group velocity
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The group velocity dispersion (GVD) occurring in the front end of high-power lasers is one of the primary factors leading to the conversion of frequency modulation (FM) to amplitude modulation (AM). In this paper, we propose a modified, active, closed-loop feedback compensation device for GVD-induced FM–AM conversion, using a two-dimensional, electric, adjustable mirror mount and parallel grating pair to improve the long-term stability, efficiency of adjustment, and accuracy of compensation. Experimental results of a 12 h FM–AM depth test revealed that the depth varied between 2.28% and 5.22%. Moreover, we formulated a mathematical relationship between the dispersion parameters and temperature in optical fibers to analyze the intrinsic effect of temperature on FM–AM. The related simulation and experimental results consistently validated the quantitative relationship between the temperature and FM–AM depth.

AbstractThis paper presents the depth inversion of Rayleigh wave group velocity to obtain an S-wave velocity model from seismic ambient noise cross-correlation in western Java, Indonesia. This study utilizes the vertical component data of a temporary seismograph network deployed in 2016, which was used in a previous study to estimate fundamental mode Rayleigh wave group velocity maps. In this study, the Neighborhood Algorithm was applied to invert the Rayleigh wave group velocities into 1D shear-wave velocity (Vs) profiles, which were then interpolated to produce a high-resolution, pseudo-3D Vs model. These tomographic images of Vs extend to ~ 20 km depth and show a pronounced NE-SW contrast of low and high Vs in the depth range 1–5 km that correlates well with the Bouguer anomaly map. We interpret the low Vs in the northeastern part of the study area as associated with alluvial and volcanic products from the Sunda Shelf and modern volcanic arc, whereas the high Vs in the southwestern part is associated with volcanic arc products from earlier episodes of subduction. We also obtained the depth of the northern Java Basin, which is in the range of 5–6 km, and the Garut Basin, which extends to 5 km depth. For greater depths, Vs gradually increases throughout western Java, which reflects the crystalline basement. This study provides estimates of the shallow crustal Vs structure underneath West Java with higher resolution than previous tomographic studies, which could be useful for supporting future earthquake studies in the region.

Abstract This paper proposed a two-dimensional lattice structure with a nested core. The bandgap distribution and the anisotropy of phase velocity and group velocity were studied based on Bloch’s theorem and finite element method. The effects of eccentric ratio (e) and rotation angle (θ) of dual-phase structure on the bandgap distribution were investigated, and the anisotropy was studied via phase velocity and group velocity. The structure of (e) = 0.3 displayed the maximum total bandgap width. With (θ) increasing, the total bandgap widths of structures of different (e) all increased apparently and the low-frequency bandgap properties were improved. The phase velocity and group velocity of (e) = 0 displayed strong anisotropy, and the anisotropy was tuned by tuning (θ). Furthermore, the group velocity of the eighth mode displayed high directional wave propagation. For practical application, a single-phase structure was proposed and analyzed. Through additive manufacturing technology, the single-phase structure was prepared and tested by a low amplitude test setup. The experimental results displayed a good agreement with numerical results which demonstrated high directional propagation. This finding may pave the way for the practical application of the proposed lattice metamaterial in terms of wave filtering.

Observed surface wave forms across the central part of the Indian Peninsula and across northwestern part of the Peninsula have been considered. In a previous work, using group velocity of surface waves across former religion revealed model lithosphere IP 11. Observed surface wave forms across these two regions have been compared with synthetic seismograms  using  model  IP 11. Observed wave forms are found to agree with synthetic one. This suggests that the average lithospheric structure of central and northwestern parts of the Indian Peninsula is similar and the Lithospheric model  IP 11 is an approximation to it

The dynamic spectrum of a whistling atmospheric is a signal of falling tone, and the group delay time of the signal as a function of frequency is formed as a result of propagation of a broadband pulse in a medium (magnetospheric plasma) with a quadratic dispersion law. In this paper, we show that for quadratic dispersion the group velocity is invariant under Galilean transformations. This means that, contrary to expectations, the group velocity is paradoxically independent of the velocity of the medium relative to the observer. A general invariance condition is found in the form of a differential equation. To explain the paradox, we introduce the concept of the dynamic spectrum of Green’s function of the path of propagation of electromagnetic waves from a pulse source (lightning discharge in the case of a whistling atmospheric) in a dispersive medium. We emphasize the importance of taking into account the motion of plasma in the experimental and theoretical study of electromagnetic wave phenomena in near-Earth space.

The dynamic spectrum of a whistling atmospheric is a signal of falling tone, and the group delay time of the signal as a function of frequency is formed as a result of propagation of a broadband pulse in a medium (magnetospheric plasma) with a quadratic dispersion law. In this paper, we show that for quadratic dispersion the group velocity is invariant under Galilean transformations. This means that, contrary to expectations, the group velocity is paradoxically independent of the velocity of the medium relative to the observer. A general invariance condition is found in the form of a differential equation. To explain the paradox, we introduce the concept of the dynamic spectrum of Green’s function of the path of propagation of electromagnetic waves from a pulse source (lightning discharge in the case of a whistling atmospheric) in a dispersive medium. We emphasize the importance of taking into account the motion of plasma in the experimental and theoretical study of electromagnetic wave phenomena in near-Earth space.

Abstract There are two distinct phases in the evolution of drift wave envelope in the presence of zonal flow. A long-lived standing wave phase, which we call the Caviton, and a short-lived traveling wave phase (in radial direction) we call the Instanton. Several abrupt phenomena observed in tokamaks, such as intermittent excitation of geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) shown in this paper, could be attributed to the sudden and fast radial motion of Instanton. The composite drift wave – zonal flow system evolves at the two well-separate scales: the micro and the meso-scale. The eigenmode equation of the model defines the zero order (micro-scale) variation; it is solved by making use of the two dimensional (2D) weakly asymmetric ballooning theory (WABT), a theory suitable for modes localized to rational surface like drift waves, and then refined by shifted inverse power method, an iterative finite difference method. The next order is the equation of electron drift wave (EDW) envelope (containing group velocity of EDW) which is modulated by the zonal flow generated by Reynolds stress of EDW. This equation is coupled to the zonal flow equation, and numerically solved in spatiotemporal representation; the results are displayed in self-explanatory graphs. One observes a strong correlation between the Caviton-Instanton transition and the zero-crossing of radial group velocity of EDW. The calculation brings out the defining characteristics of the Instanton: it begins as a linear traveling wave right after the transition. Then, it evolves to a nonlinear stage with increasing frequency all the way to 20 kHz. The modulation to Reynolds stress in zonal flow equation brought in by the nonlinear Instanton will cause resonant excitation to GAM. The intermittency is shown due to the random phase mixing between multiple central rational surfaces in the reaction region.

Abstract We study lattice thermal conductivity of isotope diamond superlattices consisting of 12C and 13C diamond layers at various superlattice periods. It is found that the thermal conductivity of a superlattice is significantly deduced from that of pure diamond because of the reduction of the phonon group velocity near the folded Brillouin zone. The results show that asymmetric superlattices with different number of layers of 12C and 13C diamonds exhibit higher thermal conductivity than symmetric superlattices even with the same superlattice period, and we find that this can be explained by the trade-off between the effects of phonon specific heat and phonon group velocity. Furthermore, impurities and imperfect superlattice structures are also found to significantly reduce the thermal conductivity, suggesting that these effects can be exploited to control the thermal conductivity over a wide range.