and axonal neuropathy. Additionally, cognitive symptoms and dementia have been reported in APBD but have not been studied systematically. Using exome sequencing, we identified two previously unreported bi-allelic missense GBE1 variants in a patient with severe memory impairment along with the typical non-cognitive symptoms. We were able to confirm a reduction of GBE1 activity in blood lymphocytes. To characterize the neuropsychological profile of patients suffering from APBD, we conducted a systematic review of cognitive impairment in this rare disease. Analysis of 24 cases and case series (in total 58 patients) showed that executive deficits and memory impairment are the most common cognitive symptoms in APBD.

A wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases has been associated with pathogenic variants in the PNPLA6 (patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 6) gene, including spastic paraplegia type 39, Gordon—Holmes, Boucher—Neuhauser, Oliver—Mc Farlane, and Laurence—Moon syndromes. These syndromes present variable and overlapping clinical symptoms, encompassing cerebellar ataxia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, chorioretinal dystrophy, spastic paraplegia, muscle wasting, peripheral neuropathy, and cognitive impairment. In the present study, we performed a wide genetic screening in 292 patients presenting with ataxia or spastic paraplegia using a probe-based customized gene panel, covering >200 genes associated with spinocerebellar diseases. We identified six novel and four recurrent PNPLA6 gene variants in eight patients (2.7%). Six patients presented an infantile or juvenile onset (age <18), and two patients had an adult onset. Cerebellar ataxia was observed in seven patients and spastic paraplegia in one patient. Progression of cerebellar symptoms was slow in all patients, who retained ambulation even after a mean disease duration of 15 years. Brain MRI showed cerebellar atrophy in 6/8 patients, more pronounced in superior and dorsal vermis lobules (I to VII). Additional clinical features included hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (5/8), growth hormone deficiency (2/8), peripheral axonal neuropathy (4/8), cognitive impairment (3/8), chorioretinal dystrophy (2/8), and bilateral vestibular areflexia with a reduced visual vestibule-ocular reflex (1/8). In accordance with previous studies, chorioretinal dystrophy was the most frequent presenting symptom in early onset patients, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in juvenile onset cases, and cerebellar ataxia in adult patients. One patient had an initial clinical presentation compatible with Cerebellar Ataxia with Neuropathy and Vestibular Areflexia Syndrome (CANVAS), but no pathological expansions in the RFC1 gene. In conclusion, patients with PNPLA6 variants present a variable age of onset spanning from infancy to adulthood, and each clinical symptom has an age-dependent manifestation thus requiring a multi-systemic diagnostic approach. The description of patients presenting very late-onset cerebellar ataxia suggests that PNPLA6 genetic screening should also be considered in the diagnostic workout of adult cerebellar ataxia.

Background: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease that may occur after infections. As Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) may bring about GBS, it is important to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on this disease Objectives: This study aimed to compare the distribution and characteristics of GBS during and before the COVID-19 pandemic in an academic referral hospital in the north of Iran. Materials & Methods: This retrospective study assessed GBS distribution and characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic period (from March 2020 to the end of February 2021) and before the pandemic (from March 2019 to the end of February 2020) on 5340 patients referred to the Neurology Ward of Poursina Hospital of Guilan Province, in Iran. Results: There was no significant difference between GBS distribution during (0.03%) and before (0.04%) the COVID-19 pandemic (P=0.413). There were also no differences between the two periods regarding the gender (P=0.659) and age (P=0.417) of the patients. The most common subtype of GBS during the COVID-19 pandemic was Acute Motor and Sensory Axonal Neuropathy (AMSAN) (71.4%). In both periods, the most common type of treatment was intravenous administration of immune globulin. There was no significant difference between the two periods (P=0.838) regarding the patients’ treatment response. Conclusion: The distribution of GBS, its subtypes, type of treatment, and response to treatment were not different between the two study periods.

Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) is a rare metabolic disorder of oxidation of amino acids and fatty acids with an autosomal recessive inheritance. Patients usually present symptoms of MADD in the neonatal period, though it can also be diagnosed in the late adulthood. We present a 36-year-old male with MADD who had sensory axonal neuropathy, rhabdomyolysis metabolic acidosis, lactic acidosis, hypoglycemia and low ketone bodies and renal failure. Early diagnosis and prompt management with carnitine and riboflavin supplements can help in better management of this rare metabolic disorder.