mixed plantation
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Abstract Agroforestry system is a mixed plantation between cultivation planting and tree species in a forest land area. Coffee with a shade tree is commonly found out as an agroforestry system in Aceh Tengah highlands. Many farmers choose tree species suit for coffee to support coffee productivity. This research aimed to identify the planting of shade trees and coffee; what kinds of species mainly be grown by farmers. The research found that most farmers prefer to plant Leucaena leucocephala than other species causes the benefit of Leucaena leucocephala species. Coffee farmers should use trees as a protective crop to increase the total coffee production. Use Leucaena leucocephala as a protective tree because Leucaena leucocephala root contains rhizobium, helping coffee production.

The natural regeneration of native broadleaved species underneath forest monoculture plantations is important to recover ecosystem functions and to mitigate adverse environmental effects. To understand how seed rain and soil seed banks facilitate natural regeneration, we surveyed their density and composition in a monoculture Chinese fir plantation, a mixed Chinese fir–broadleaf plantation, and an adjacent natural broadleaved forest for two years in southern China. Twenty-eight species (16 families) were in seed rain, and 45 species (27 families) were in soil seed banks. Seed rain density did not differ significantly across stands; however, the number of taxa in seed rain was highest in the mixed plantation and lowest in the natural forest. Seed bank density was significantly higher in the mixed plantation than in the other stands. The Sørensen similarity indices of species composition between seed sources and aboveground vegetation were relatively low (<0.50). In addition, the seeds of native tree species common to the seed banks of the three forests indicated the adjacent natural forest was a seed source for the natural regeneration of native species in forest plantations. To augment regeneration and accelerate the rate of conversion, we recommend direct seeding or planting of desired species.

Characteristics of the surface runoff of four vegetation types in the small watershed of Nver Zhai, Wuling Mountain Area, West Hunan were studied. Results indicated that, from June 10, 2015 to September 10, 2016 the precipitation recorded was up to 1971.80 mm, and there occurred 83 rainfalls during the period of investigation. With the increase in the rainfall, the surface runoff gradually increased, among which the Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. plantation showed significantly high runoff. When the rainfall gradually increased to 30 mm, the surface runoff was highest for the sloping farmland. Under an intense rainfall >50 mm, there was a significant augmentation in the surface runoff of the four types of forest lands, indicating that the soil water content began to reach to saturation. Furthermore, the total runoff of the different types of vegetation, the runoff depth and the runoff coefficient were in the order of: E. ulmoides plantation > Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest > Sloping farmland > maple- Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. mixed plantation. Additionally, under the same rainfall, there was a reduction in the runoff with an increase in the evaporation, and the total runoff of maple- C. camphora mixed plantation was the lowest. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 603-611, 2021 (September)

Mixed planting when well managed can be more efficient in the production of biomass and in the use of available resources, thus increasing the profits of planting. The objectives of this research were to quantify the biomass of a mixed plantation of Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii, by the direct method and to verify the allocation of biomass between the components and the production of biomass per unit area of the mixed plantation and of the two species studied. From the forest census carried out in the mixed planting of 43.5 ha, at 16 years of age, the diametric distribution of the population was generated. Based on the diametric classes, 60 trees were randomly sampled by the direct method, 30 trees for each species. Then, the aerial biomass production in the different components of the tree for both species was evaluated and compared. Mixed planting produced 171.5 t ha-1 of biomass; the shaft represented more than 60% of the biomass. The biomass production in Pinus taeda was superior to Pinus elliottii. The biomass of branches, in turn, was significantly different between species. The stratified tree technique revealed that biomass production in the stand was lower than the biomass obtained by the direct method. In this technique, the biomass (t ha-1) was superior to Pinus elliottii, due to the frequency of individuals in the forest census being higher in the central diameter class, and the species having a larger number of individuals in the stand.

Abstract. Whether uptake of rainwater can increase plant water consumption in response to rainfall pulses requires investigation to evaluate the plant adaptability, especially in water limited regions where rainwater is the only replenishable soil water source. In this study, the water sources from rainwater and three soil layers, predawn (Ψpd), midday (Ψm) and gradient (Ψpd−Ψm) of leaf water potential, and water consumption in response to rainfall pulses were analyzed for two dominant tree species, Hippophae rhamnoides and Populus davidiana, in pure and mixed plantations during the growing period (June–September). In pure plantations, the relative response of daily normalized sap flow (SFR) was significantly affected by rainwater uptake proportion (RUP) and Ψpd−Ψm for H. rhamnoides, and was only significantly influenced by Ψpd−Ψm for P. davidiana (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the large Ψpd−Ψm was consistent with high SFR for H. rhamnoides, and the small Ψpd−Ψm was consistent with the low SFR for P. davidiana, in response to rainfall pulses. Therefore, H. rhamnoides and P. davidiana exhibited sensitive and insensitive responses to rainfall pulses, respectively. Furthermore, mixed afforestation significantly enhanced RUP, SFR, and reduced the water source proportion from the deep soil layer (100–200 cm) for both species (P < 0.05). The SFR was significantly influenced by RUP and Ψpd−Ψm for both species in the mixed plantation. Lower Ψm and higher Ψpd were adopted by H. rhamnoides and P. davidiana in mixed plantation, respectively, to enlarge Ψpd−Ψm, enhance rainwater uptake, and decrease water source competition from the deep soil layer. These results indicate that mixed afforestation enhanced the influence of rainwater uptake to water consumption after rainfall pulse, regardless of sensitivity to rainfall pulses. This study provides insights into suitable plantation species selection and management considering the link between rainwater uptake and consumption in water limited regions.

Neotropical montane forests are considered biodiversity hotspots, where epiphytic bryophytes are an important component of the diversity, biomass and functioning of these ecosystems. We evaluated the richness and composition of bryophytes in secondary successional forests and mixed plantations of Juglans neotropica. In each forest type, the presence and cover of epiphytic bryophytes was registered in 400 quadrats of 20 cm × 30 cm. We analyzed the effects of canopy openness, diameter at breast height (DBH) and forest type on bryophyte richness, using a generalized linear model (GLM), as well as the changes in species composition using multivariate analysis. Fifty-five bryophyte species were recorded, of which 42 species were in secondary forests and 40 were in mixed plantations. Bryophyte richness did not change at forest level; however, at tree level, richness was higher in the mixed plantation of J. neotropica compared to the secondary forests, due to the presence of species adapted to high light conditions. On the other hand, bryophyte communities were negatively affected by the more open canopy in the mixed plantation of J. neotropica, species adapted to more humid conditions being less abundant. We conclude that species with narrow microclimatic niches are threatened by deforestation, and J. neotropica plantations do not act as refuge for drought-sensitive forest species present in secondary forests.

The vast area of border between Indonesia and Malaysia in West Kalimantan would require the support of border management systems are organized and professional, both at the central and regional levels. However, the lack of infrastructure in the border area has shown that the government does not have a good border management system. During this time, the responsibility for the management of border areas is merely coordinative between ministerial and non-ministerial government agencies, without a government agency directly responsible for border management from the central to regional levels. The approach used in this research is qualitative phenomenology with Existing Models. The form of Phenomeology Research used in this study has 4 steps, namely analyzing the phenomena that occur, determining the context, collecting data and field notes. The results of this study are the formation of the development and development of smallholder plantations in the form of Model  for developing smallholder plantations in Entikong District can be divided into four types based on commodities, namely: 1) Pure Plantation Areas, Mixed Plantation Areas , Multipurpose Plantation Areas, Integrated Plantation Areas