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The aim of the research is to study the probability of manifestation of the haplotype of fertility AH1 in Ayrshire sires with different variants of the presence of AH1C in male ancestors in the first four rows of their pedigree.Materials and methods. The material of the study was the data of the electronic database created at RRIFAGB on the presence of the haplotype AH1 in 74 sire of the Ayrshire breed of Russia, of which 22 are carriers of the genetic defect - AH1C, and the rest are free - AH1F. To find patterns in the manifestation of the haplotype in the tested bulls, we analyzed different variants of the presence of AH1C in male ancestors in four rows of the paternal and maternal sides of their pedigree with the calculation of the probability of its manifestation. The study used data from the electronic databases “Card file of Ayrshire bulls” and “Card file of mothers of Ayrshire bulls” prepared for selection and genetic analysis using the computer program “SGS-VNIIGRZH“ and data from the Canadian website www.cdn.ca. The strength of the influence of the factors "distance of the nearest carrier ancestor" and "number of carrier ancestors" in all ranks of the proband's pedigrees on the manifestation of the haplotype AH1 in bulls of the Ayrshire breed was calculated using ANOVA in Data Analysis of Microsoft Office Excel.Results. Among the tested livestock, 42.3% of bulls AH1F did not have male ancestors of AH1C in the pedigree, while AH1C bulls had 27.3% of them. It was found that with the nearest ancestor AH1C in the 4th row of the pedigree, the haplotype was manifested in only 8.3% of the tested sires, in the 3rd and 2nd rows - in 16.7%, and in the 1st - in 75.0%. The strength of the factor “distance of the nearest carrier ancestor” is 22.0%, while the factor “number of carrier ancestors” in all ranks of the proband's pedigrees is 21.0%. Ancestors of AH1С in the first two rows of the pedigree is a reliable indicator for identifying the fertility haplotype in a proband. The highest probability of manifestation of the AH1 in a proband is observed in the presence of carrier ancestors on both sides of the pedigree, including the father.Conclusion. To reduce the likelihood of manifestation of AH1 in a proband, it is necessary to prevent the presence of bulls carrying the fertility haplotype closer to the fourth row in his pedigree, and also to avoid in all ranks of the pedigree more than three AH1C males.

Monitoring fish health in a repeatable and accurate manner can contribute to the profitability and sustainability of aquaculture. Haematological and blood biochemistry parameters have been powerful tools and becoming increasingly common in aquaculture studies. Fish growth is closely related to its health status. A fish with a higher growth rate is more likely to be a healthy one. Any change in the physiological status of the fish, from pollution to nutritional stress, can cause changes in the blood parameters. Various aquaculture studies have measured the following components: red blood cells, white blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and total protein. However, because these parameters do not always follow the same trend across experimental fish, it is difficult to draw a firm conclusion about which parameter should be considered. Therefore, Blood Performance (BP) as a new formula is introduced, which is a more reliable indicator. This formula is simple and sums up the natural logarithm of the five above-mentioned parameters. More than 90 published peer-reviewed articles that measured these five parameters in the last six years confirmed the reliability and validity of this formula. Regardless of which supplements were added to the diets, the fish with a higher growth rate had higher BP as well. In addition, in 44 studies out of 53 articles, there was a significant positive correlation between specific growth rate and BP. Under different stressful situations, from pollution to thermal stress, the fish under stress had a lower BP than the control. Fish meal and fish oil replacement studies were further evidence for this formula and showed that adding excessive alternative proteins decreased growth along with BP. In conclusion, BP can be a reliable indicator of fish health and growth when it is compared between groups in the same experiment or farm. Although there was a positive correlation between specific growth rate and BP, comparing BP between experiments is not recommended. Standardising the haematological assays can improve the reliability and accuracy of BP across experiments.

This chapter generalizes the modal theory of reasons to the epistemic domain and combines it with an independently motivated and substantive commitment, namely, that truth and truth alone makes for right belief. The result is a novel theory of epistemic reasons, according to which a reason for believing a proposition is a fact which stands in a modally robust relation to the truth of that proposition, hence, a reliable indicator of its truth. The chapter then explores and defends a consequence of this, namely, that a person may believe all and any truths. It asks whether reflection on Moorean beliefs counts for or against the view.

By common consent, one of the most characteristic categories of the Polish verb is aspect. There can be little doubt that the origin of the aspect category may lie in Proto-Slavic or much further back in the Proto-Indo- European language. It is a moot point whether the aspect was already a strong category in Proto-Slavic. Nonetheless, it is beyond dispute that the consequences of its emergence were far-reaching and took a relatively long time to clarify in the daughter languages. The various categories such as aspect, biaspectuality, and tense providing the main themes of the present paper were closely related and did interact, however, the essential effects of their interaction can only be identified by scrutiny. In Old Church Slavonic, a certain degree of competition between the category of aspect and that of tense can already be observed, and this is also evident in Old Polish, in which tenses like the aorist and the imperfect were slowly falling into disuse. Their occurrence is quite rare even in the earliest Polish written records. In due course, the perfect tense gained ground and the pluperfect became almost completely obsolete. In Modern Polish, the latter only serves to archaize literary texts. In the further stages of development, the aspectual opposition also extended to the future tenses thereby affecting the entire Polish tense system. Also, in the aspect-tense system of the Modern Polish language, the tendency of the category of aspect to prevail over the category of tense together with the gradual decline in the number of biaspectual verbs, still common in the 16th century, seems to be quite clear. Most of the originally biaspectual initial verbs were later perfectivized by means of prefixes. Thus, the simple verbal bases and their perfectivized derivatives could establish an aspectual partnership. In the case of verbs with foreign roots, the prefix z-/ s- played a pivotal role in perfectivation, while other prefixes such as za- and po- had a less important role. The process of perfectivation in Polish was so extensive that only few biaspectual verbs remained free of the opposition of aspect as reminders of the fact that the development of this category is still an ongoing process. This is also shown by the more recent biaspectual verbs with borrowed roots for which it can be anticipated that they will form their perfective counterparts soon. The paper concludes that the amount of verbs with an aspectually uncertain status is likely to be a reliable indicator of the development of the aspect category for the earlier periods in the history of the Polish language. An important role in this may play the diachronic corpus-based investigation, which, though for a long time considered a stepchild of Slavic aspectual research, may still help to clarify a number of issues related to the category of aspect.

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Leprosy is clinically diagnosed on the basis of presence of following cardinal signs: 1. Hypopigmented or erythematous anesthetic patch on skin, 2. Thickened and/or tender peripheral/cutaneous nerve, 3. Acid fast bacilli in slit skin smear. This study aims at comparing bacillary indices in slit skin smears with that from biopsy samples.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After obtaining informed written consent, slit skin smears were performed and observed for acid fast bacilli. Punch biopsies of lesions were taken and processed and stained with Fite-Faraco technique. The presence or absence of acid-fast bacilli in both modalities was noted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Slit skin smears were positive in 24 patients and negative in the rest. And 26 patient’s biopsy reports had Fite-Faraco positivity, out of the total 46 patients. The p=0.67 which was not significant at significance value 0.05.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Skin smear is an equally reliable indicator of bacillary load as Fite-Faraco bacillary index in tissue.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>