carbohydrate intake
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Background: The effects of carbohydrate intake on hypertension (HTN) subtypes are scarce. We examined the association of carbohydrate intake with new-onset HTN subtypes in Chinese adults.Methods: Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 2000–2011, 22,418 individuals were recorded using a 24-h recall method over three consecutive days. We excluded those who were pregnant women, lactating mothers, age <18 years, baseline age, blood pressure, and energy intake deficiency, extreme energy intake (male > 6,000 kcal or < 800 kcal; female > 4,000 kcal or < 600 kcal), and pulse pressure difference (Systolic Blood Pressure [SBP] - Diastolic Blood Pressure [DBP]) <10 mm Hg, HTN at baseline and data from only one survey. The total number of subjects who participated in at least two surveys was 7,930. The main outcome was new-onset HTN subtypes over 6.9 person years of follow-up.Results: 2,521 participants were found to be HTN, which included 1,318 males (52.3%), 1,203 females (47.7%), 721 had systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH, 28.6%), 655 had isolated systolic hypertension (ISH, 26.0%), and 993 had isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH, 39.4%). Compared with extreme quintiles of carbohydrate, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for new-onset HTN, SDH, ISH and IDH associated with carbohydrate intake were 1.12 (0.97–1.30), 1.54 (1.18–2.00), 0.89 (0.67–1.19) and 1.15 (0.91–1.45), respectively. The HR of SDH compared with extreme quintiles of carbohydrates was 1.56 (95% CI, 1.08–2.25; Ptrend = 0.04) in men and 1.52 (95% CI, 1.02–2.26; Ptrend = 0.02) in women.Conclusion: Carbohydrates were related to a higher risk of SDH, which were not observed with HTN, ISH, and IDH.

Adolescents are one of the nutritionally vulnerable groups. At this time, adolescents enter the second phase of rapid growth and then physical growth declines as young adults enter. Problems that arise in adolescents are undernutrition and overnutrition. One that is related to nutritional status is nutrient intake which is very influential on a person's nutritional status. Nutrient intake is influenced by eating habits and eating patterns of adolescents themselves. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of macronutrient intake and nutritional status at the Putri Hidayatullah Islamic Boarding School, Ternate City. The type of research used is descriptive research. The sampling technique used total sampling with a total sample of 29 people. The tools used were Microtoise, Bathroom Scale and form food recall 24. The results showed that the intake of macronutrients, as many as 28 people (96.6%) with less energy intake, 29 people (100.0%) with less protein intake, 16 people (55.2%) with more fat intake and 26 people (89.7%) with less carbohydrate intake. There were 25 people (86.2%) with normal nutritional status. It was concluded that from the results of the respondents had less protein intake and most had less energy and carbohydrate intake. On the other hand, most of these teenagers have good fat intake with normal nutritional status.

Abstrak Latar belakang: Kebugaran di Indonesia masih termasuk kategori yang rendah. Berdasarkan data Sport Development Index (SDI) kebugaran jasmani di Indonesia sebesar 21% dan pada DKI Jakarta sebesar 25%. Sedangkan menurut data Pusat Pelatihan Olahraga Pelajar (PPOP) DKI Jakarta ditemukan sebesar 47% atlet cabang olahraga permainan memiliki kebugaran jasmani kurang.  Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan terkait gizi, asupan karbohidrat, dan aktivitas fisik dengan kebugaran jasmani pada atlet cabang olahraga permainan Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan jumlah sampel 51 atlet cabang olahraga permainan dari kelas 10, 11, dan 12 di SMA Ragunan Jakarta. Pengambilan dan pengumpulan data pengetahuan terkait gizi menggunakan kuesioner, data asupan karbohidrat dengan metode food recall 2x24 jam, data aktivitas fisik dengan kuesioner IPAQ-SF, dan data kebugaran jasmani dengan metode Cooper Test. Data yang diperoleh dilakukan uji Chi Square. Hasil: Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan ada hubungan pengetahuan terkait gizi (p = 0,000), asupan karbohidrat (p = 0,044) dengan kebugaran jasmani, dan tidak ada hubungan aktivitas fisik (p = 0,727) dengan kebugaran jasmani. Kesimpulan: Pengetahuan gizi dan asupan karbohidrat berhubungan dengan kebugaran jasmani. Kata kunci: Aktivitas fisik; asupan karbohidrat; kebugaran jasmani; pengetahuan terkait  gizi.   Abstract Background: Physical fitness in Indonesia is still on a low category. Based on Sport Development Index (SDI), Indonesia’s Physical Fitness is 21% and 25% on Jakarta. Meanwhile, based on DKI Jakarta’s Pusat Pelatihan Olah Raga Pelajar (PPOP), it is found that 47% of sports games athlete have a low physical fitness. This research purpose is to find out the correlation of nutrition knowledge, carbohydrate intake, and physical activity to physical fitness on sports games athlete. Methods: This research use a cross sectional design, the samples of this research are 51 gaming sports athlete from class 10, 11, and 12 in Jakarta’s Ragunan Senior High School. Nutritional knowledge data are collected through a questionare, carbohydrate intake data are collected with 2x24 hours food recall method, physical activity data are collected through IPAQ-SF questionare, and physical fitness data are collected with Cooper Test method. The collected data are processed through Chi Square test. Result: After data analysis, it is found that there are a correlation of nutritional knowledge (p= 0,000) and carbohydrate intake (p=0,044) to physical fitness, but there is no correlation of physical activity (p=0,727) to physical fitness. Conclusion: There is a correlation between nutritional knowledge and carbohydrate intake with physical fitness Keywords: Carbohydrate intake, nutritional knowledge,  physical activity, physical fitness.

