european norm
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Objective To determine how people of different races and skin colours are represented within Myles Textbook for Midwives and whether the identified content is clinically relevant to people of all skin colours. Design Content analysis of text and images in Myles Textbook for Midwives 17th Edition, 2020 Findings The images overwhelmingly depict light skinned people of White European appearance. When people of colour are shown they are more likely to be positioned in prominent imagery without specific link to the chapter topic. Descriptions of skin colour in the context of clinical assessment and/or treatment often applied mostly or solely to people with light colour skin. This included text referring to serious conditions or situations associated with severe morbidity or mortality. Key conclusions Myles Textbook for Midwives presents a light skinned White European norm and often fails to include information that is clinically relevant to the assessment and treatment of people with darker skin colours. This may lead to disparity in midwifery education and contribute to poorer outcomes for women and babies. Implications for practice Concrete efforts are required to identify and root out racial bias at all levels of midwifery education. This needs to happen alongside addressing current lack of good quality evidence required to support practice.

Writers have always been conscious of the contribution that clothes can make to their work—as material objects, as outward signs of inner character, and as metaphors, especially for language itself. In the early 20th century, however, a time of rapid technological change, as well as of industrialization, globalization, and urbanization, literary interrogations and descriptions of dress evolved to respond to the new ways in which garments were designed, made, marketed, and sold, and to fashion’s increasing pervasiveness in society. Particularly sensitive to these changes were many of the writers associated with modernism, who shared with the nascent fashion industry a preoccupation with questions of novelty and the presentation of the self. Russia was no exception, and there poets, playwrights, and novelists explored and exploited the meanings of clothes and fashion in order to address the urgent questions concerning sex, gender, and race that were thrown up by life in the modern city. Moreover, as elsewhere, these explorations were not limited to the page; rather, writers’ own wardrobes played a part, especially among those who styled themselves as dandies. In other ways, however, Russia diverged from the European norm in its relationship to clothes and fashion and, therefore, in their intersection with literature. First, the habit of appropriating motifs and styles from non-European cultures, which was further galvanized by the modernist turn away from 19th-century culture, had a very different significance in Russia. The long history of ambivalence about Russia’s place in European culture meant that Russians were capable of finding the exotic in their own backyard, leading, for instance, to a vogue for peasant poets. Second, Russia experienced a particularly intense craze for masquerades in the first two decades of the century, which was both reflected in contemporary literature and, in part, a product of an obsession with the connection between inner essences and outer appearances that also manifested itself in modernist poetry. Third, Russian writers of the time were more inclined than most to see their work as part of a wider transformative mission; this often took the form of an attempt to overcome the perceived division between life and art by infusing the everyday with creativity. Clothes, both on the page and in the streets, were an important front in this battle. Finally, the upheaval caused by the revolutions of 1917 and the emergence of the socialist state had profound effects on the organization of fashion as both industry and discourse. Some writers responded by imagining the post-fashion future; others by involving themselves in reconfiguring what socialist commodities might look like; still others by criticizing a surprisingly resilient consumer culture, at least until the Stalin-inspired reorganization of many aspects of society, including fashion and literature, in the late 1920s and early 1930s.

Background Surgical gloves act as protective barrier against blood-borne pathogens transmission from patients to healthcare workers and vice versa. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of surgical gloves intraoperative perforation and to highlight its leading factors. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional multicentric study was conducted at three different Tunisian university hospitals: Charles Nicolle, La Rabta and Mongi Slim. Four different surgical departments were involved: cardiovascular surgery, urology, general surgery and otorhinolaryngology. The gloves were collected and tested immediately at the sterilization units using the leak test as described in European Norm EN 455-1.19. Results were produced using the statistical package for social sciences version 19.0 and the X2 was used with a significance threshold of 5%. Results A total of 320 gloves were collected. Seventy-two were found to be perforated (22.5%). The majority of the perforated gloves were collected after cardiovascular procedures (40%, p=0.001), on the non-dominant hand (71%, p=0.0001), when the duration of the procedure exceeded 90 minutes (p=0.0001) and for thinner gloves (61%,p=0.018). The left index finger of the surgeon’s glove is more likely to be perforated (38%). Conclusion This study showed considerable gloves perforation rate during surgical procedures that could indicate the implementation of new rules and policies in the operating theater practices. Key words Perforation, surgical gloves, operating theater, associated factors.

Abstract Purpose Few studies have investigated possible predictors of positive outcomes for youths in foster care. The aim of this prospective follow-up study was to examine quality of life (QoL) among youths in foster care and to assess whether contextual and child factors predicted QoL. Methods Online questionnaires were completed by carers in Norway in 2012 (T1, n = 236, child age 6–12 years) and by youths and carers in 2017 (T2, n = 405, youth age 11–18 years). We received responses on 116 of the youths at both T1 and T2, and our final sample consisted of 525 youths with responses from T1 and/or T2. Child welfare caseworkers reported preplacement maltreatment and service use at T1. We assessed mental health and prosocial behavior at T1 by having carers complete the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and QoL at T2 with youth-reported KIDSCREEN-27. We analyzed the data using descriptive statistics, t-tests and multiple linear regressions, and we used multiple imputation to handle missing data. Results Youths in foster care had lower QoL across all dimensions compared to a Swedish general youth sample. QoL scores among our sample were similar to Norwegian youths with ill or substance abusing parents and to European norm data. Youths reported the highest QoL scores on the parent relations and autonomy dimension. Male gender, younger age, kinship care and prosocial behavior five years earlier predicted higher QoL. Conclusion Similar to other at-risk youths, youths in foster care seem to have lower QoL than the general Scandinavian population. Despite early adversities, they had good relations with their current carers. Adolescent girls seem especially vulnerable to low QoL and might need extra support to have good lives in foster care.

