supply functions
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Abstract A vast body of literature exists on estimating hedonic price functions, which relate the price of wine to its attributes. Some existing literature has employed producer-specific variables such as quantity sold and producer reputation in hedonic functions to potentially capture supply influences on prices. This practice is inconsistent with the original Rosen (1974) hedonic theoretic foundation. To overcome this deficiency, we extend the literature by using the Rosen two-stage approach, employing data from multi-markets for similar wines to estimate inverse supply functions. The application to Australian produced wines sold in different countries demonstrates the importance of a wine's quality and age as attributes in inverse supply functions. Results imply the additional costs of producing better quality and older wines are increased as both quality and age are increased. Estimates also suggest that lower marginal costs for attributes are associated with a smaller producer size and older more established producers. (JEL Classifications: C21, Q11)

AbstractThe problem of input-to-state stability (ISS) and its integral version (iISS) are considered for switched nonlinear systems with inputs, resets and possibly unstable subsystems. For the dissipation inequalities associated with the Lyapunov function of each subsystem, it is assumed that the supply functions, which characterize the decay rate and ISS/iISS gains of the subsystems, are nonlinear. The change in the value of Lyapunov functions at switching instants is described by a sum of growth and gain functions, which are also nonlinear. Using the notion of average dwell-time (ADT) to limit the number of switching instants on an interval, and the notion of average activation time (AAT) to limit the activation time for unstable systems, a formula relating ADT and AAT is derived to guarantee ISS/iISS of the switched system. Case studies of switched systems with saturating dynamics and switched bilinear systems are included for illustration of the results.

In this paper, there was investigated tourism demand and supply functions in the case of Azerbaijan. The authors have applied the 2SLS method to identify these functions. The authors came to the conclusion that the demand function of tourist trips to Azerbaijan varies depending on the level of income of tourists’ origin countries and the price level in Azerbaijan. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic impacts not only the restriction policy of origin countries, as well as income in these countries. By decreasing the income levels of the population in these countries will be decreased the number of tourists to Azerbaijan.

Asymptotic analysis of constant-order policies for lost-sales inventory models with positive lead times and random supply functions.

Education provides good health, empowerment and employment to all people in the society. Accordingly, education can make a lifelong difference in individuals’ lives. It is proved that, on average, there is a positive relationship between each additional year of schooling and the income of an individual. The main objective of this paper is to estimate the demand and supply functions for schooling in Egypt using the data of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey 2012. It is estimated that the private rate of return to education is 4.5%. Moreover, the rate of return to the number of years of experience is 2.6%, i.e. each additional year of experience will increase the earnings of an individual by 2.6% on average. It is concluded that individuals from poor families have an increased likelihood of receiving financial aid, which decreases their discounting rate of interest.