Carbohydrates are macronutrients that serve as energy sources. Many studies have shown that carbohydrate intake is nonlinearly associated with mortality. Moreover, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) consumption is positively associated with obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Accordingly, products with equal amounts of glucose and fructose have the worst effects on caloric intake, body weight gain, and glucose intolerance, suggesting that carbohydrate amount, kind, and form determine mortality. Understanding the role of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) in glucose and lipid metabolism will be beneficial for elucidating the harmful effects of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), as this glucose-activated transcription factor regulates glycolytic and lipogenic gene expression. Glucose and fructose coordinately supply the metabolites necessary for ChREBP activation and de novo lipogenesis. Chrebp overexpression causes fatty liver and lower plasma glucose levels, and ChREBP deletion prevents obesity and fatty liver. Intestinal ChREBP regulates fructose absorption and catabolism, and adipose-specific Chrebp-knockout mice show insulin resistance. ChREBP also regulates the appetite for sweets by controlling fibroblast growth factor 21, which promotes energy expenditure. Thus, ChREBP partly mimics the effects of carbohydrate, especially HFCS. The relationship between carbohydrate intake and diseases partly resembles those between ChREBP activity and diseases.

Abstract Background When a high-carbohydrate diet is ingested, whether as small frequent snacks or as large meals, there is no difference between the two with respect to post-exercise glycogen storage for a period of 24 h. However, the effect of carbohydrate intake frequency on glycogen recovery a few hours after exercise is not clear. Athletes need to recover glycogen quickly after physical exercise as they sometimes exercise multiple times a day. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of carbohydrate intake at different frequencies on glycogen recovery during the first few hours after exercise. Methods After 120 min of fasting, 6-week-old male ICR mice were subjected to treadmill running exercise (20 m/min for 60 min) to decrease the levels of muscle and liver glycogen. Mice were then given glucose as a bolus (1.2 mg/g of body weight [BW], immediately after exercise) or as a pulse (1.2 mg/g of BW, every 15 min × 4 times). Following this, the blood, tissue, and exhaled gas samples were collected. Results In the bolus group, blood glucose concentration was significantly lower and plasma insulin concentration was significantly higher than those in the pulse group (p < 0.05). The plantaris muscle glycogen concentration in the bolus group was 25.3% higher than that in the pulse group at 60 min after glucose ingestion (p < 0.05). Liver glycogen concentration in the pulse group was significantly higher than that in the bolus group at 120 min after glucose ingestion (p < 0.05). Conclusions The present study showed that ingesting a large amount of glucose immediately after exercise increased insulin secretion and enhanced muscle glycogen recovery, whereas frequent and small amounts of glucose intake was shown to enhance liver glycogen recovery.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between macronutrient intake and time in range (TIR) of 70–180 mg/dL in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). A multi-center study recruited patients with T1D using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) between January 2019 and January 2020 from centers across Italy. Diet intake was recorded using three-day weighed food diaries. Nutrients were evaluated as percentages of total intake. TIR was considered at target if the percentage of readings was higher than 70%. Clinical and nutritional factors associated with TIR at target were analyzed using multiple correspondence analysis and multiple logistic regression. Data from 197 participants (53% male, median age 11.6 years, median HbA1c 55.2 mmol/mol, median TIR 60%) were analyzed. Macronutrient intake was 45.9% carbohydrates, 16.9% protein, 37.3% fat, and 13.1 g/day fiber (median values). TIR > 70% was observed in 28% of participants; their diet contained more protein (17.6%, p = 0.015) and fiber (14.4 g/day, p = 0.031) than those not at target. The probability of having a TIR > 70% was significantly higher with 40–44% consumption of carbohydrates compared with 45–50% consumption of carbohydrates and with the use of a carbohydrate counting system. Based on these results, a five percent reduction in the percentage of carbohydrate intake can help children and adolescents with T1D achieve the goal of a TIR > 70%. Both a lower and higher percentage of carbohydrate intake appears to reduce the probability of reaching the target TIR > 70%. These results require validation in other populations before being used in clinical practice.