Standard precautions to minimize the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission implies that infected cell cultures and clinical specimens may undergo some sort of inactivation to reduce or abolish infectivity. We evaluated three heat inactivation protocols (56 °C-30 min, 60 °C-60 min and 92 °C-15 min) on SARS-CoV-2 using (i) infected cell culture supernatant, (ii) virus-spiked human sera (iii) and nasopharyngeal samples according to the recommendations of the European norm NF EN 14476-A2. Regardless of the protocol and the type of samples, a 4 Log10 TCID50 reduction was observed. However, samples containing viral loads > 6 Log10 TCID50 were still infectious after 56 °C-30 min and 60 °C-60 min, although infectivity was < 10 TCID50. The protocols 56 °C-30 min and 60 °C-60 min had little influence on the RNA copies detection, whereas 92 °C-15 min drastically reduced the limit of detection, which suggests that this protocol should be avoided for inactivation ahead of molecular diagnostics. Lastly, 56 °C-30 min treatment of serum specimens had a negligible influence on the results of IgG detection using a commercial ELISA test, whereas a drastic decrease in neutralizing titers was observed.

Waste oils are becoming increasingly more important as feedstock for the production of fuels and glycerol as byproduc. Optimization of homogeneous transesterification of waste frying oil (WFO) to biodiesel over hydroxide potassium (KOH) catalyst have been investigated. In this respect, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to determine the relationships between methanol and WFO molar ratio (3:1–12:1), KOH concentration (0.5%–2%) and temperature (25–65 °C) on the conversion yield. Transesterification of WFO produced 96.33% maximum methyl ester yield at the optimum methanol/WFO molar ratio 7.3:1, KOH loading 0.5 wt. % and the reaction temperature was 58.30 °C. The physicochemical properties of optimized biodiesel met the requirements of the European Norm 14214, such as kinematic viscosity at 40 °C 4.57 mm/s2, the sulfur content 0.005 wt. %, and the density at 15 °C 889.3 kg/m3. This study also examined the accelerated oxidation of biodiesel and biodiesel/diesel blends under combined temperature and air effect at different periods of time while measuring their acidity. Results have shown that total acid number increased proportionally to the biodiesel content of the biodiesel/diesel blends from 0.5 mgKOH/g for B7 (7% (v/v) biodiesel and 93% (v/v) diesel) up to 2.8 mg KOH/g for B100 (100% biodiesel). The synthesized trans-esterified oil can be a potential alternative to petrodiesel, hence its application at an industrial scale. This work also reports some properties of crude glycerol (CG) derived from biodiesel from WFO. The glycerol yield (%), pH, water content (wt. %), density at 15 °C (g/cm3), and kinematic viscosity at 40 °C (mm2/s) was analyzed according to standard test methods.

Objective: Knowledge about the stress response in children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is sparse and the association between the stress response and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is unknown. Consequently, investigations on the influence of CL/P on the stress response alone and its association with HRQoL are of importance. The purpose was to determine whether salivary cortisol concentration in children with CL/P differs from that in children without clefts (controls) and whether there are any differences in salivary cortisol concentrations between ages, gender, and type of cleft. Furthermore, the final aim was to determine the correlation between salivary cortisol concentration and HRQoL. Design: The study used a cross-sectional case-control design. Participants: Ninety-one 5- and 10-year-old children with CL/P and 180 age-matched controls. Main Outcome Measures: Salivary samples were collected on 2 mornings and 1 evening for each child. Samples were analyzed using a commercial competitive radioimmunoassay and HRQoL was assessed using the KIDSCREEN-52. Results: Salivary cortisol concentrations were similar in children with CL/P and controls. There was no difference in salivary cortisol concentrations between children with different types of cleft. There was no correlation between cortisol concentration and HRQoL. Conclusion: Five- and 10-year-old children with corrected CL/P seemed not to be more stressed than controls, and there were no correlation to HRQoL. The HRQoL levels - were comparable to that of a European norm population.

Abstract Subdividing elements and different structures on the ceiling like beams or similar, significantly affect the location of the smoke detector, because they change the flow of combustion products. From point of view of fire detection system, designers it is very interesting how to arrange and distribute smoke detectors in applications when beams are formed structure like a “honeycomb” The European norm 54-14 is mandatory, but in practice, a main question appears: “Do we have the explanations detailed enough for all of the situations that could occur related to length, width and depth of honeycomb cells”? The main goal of this paper is to show the differences between the rules and the instructions in five standards: EN 54-14, VDE 0833-2, BS 5839-1, NPB 88, NFPA 72, and to find the best solution for various situations in practice.

Honey is an organic product with a multiple physicochemical and biological properties. Microbiological analysis (total search germs, coliforms and fecal coliforms, spores of sulfite-reducing, <em>Clostridium botulinum</em> and <em>Bacillus cereus</em> and research yeasts) showed that the samples studied contain no spores or coliform and fecal coliform. The physicochemical analyzes (water content, Hydroxymethylfurfural: HMF, pH and free acidity, conductivity electrical and ash) showed that all samples meet International standards with the exception of one sample showed an HMF content (42.05 mg/kg) which is slightly above the European norm but still consistent with the Codex Alimentarius. The result of analyzes show that different honeys produced in this region are of good hygienic and market qualities.