poor infrastructure
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Community-based organizations (CBOs) are non-profit organizations established voluntarily by members in order to deliver specified services effectively. However, CBO development in Tanzania reported performing unsatisfactorily. This chapter highlights causal key problems and controversial and established solutions that can improve CBO development. Among the problems are financial dependency, weak managerial skills, low ICT coverage, gender inequality, poverty, and poor infrastructure. But the controversial issues are ineffective consultation between key actors and gender dominated by males. To achieve CBO development, the chapter notes the use of civic engagement, especially sensitization, awareness creation while strategic leadership focus on voluntary, sacrificial and compromising leaderships. The chapter concludes that CBO development in Tanzania is best to apply components of civic engagement and strategic leadership while the recommendation is to combine and integrate both civic engagement and strategic leadership with their essential sub-components.

The emergence and spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with its attendant coronavirus disease in late 2019 (COVID-19) have brought untold social and economic hardships on the global society but with severe impacts on the sub-Saharan African households. The social and economic impacts were severe given that lifestyle in Africa is largely characterised by poor infrastructure development and social amenities. This situation increased food insecurity arising from complete loss or temporary halt of means of livelihood of the continent's households. Alongside this is loss of social security with resultant psychological stress and anxieties. This notwithstanding, developed resilience and social protection support have strengthened the African households to cope and possibly recover from the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

India's North-East Region has greater demand for road and personalized modes of transport powered by fossil fuels. And due to emissions, there has been evidence of climate change. It has been found that diesel cars cause greater emissions (per kilometer travelled) as compared to petrol cars; therefore, the use of diesel should be discouraged. The chapter suggests that the emissions in case of public transport passenger-km are lesser than other modes of transport. However, in the North-East Region, there is negligible share of public transport due to poor infrastructure and service facilities. Therefore, improvements should be made with regard to public transport system so that considerable number of passengers shifts to public transport modes. Further, it is inferred that use of alternate vehicle or fuel technologies like hybrid electric vehicles, biofuel, biodiesel, hydrogen fuel need to be initiated to mitigate the climate change.

Background: There is scarcity of essential medications, medical talent and health care facilities to treat covid-19, at remote places. This study explores various modalities in resource-limited settings for the management of COVID-19 patients.Methods: We retrospectively analysed data of 266 consecutive discharged and death Covid-19 patients from 26December 2020 to 29May 2021. All patients were admitted and received appropriate supportive care, regular clinical and laboratory monitoring.Results: Of total 266 patients the mean age of patients was 49.19 (SD 14.1) years and 185 (69.54%) of them were males. 99 (37%) cases were moderate, 83(31%)were severe cases remaining 84 (32%) were mild cases. 16 (6.01%) patients expired and remaining 250 patients were subsequently discharged. Median duration of stay in the hospital was 9 (37) days. Of total 266 admitted patients’ mortality rate was only 6.01%.Conclusions: We emphasize that even in healthcare facilities with limited resource, poor infrastructure and lack of ICU facilities, clinical observation-based managementt can help to reduce mortality considerably. Unique features of our study include; use of progesterone as an immunomodulator, use of dual antiviral agents, use of age-related lower limit of oxygen saturation.

Ship recycling has been considered as a low technology industry. It has been established that there are more than a dozen stake holders in ship recycling having their own interests and roles. Apart from this, most of the ship recycling activities are carried out with poor infrastructure support and without adhering to proper safety and environmental standards. A Knowledge-based support is the need of the hour for improving the status of ship recycling industry. Knowledgebase support in the form of a computer based expert system encompassing entire ship recycling activities is considered as a very useful step in this direction. This paper presents the need for a user friendly expert system for ship recycling process. Two important functions of the expert system have been presented, one for the Administrators, the stake holders at the helm of the ship recycling affairs and second one for the Users, who execute the actual dismantling have been presented.

Abstract Health inequalities increased for Native Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic due to poor infrastructure, lack of electricity, health disparities, limited transportation, and rural location (Yellow Horse, 2021). Title VI programs-- aging network organizations that serve tribal elders--had to be resourceful to meet increased needs and restrictions on service delivery options. Qualitative data from the national 2020 Title VI Native American Aging Programs Survey illustrated the challenges faced and the resiliency of these organizations and their communities. Two rounds of thematic coding of 479 open-ended responses to the survey revealed that communication across organizations, a sense of shared mission, and sharing of resources allowed these agencies to provide more services in innovative ways. Challenges included limited funding, regulatory barriers, and staff burnout. A video presentation by a Title VI program director will provide context for the results of the survey.

