determination methods
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The main objective of terrestrial radio navigation is position determination. In this study, the accuracy of the distance measurement, distance difference measurement, and integrated angle measurement/distance measurement terrestrial radio navigation methods is investigated. in order to calculate the position errors, simulations for the aircraft flight dynamics were carried out, and the obtained position values were compared with the actual values. The aircraft position determination methods were evaluated in the sense of accuracy. The position determination method with better accuracy was determined by comparing the absolute errors of the examined methods. Simulation and error analysis shows that the distance difference method is superior and gives more accurate position results. It was observed that the distance measurement method errors were smaller than the errors of the integrated angle measurement/distance measurement method.

The detection methods of formaldehyde content in indoor air, including traditional laboratory detection methods (AHMT spectrophotometry, phenol reagent spectrophotometry, acetyl acetone spectrophotometry and gas chromatography) and rapid detection methods (electrochemical sensor method, photoelectric spectrophotometry, etc.), were introduced and described. This paper systematically analyzes and compares the detection principle, applicable environment medium, detection flux and the advantages and disadvantages of each detection method. The future detection methods of formaldehyde content in indoor air were prospected.

Multi-criteria decision-making is important and it affects the efficiency of a mechanical processing process as well as an operation in general. It is understood as determining the best alternative among many alternatives. In this study, the results of a multi-criteria decision-making study are presented. In which, sixteen experiments on turning process were carried out. The input parameters of the experiments are the cutting speed, the feed speed, and the depth of cut. After conducting the experiments, the surface roughness and the material removal rate (MRR) were determined. To determine which experiment guarantees the minimum surface roughness and maximum MRR simultaneously, four multi-criteria decision-making methods including the MAIRCA, the EAMR, the MARCOS, and the TOPSIS were used. Two methods the Entropy and the MEREC were used to determine the weights for the criteria. The combination of four multi-criteria making decision methods with two determination methods of the weights has created eight ranking solutions for the experiments, which is the novelty of this study. An amazing result was obtained that all eight solutions all determined the same best experiment. From the obtained results, a recommendation was proposed that the multi-criteria making decision methods and the weighting methods using in this study can also be used for multi-criteria making decision in other cases, other processes.

Abstract Mine operation in presence of aerological hazards is a challenging issue for mine ventilation services. Increasing depth of exploitation and growing level of mechanization, due to the demand for intensification of extraction, makes it even more difficult regarding thermal hazard. As air temperature is a decisive factor shaping underground thermal working conditions it is extremely important to predict its value. This task determines the possibility of carrying out works in regions with the highest thermal hazard, where, due to the applicable regulations, it is necessary to use air conditioning to ensure appropriate working conditions for people. To determine the required cooling capacity for mining regions, it is crucial to identify the individual heat sources, as well as to define the amount of heat they generate. For this purpose, heat balances need to be set, taking into account the mentioned issues. The main goal of this paper is a presentation of methods available in the literature for determining the thermal balances of mining areas. The article also presents and characterizes the most important heat sources in underground mines. In addition, methods of determining heat fluxes from individual sources were indicated, as well as potential difficulties in the applicability of the above-mentioned methods for mining areas heat balances determination, in which, due to the current depth of exploitation, the thermal hazard is the most important natural hazard that determines the possibility of mining works.

Ultrasonic-based techniques allow the prediction of the energy required to break the aggregate and have been more commonly used to measure the stability of aggregates. Although they result in the same applied energy, certain combinations of time and power might correspond to different intensities of cavitation. Consequently, different responses in aggregation indexes can be obtained with different configurations of ultrasound techniques. Thus, this work was carried out to evaluate the effects of cavitation intensity in the distribution of aggregates of a Paleudalf under management systems with cover plants and to compare aggregate stability determination methods (ultrasound versus wet sieving). Aggregate samples of the BS (bare soil), OT (black oat + forage turnips) and OV (black oat + hairy vetch) treatments were exposed to ultrasonic irradiation in different combinations of potency and time: (U1) 74.5 W/4 s; (U2) 49.7 W/6 s; (U3) 74.5 W/10 s and (U4) 49.7 W/15 s. After each sonification, the samples were passed in the same set of sieves used in the standard method of wet sieving -WS (8.00 - 4.76, 4.76 - 2.00, 2.00 - 1.00, 1.00 - 0.25 and < 0.25 mm) and the geometric mean diameter (GMD) and mass-weighted mean diameter (WMD) were calculated. The amplitude of vibration exerted a greater influence on soil breakdown than the total energy applied. Compared to the ultrasound method, in the WS method observed higher percentage of retained aggregates in the size class 8-4.76 mm and, consequently, greater aggregation indexes GMD and WMD.

Abstract. SPR methods are increasingly accepted by the biopharmaceutical industry in quality control (QC), R&D and clinical research. However, there are few reports on method validation and system suitability testing (SST), in particular on concentration determination methods related to the potency of the drug. System compliance must be demonstrated with certain tests in order, for the method validation to be ensured, as agreed by the scientific community and the industry, and specified in the guidelines. To contribute to the alleviation of the deficiency in this matter, we developed a system suitability testing of an SPR-based active concentration measurement method using Fab-fragment as a model. High amounts of anti-FAB1 were captured onto sensor chip surfaces via biotin/neutravidin interaction. The unknown concentration of FAB1 measured via calibration curve dependent concentration measurement. Controls were run between unknown samples to check the reliability of the method. The standard four-parameter logistic equation was used to determine the unknown concentration. CV % of samples and Difference % of controls form standards were calculated from obtained data. The CV % and Diff. % values were less than or equal to 10 % at each parameter. The 100 % level of unknown sample measured as 105 %. Obtained CV % values and repeated analyses showed that the system and method are suitable for the concentration analysis of the FAB1 fragment. The system suitability parameters evaluated in the study can be applied for all SPR analyzes.   Resumen. Los métodos SPR (Surface Plamon Resonance) son cada vez más aceptados por la industria biofarmacéutica en el control de calidad (QC), investigación y desarrollo (R & D) e investigación clínica. Sin embargo, existen pocos informes sobre la validación de los métodos y las pruebas de idoneidad del sistema (SST), en particular sobre los métodos de determinación de la concentración relacionados con la potencia del fármaco. La idoneidad del sistema debe demostrarse para garantizar la validación del método, según la normatividad acordada por la comunidad científica y la industria. Con el fin de contribuir al alivio de la deficiencia en este asunto, se desarrolló una prueba de idoneidad del sistema con un método de medición de concentración activa basado en SPR utilizando el fragmento Fab como modelo. Se capturaron grandes cantidades de anti-FAB1 en las superficies del chip sensor mediante la interacción biotina/neutravidina. Se estableció la concentración desconocida de FAB1 a través de la determinación de la concentración dependiente de la curva de calibración. Se ejecutaron controles entre muestras desconocidas para comprobar la fiabilidad del método. Se utilizó una ecuación estándar de cuatro parámetros para determinar la concentración desconocida. A partir de los datos obtenidos se determinó el porcentaje de CV de las muestras y la diferencia respecto a los controles. Los valores de % CV y % Diff. fueron menores o iguales al 10 % en cada parámetro. Los valores de % CV obtenidos y los análisis repetidos mostraron que el sistema y el método son adecuados para el análisis de concentración del fragmento FAB1. Los parámetros de idoneidad del sistema evaluados en el estudio se pueden aplicar a todos los análisis SPR.