spinning disk
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Entropy generation investigation of hybrid nanofluidic transport over an unsteady spinning disk is reported in this analysis. The magnetic influence, velocity slips, and thermal radiative effects are included within the flow. Ferrous oxide (Fe3O4) and graphene oxide (GO) are used as tiny nano ingredients, and water (H2O) is the base medium. The dimensional leading equations are settled to dimensionless nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by significant similarity transformations. Then, classical RK-4 scheme with a shooting process has been initiated to execute the numerical simulation. The software MAPLE-18 is used to run the entire simulation with an indispensable accuracy rate. Several streamlines, graphs, and requisite tables are executed to divulge the parametric impact on the nanofluidic stream. Entropy generation–related figures are depicted for diverse parameters, and parametric effects on Bejan number are also analyzed. Moreover, the corresponding physical consignments like the measure of the frictional hindrance, heat transport are calculated and reviewed. The entropy generation augments for higher magnetic value but reduces for velocity slip, radiation, and nanoparticle concentration. Hybrid nanofluid gives a lower magnitude in entropy production as compared to the usual nanofluid. Magnetic parameter reduces the Bejan number, while slip factor and nanoparticle concentration amplify such effects. Heat transfer ultimately seems to increase for nanoparticle volume fraction, and the increase rate is 4.01685 for usual nanofluid, but it is 6.7557 for hybrid nanofluid. Also, the numerical fallouts address the possibility of using magnetized spinning disks in space engines and nuclear propulsion, and such a model conveys significant applications in heat transport improvement in so many industrial thermal management equipment and renewable energy systems.

Quantification of molecular numbers and concentrations in living cells is critical for testing models of complex biological phenomena. Counting molecules in cells requires estimation of the fluorescence intensity of single molecules, which is generally limited to imaging near cell surfaces, in isolated cells, or where motions are diffusive. To circumvent this difficulty, we have devised a calibration technique for spinning-disk confocal (SDC) microscopy, commonly used for imaging in tissues, that uses single-step bleaching kinetics to estimate the single-fluorophore intensity. To cross-check our calibrations, we compared the brightness of fluorophores in the SDC microscope to those in the total-internal-reflection (TIRF) and epifluorescence microscopes. We applied this calibration method to quantify the number of EB1-eGFP proteins in the comets of growing microtubule ends and to measure the cytoplasmic concentration of EB1-eGFP in sensory neurons in fly larvae. These measurements allowed us to estimate the dissociation constant of EB1-eGFP from the microtubules as wells as the GTP-tubulin cap size. Our results show the unexplored potential of single-molecule imaging using spinning disk confocal microscopy and provide a straight-forward method to count the absolute number of fluorophores in tissues which can be applied to a wide range of biological systems and imaging techniques.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to model and solve numerically the three-dimensional off-centered stagnation point flow and heat transfer of magnesium oxide–silver/water hybrid nanofluid impinging to a spinning disk. Design/methodology/approach The applied effective thermophysical properties of hybrid nanofluid including thermal conductivity and dynamics viscosity are according to the reported experimental relations that would be expanded by a mass-based algorithm. The single phase formulations coupled with experimental-based hybrid nanofluid model is implemented to derive the governing partial differential equations which are then transferred to a set of dimensionless ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the use of the similarity transformation method. Afterward, the reduced ODEs are solved numerically by bvp4c function from MATLAB that is a trustworthy and efficient code according to three-stage Lobatto IIIa formula. Findings The effect of spinning parameter and nanoparticles masses (mMgO, mAg) on the hydrodynamics and thermal boundary layers behavior and also the quantities of engineering interest are presented in tabular and graphical forms. The recent work demonstrates that the analysis of flow and heat transfer becomes more complicated when there is a non-alignment between the impinging flow and the disk axes. From computational results demonstrate that, the radial and azimuthal velocities are, respectively, the increasing and decreasing functions of the disk spinning parameter. Further, for the greater values of the spinning parameter, an overshoot of the radial velocity owing to the centrifugal forces of the spinning disk is observed. Besides, the quantities of engineering interest gently enhance with first and second nanoparticle masses, while comparing their absolute values illustrates the fact that the effect of second nanoparticle mass (mAg) is greater. Further, it is inferred that the second nanoparticle’s mass enhancement results in the amplification of the heat transfer; although, the high skin friction and the relevant shear stress should be controlled. Originality/value The combination of experimental thermophysical properties with theoretical modeling of the problem can be the novelty of the present work. It is evident that the experimental relations of effective thermophysical properties can be trustable and flexible in the theoretical/mathematical modeling of hybrid nanofluids flows. Besides, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no one has ever attempted to study the present problem through a mass-based model for hybrid nanofluid.

AbstractRecruitment of bone marrow derived monocytes via bloodstream and their subsequent conversion to CX3CR1+ macrophages in response to intestinal injury is dependent on CCR2, Nr4a1, and the microbiome. This process is critical for proper tissue repair; however, GATA6+ peritoneal cavity macrophages might represent an alternative, more readily available source of mature and functional myeloid cells at the damaged intestinal locations. Here we show, using spinning-disk confocal microscopy, that large F4/80hiGATA6+ peritoneal cavity macrophages promptly accumulate at damaged intestinal sites upon intestinal thermal injury and upon dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice via a direct route from the peritoneal cavity. In contrast to bloodstream derived monocytes/macrophages, cavity macrophages do not depend on CCR2, Nr4a1 or the microbiome for recruitment, but rather on the ATP-release and exposed hyaluronan at the site of injury. They participate in the removal of necrotic cells, revascularization and collagen deposition and thus resolution of tissue damage. In summary, peritoneal cavity macrophages represent a rapid alternative route of intestinal tissue repair to traditional monocyte-derived macrophages.