swine wastewater
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Abstract The application and design of treatment systems in wastewater are necessary due to antibiotics' potential toxicity and resistant genes on residual effluent. This work evaluated a coupled bio-electrochemical system to reduce chloramphenicol (CAP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) on swine wastewater (SWW). SWW characterization found CAP of <10 μg/L and 17,434 mg/L of COD. The coupled system consisted of preliminary use of an Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) followed by electrooxidation (EO). UASB reactor (primary stage) was operated for three months at an organic load of 8.76 kg of COD/m3d and 50 mg CAP/L as initial concentration. In EO, we carried out a 22 (time operation and intensity) factorial design with a central composite design; we tried two Ti cathodes and one anode of Ti/PbO2. Optimal conditions obtained in the EO process were 240 min of operation time and 1.51 A of current intensity. It was possible to eliminate 44% of COD and 64.2% of CAP in the preliminary stage. On bio-electrochemical, a total COD and CAP removal were 82.35% and >99.99%, respectively. This coupled system can be applied to eliminate antibiotics and other organic pollutants in agricultural, industrial, municipal, and other wastewaters.

Abstract Combined treatments were designed based on iron-carbon micro-electrolysis treatment (ICME), physical adsorption (PA) with zeolite (Z) or vermiculite (V) and microalgae cultivation (MC, C. vulgaris) for removing pollutants from swine wastewater (SW), herein are ICME + MC (IM), ICME + Z + MC (IZM) and ICME + V + MC (IVM). Results showed that the minimum total nitrogen (TN) of 43.66 mg L−1, NH4+-N of 1.33 mg−1 and total phosphorus (TP) of 0.14 mg−1 were obtained by IVM, while the minimum chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 105 mg−1 via IM. During the process of combined treatments, ICME contributed most to the removal of TN (84.52% by IZM), TP (97.78% by IVM and IZM) and COD (62.44% by IVM), and maximum NH4+-N removal (55.64%) was obtained by MC procedure in IM process. Vermiculite performed better than zeolite during all the combined treatments. Besides, the maximum cell dry weight (CDW, 0.74 g−1) of C. vulgaris was obtained by IM on day 13. The results provide an efficient integrated method for swine wastewater treatment.

Tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) are a common type of antibiotic found in swine wastewater. Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a significant type of TC. This study mainly examined the influence of OTC on high-temperature anaerobic digestion by adding OTC to collections of swine wastewater at different times during the digestion process. The results showed that high-temperature anaerobic digestion was suitable for the removal of TCs, with an 87% OTC removal efficiency achieved by day 20. Additionally, OTC added from external sources was found to inhibit the chlortetracycline degradation process and affect the first-order degradation kinetic model of TCs. Complexation reactions were the main ways in which OTC affected the heavy metal content of the water. The exogenous addition of OTC was found to inhibit the activity of some digester microbial strains, reduce the proportion of dominant strains, such as MBA03, and kill certain specific strains. This performance alteration was most obvious when OTC was added in the middle of the reaction.