laser energy density
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A systematical work was studied to illustrate the influence of defocusing distance on the forming quality of inner structure fabricated by selective laser melting for Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The relationship between defocusing distance and dimensional accuracy, surface roughness as well as flatness was investigated, finite element analysis (FEA) was used to show the temperature distribution. The results show that defocusing distance not only had an impact on laser energy density, but also showed a significant influence on the surface pressure of the metal powder. Smaller defocusing distance (0.0 mm) accompanied with higher molten pool maximum temperature (3262.96°C), powder melting and splashing at the same time. On the contrary, larger defocusing distance leading to unmelted powder and powder bonding, which influences the forming quality of samples. Dimensional accuracy was less affected in 0.0, 1.0, 2.0 mm defocusing distance (5%), but changed dramatically when it is 3.0 mm (22%). In the same condition, similar variation trend of surface roughness (Ra) and flatness was observed, and varying from 5.1 to 27.3 μm and 0.05 to 0.26 mm, respectively. Simultaneously, the bottom surface is less affected, while the other three sides have the opposite situation. Pores and unmelted powder can be seen on the surface, it is the comprehensive effect of laser energy density and surface pressure. It proves that it is feasible to manufacture inner structure by controlling this process parameter during SLM process, the influence mechanism of defocusing distance on forming quality was also illustrated in this work.

Selective laser melting has a great potential to manufacture biocompatible metal alloy scaffolds or implants with a regulated porosity structure. This study uses five face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice structures, including FCC, FCC-Z, S-FCC, S-FCC-Z, and FCC-XYZ. Specimens with different lattice structures are fabricated using two laser energy densities, 71 J/mm3 and 125 J/mm3. Density, tensile, compressive and flexural test results exhibit the effect of laser parameters and lattice structure geometries on mechanical properties. The higher laser energy density of 125 J/mm3 results in higher properties such as density, strength, and Young’s modulus than the laser energy density of 71 J/mm3. The S-FCC lattice has the lowest density among all lattices. The mechanical tests result show specimen with FCC-XYZ lattice structures fabricated using a laser energy density of 125 J/mm3 meet the tensile properties requirement for human ribs. This structure also meets the requirement in flexural strength performance, but its stiffness is over that of human ribs. The compression test results of lattices are still incomparable due to unavailable compression data of the human ribs. In short, The FCC-XYZ lattice design fabricated by the 125 J/mm3 laser energy density parameter can be used to manufacture customized rib implants.