<p><b>As of last year, the Prime Minister and Minister of Housing and urban development has announced a 25-year project to regenerate Eastern Porirua. $1.5 billion will be contributed towards delivering better public housing as well as a safer and better neighbourhood. (Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2020) “This is a large, long investment to deliver a step-change for this strong vibrant community, who are amongst the most disadvantaged in New Zealand”(Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2020).</b></p> <p>As of right now, Cannons Creek has a dying commercial centre that has been struggling for many years. Research has shown that many locals living in the area are familiar with their ‘negative reputation’ of an unsafe neighbourhood with high crime rates (James, n.d). Therefore, this has affected the community’s growing progress (James, n.d). Based through site observation, the centre has poor infrastructure, unused carpark spaces, and abandoned buildings. Therefore, the current state may encourage crime to occur around the area.</p> <p>Moreover, there is no place for social support, public information and other facilities a community would need.</p> <p>Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to investigate ways of creating a liveable community by integrating an urban intervention into the area. In this context, intervention is defined as combining architecture and urban interventions to create a place of activity and social engagement. Cannons Creek will be revitalised into a vibrant community to live in.</p> <p>Eastern Porirua overall is slowly growing and changing, there is now more diversity within the population. The Transmission Gully that is set to finish within 2020 which will also add more value towards the land and people living in Porirua. There is now an opportunity to foster intensification within the suburbs town centres.</p>

<p><b>As of last year, the Prime Minister and Minister of Housing and urban development has announced a 25-year project to regenerate Eastern Porirua. $1.5 billion will be contributed towards delivering better public housing as well as a safer and better neighbourhood. (Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2020) “This is a large, long investment to deliver a step-change for this strong vibrant community, who are amongst the most disadvantaged in New Zealand”(Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2020).</b></p> <p>As of right now, Cannons Creek has a dying commercial centre that has been struggling for many years. Research has shown that many locals living in the area are familiar with their ‘negative reputation’ of an unsafe neighbourhood with high crime rates (James, n.d). Therefore, this has affected the community’s growing progress (James, n.d). Based through site observation, the centre has poor infrastructure, unused carpark spaces, and abandoned buildings. Therefore, the current state may encourage crime to occur around the area.</p> <p>Moreover, there is no place for social support, public information and other facilities a community would need.</p> <p>Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to investigate ways of creating a liveable community by integrating an urban intervention into the area. In this context, intervention is defined as combining architecture and urban interventions to create a place of activity and social engagement. Cannons Creek will be revitalised into a vibrant community to live in.</p> <p>Eastern Porirua overall is slowly growing and changing, there is now more diversity within the population. The Transmission Gully that is set to finish within 2020 which will also add more value towards the land and people living in Porirua. There is now an opportunity to foster intensification within the suburbs town centres.</p>

During the Second World War the frontal responsibility of northern Finland was held by German troops, who carried out large building projects to enhance the poor infrastructure of this peripheral region. This paper focuses on one of the biggest infrastructure projects performed by the Wehrmacht and Organisation Todt in Finland during the Second World War. The Hyrynsalmi-Kuusamo railway was to be built through a challenging landscape, by people who constantly overestimated their own abilities, and at the great expense and suffering of the workers who were mostly prisoners-of-war and forced labourers. Besides their own contemporary memories and experiences from this event, this construction project and its physical traces live in the local memories and have become part of the transgenerational heritage and remembrance of the war years. Using the wartime construction of the track as a starting point, this study goes on to map the heritage value, archaeological potential, and the state of research related to this German wartime project.  

Significance Import-dependent Lebanon has faced acute energy shortages in recent months, reflecting poor infrastructure, unsustainable policies and a lack of hard currency. Leaders are exploring rival regional options for the supply of gas and oil products: primarily Iraq, Iran and Egypt gas via Jordan and Syria. Impacts Since Lebanon has no functional refinery, it would be unable to use direct crude oil imports. Reliable provision of petrol and diesel will ultimately require a painful complete end to subsidies. Installation of solar power is already happening rapidly through private initiatives, but its contribution will remain minor.