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Since the beginning of signed language research, the linguistic units have been divided into conventional, standard and fixed signs, all of which were considered as the core of the language, and iconic and productive signs, put at the edge of language. In the present paper, we will review different models proposed by signed language researchers over the years to describe the signed lexicon, showing how to overcome the hierarchical division between standard and productive lexicon. Drawing from the semiotic insights of Peirce we proposed to look at signs as a triadic construction built on symbolic, iconic, and indexical features. In our model, the different iconic, symbolic, and indexical features of signs are seen as the three sides of the same triangle, detectable in the single linguistic sign (Capirci, 2018; Puupponen, 2019). The key aspect is that the dominance of the feature will determine the different use of the linguistic unit, as we will show with examples from different discourse types (narratives, conference talks, poems, a theater monolog).

Biographical approaches are increasingly being used with people who speak and write a range of languages. Even when an account is originally spoken, the final version usually ends up written in the language used by the majority of the population. Researchers have shown that adopting a language that is not the one an account was given in may change how someone is perceived. Yet little has been written by sociologists using biographical approaches about the implications of moving accounts across languages. Researchers within translation and interpretation studies are increasingly tackling issues of representation across languages and developing concepts that can usefully be applied in biographical research. They question the assumption that accounts can be unproblematically transferred across languages and argue for strategies and concepts that “foreignise” texts and challenge the baseline of the target, usually for these writers, English language. However, these concepts bring issues of their own. In this article I examine these developments and give an example from my own cross language research that show that these concepts can begin to open up debates about meaning and representation.

Linguistically, the Western Hemisphere harbors a great typologicaldiversity, by some estimates, the greatest in the world. Controversyregarding classification aside, much work lies ahead to identify themovements up through to include the final leg of the journey ofmodern humans, in terms of distance travelled from our continent oforigin, to Tierra del Fuego. This article will briefly summarize theadvances that the language sciences have made in describing thesemigrations and the languages that accompanied them, to then discussviable proposals for collaboration with other fields. Such an interdisciplinaryprogram of study is necessary because the tools of linguisticsdo not suffice. Continuing work on the processes of origin, dispersionand convergence will help us better understand fundamentalproperties of language. Research on the description of individuallanguages and how they can be classified will contribute to thisunderstanding. For speakers and students of the American languages,these advances will also contribute to the recovery of the culturalheritage that is associated with historical language change.

This study aims to investigate two manuscript texts on some syntactical and morphological issues, which are “The difference between the plural, collective noun and the gendered noun” by Ibn al-Nazim, and the second the adverb which is connected with"Qad’ by Amir Badshah. Those twoscholars left many precious scientific works. The researcher found these issues deserve to be published since they consider as one of the main issues that had been discussed by the scholars with their students during lessons. These issues did not reach the size of huge classifications, but it is one or two issues where the classified book express its opinion in concise and focus, which is considered of fruitful and great benefits in language research and the intellectual activity in general, and they were not attainable and accessible, particularly in obtaining second copies of those letters. Accordingly, in order not to remain a buried treasure waiting for someone to discover or get it out to the light, the researcher has obtained one letter with two different versions from two different places; and the other one is a unique copy where the researcher followed the scientific methodology in its publication and verification.

The analysis of discourse in language proficiency interviews reveals many similarities and some issues that are specific to the modality and social context of spoken and signed languages. In this chapter, we comment on points of intersection and difference in the preceding two chapters to highlight how the exchange of insights from signed and spoken language research in this area can stimulate further inquiry and advance theory across both fields. This chapter is a joint discussion of key items related to discourse analysis related to signed and spoken language assessment that were discussed in Chapters 10.1 and 10.2.

The purpose of the article is to research, analyze and consider the general problems and prospects of using the principle of implementing dependencies in the development of web applications in the PHP language. Research methods are methods of semantic analysis of the basic concepts of this subject area (web technologies and web applications). The article considers the existing approaches to control inversion based on the use of the dependency implementation template. The novelty of the research is to solve the control inversion problems based on a template when designing web applications. The conclusion of the research conducted in the article is that the existing problems and prospects for the application of the principle of dependency implementation in web applications with program code written in PHP have been analyzed. Taking into account the results of the analysis, the authors have developed a system for automating the implementation of dependencies, which is important for solving problems of improving the efficiency of web application development processes in PHP.

Based on the material of Russian linguistics, the article proves the thesis about the ethnomenal conditionality of research activity in terms of its various components: by the nature, quality, volume of factual material, selection of methods and ways of research, by observing the principle of consistency and historical and cultural localization of observations and generalizations. Signs of scientific ethno-mentality are identified and considered on the example of research by a number of prominent figures of Russian science.

A key role of dialect dictionaries in the preservation of the national memory of the people and national moral values is emphasized in the paper. It has been stated that dialect vocabulary compiled in the dictionary is of great heuristic value, as it expresses a historical progress of the nation in its work, with customs and beliefs, the whole outlook in general, which is why it is a required source for the reconstruction of the ancient condition of a material and moral culture of native speakers. It has been found out that some specialists in dialectology-lexicography mark the registries of dialect words differently (dictionary, short dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary, materials for dictionary, small dictionary, etc.). Ukrainian dialect dictionaries were analyzed as to their completeness of vocabulary presentations, the coverage of dialect areas and some peculiarities of the representation of regional vocabulary in thematic dictionaries which contained the dialects of East Podillia. The purpose and the task of the compilation of the Dictionary of East-Podillia dialects as well as its format/size were defined. Foreign analogs of such creation, in particular Podillia ones, were noticed. The principles of the compilation of a multi-volume edition of the Dictionary of East-Podillia dialects according to the thematic groups were worked out. The importance of the Dictionary of East-Podillia dialects for Ukrainian language studies has been underlined, as it will become a profound source for further language research.

This survey aims to review statisical report procedures in the experimental studies appearing in ten SLA and Applied Linguistic journals from 2011 to 2017. We specify our study on how the authors report and interprete their power analyses, effect sizes, and confidence intervals. Results reveal that of 217 articles, the authors reported effect sizes (70%), apriori power and posthoc power consecutively (1.8% and 6.9%), and confidence intervals (18.4%). Additionally, it shows that the authors interprete those statistical terms counted 5.5%, 27.2%, and 6%, respectively. The call for statistical report reform recommended and endorsed by scholars, researchers, and editors is inevitably echoed to shed more light on the trustworthiness and practicality of the data presented.