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Chapter 6 of the Vegetable Production Handbook.

Planting cole crops and leafy greens in plastic mulch free of summer and winter annual broadleaf weeds is challenging. Because these crops are often grown as a second or third crop on mulch, weeds emerge in previously punched plant holes, tears in plastic, and row middles. Without the ability to use tillage and with limited herbicide options available for weed control, achieving a weed-free planting window is not often feasible. Additional herbicide options are needed, but their interaction with plastic mulch must be understood. Therefore, research has determined the persistence of preplant applications of 2,4-D tank-mixed with glyphosate applied over plastic mulch. Analytical laboratory analyses of plastic samples from field experiments, in conjunction with bioassays using broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) and collard (Brassica oleracea var. viridis L.), evaluated herbicide dissipation. Analytical studies determined that 0.5 cm of irrigation after herbicide application and 1 day before planting removed 99% of 2,4-D, and 100% of glyphosate from the plastic mulch. Waiting an additional 14 days after application and irrigation further reduced the amount of 2,4-D on the plastic mulch 88% to 95%. For the field bioassay, preplant applications of 2,4-D tank-mixed with glyphosate resulted in 7% or less visual broccoli or collard injury without influencing crop growth, biomass, early season yield, or total yield as long as the mulch was washed with 0.5 cm of irrigation before planting. These studies also demonstrated there were no differences between the 1× and 2× use rates with respect to all response variables measured. Results suggest that 2,4-D and glyphosate can be effectively removed from the surface of plastic mulch with irrigation or rainfall before planting broccoli and collard.

Morphotypes ofBrassica oleraceaare the result of a dynamic interaction between genes that regulate the transition between vegetative and reproductive stages and those that regulate leaf morphology and plant architecture. In kales, ornate leaves, extended vegetative phase, and nutritional quality are some of the characters potentially selected by humans during domestication. We used a combination of developmental studies and transcriptomics to understand the vegetative domestication syndrome of kale. To identify candidate genes that are responsible for the evolution of domestic kale, we searched for transcriptome-wide differences among three vegetativeB. oleraceamorphotypes. RNA-seq experiments were used to understand the global pattern of expressed genes during a mixture of stages at one time in kale, cabbage, and the rapid cycling kale line TO1000. We identified gene expression patterns that differ among morphotypes and estimate the contribution of morphotype-specific gene expression that sets kale apart (3958 differentially expressed genes). Differentially expressed genes that regulate the vegetative to reproductive transition were abundant in all morphotypes. Genes involved in leaf morphology, plant architecture, defense, and nutrition were differentially expressed in kale. This allowed us to identify a set of candidate genes we suggest may be important in the kale domestication syndrome. Understanding candidate genes responsible for kale domestication is of importance to ultimately improve Cole crop production.

ABSTRACTMorphotypes of Brassica oleracea are the result of a dynamic interaction between genes that regulate the transition between vegetative and reproductive stages and those that regulate leaf morphology and plant architecture. In kales ornate leaves, delayed flowering, and nutritional quality are some of the characters potentially selected by humans during domestication.We used a combination of developmental studies and transcriptomics to understand the vegetative domestication syndrome of kale. To identify candidate genes that are responsible for the evolution of domestic kale we searched for transcriptome-wide differences among three vegetative B. oleracea morphotypes. RNAseq experiments were used to understand the global pattern of expressed genes during one single phase of development in kale, cabbage and the rapid cycling kale line TO1000.We identified gene expression patterns that differ among morphotypes, and estimate the contribution of morphotype-specific gene expression that sets kale apart (3958 differentially expressed genes). Differentially expressed genes that regulate the vegetative to reproductive transition were abundant in all morphotypes. Genes involved in leaf morphology, plan architecture, defense and nutrition were differentially expressed in kale.RNA-Seq experiments allow the discovery of novel candidate genes involved in the kale domestication syndrome. We identified candidate genes differentially expressed in kale that could be responsible for variation in flowering times, taste and herbivore defense, variation in leaf morphology, plant architecture, and nutritional value. Understanding candidate genes responsible for kale domestication is of importance to ultimately improve Cole crop production.

This chapter covers production of cole crops and Asian crucifers, including broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese broccoli, Chinese cabbage, Chinese mustard (bok choy), kohlrabi, lobok/daikon, collards, kale, mustard, and turnip.

Relevance The main diseases that affect cabbage crops during the growing season are bacterioses, alternariosis, fusarium and others. Despite the success of breeding to create resistant varieties and hybrids in some years, there is a massive disease defeat of cabbage. Therefore, preventive measures aimed at reducing the level of cabbage diseases are of paramount importance. In recent years, in connection with the development of agricultural biotechnology for the prevention of cabbage diseases, biologics have been proposed based on the products of bacterial metabolism: antibiotics, enzymes, phytohormones, vitamins, etc. Methods In the Laboratory of Cole Crop Breeding and Seed Production of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center in 2017-2018 conducted tests of biofungicides. The article presents the results of tests of biofungicides BisolbiSana and BisolbiFita to protect cabbage from diseases. Results The biological effectiveness of pre-sowing treatment of seeds and vegetative plants with biofungicides against cabbage altenariosis was 53.3-57.1%, against bacterial mucosa 40.2-47.8% depending on the variety (hybrid). Plant yield increased by 7-8.5%.

This document is HS724, Horticultural Sciences Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Published November 2006. HS724/CV122: Chapter 6. Cole Crop Production (ufl.edu)

Intensive production of cool-season vegetables has contributed to nitrate pollution of groundwater along the central coast of California. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata), and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) are important crops in this region, but few data are available regarding the nitrogen dynamics of these cole crops under current production practices, and whether those practices are protective of groundwater. Monitoring was conducted in 14 commercial broccoli, 8 cabbage, and 8 cauliflower fields evaluating crop growth, rooting depth, N uptake and partitioning, patterns of soil N availability, and current N fertilization and irrigation practices. Aboveground biomass N at harvest averaged 367, 367, and 319 kg·ha−1 for broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower, respectively, with mean N fertilization rates of 209, 280, and 256 kg·ha−1. The relatively small fraction of biomass N removed at harvest with cauliflower (23%) and broccoli (31%) resulted in a low partial N balance (PNB) of 30% and 57%, respectively, compared with cabbage (PNB of 70%). Rooting depth increased throughout the growing season, reaching ≈1 m by harvest, with about 70% of roots located in the top 40 cm in all crops. Soil mineral N (SMN; 0- to 30-cm depth) varied among fields, with the early-season median value of 18 mg·kg−1 declining to 5 mg·kg−1 by harvest. Seasonal N application was not correlated with early-season SMN. Irrigation applied, predominately through sprinklers, averaged >200% of estimated crop evapotranspiration. Substantial N mineralization from broccoli residue was observed within 2–3 months following fall incorporation, with potential NO3-N leaching losses exceeding 100 kg·ha−1 in both monitored fields. We conclude that improved irrigation management, adjusting N rates based on residual SMN, and employing a remediation practice such as cover cropping to limit winter NO3-N leaching losses could substantially improve N efficiency in cole crop production.