effective bandwidth
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Many studies focusing on improving Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) flow control realize a more effective use of bandwidth in data center networks. They are excellent ways to more effectively use the bandwidth between clients and back-end servers. However, these schemes cannot achieve the total optimization of bandwidth use for data center networks as they do not take into account the path design of TCP flows against a hierarchical complex structure of data center networks. To address this issue, this paper proposes a TCP flow management scheme specified a hierarchical complex data center network for effective bandwidth use. The proposed scheme dynamically controls the paths of TCP flows by reinforcement learning based on a hierarchical feedback model, which obtains an optimal TCP flow establishment policy even if both the network topology and link states are more complicated. In evaluation, the proposed scheme achieved more effective bandwidth use and reduced the probability of TCP incast up to 30% than the conventional TCP flow management schemes: Variant Load Balancing (VLB), Equal Cost Multi Path (ECMP), and Intelligent Forwarding Strategy Based on Reinforcement Learning (IFS-RL) in the complex data center network.

AbstractHigh-temperature electromagnetic (EM) protection materials integrated of multiple EM protection mechanisms and functions are regarded as desirable candidates for solving EM interference over a wide temperature range. In this work, a novel microwave modulator is fabricated by introducing carbonyl iron particles (CIP)/resin into channels of carbonized wood (C-wood). Innovatively, the spaced arrangement of two microwave absorbents not only achieves a synergistic enhancement of magnetic and dielectric losses, but also breaks the translational invariance of EM characteristics in the horizontal direction to obtain multiple phase discontinuities in the frequency range of 8.2–18.0 GHz achieving modulation of reflected wave radiation direction. Accordingly, CIP/C-wood microwave modulator demonstrates the maximum effective bandwidth of 5.2 GHz and the maximum EM protection efficiency over 97% with a thickness of only 1.5 mm in the temperature range 298–673 K. Besides, CIP/C-wood microwave modulator shows stable and low thermal conductivities, as well as monotonic electrical conductivity-temperature characteristics, therefore it can also achieve thermal infrared stealth and working temperature monitoring in wide temperature ranges. This work provides an inspiration for the design of high-temperature EM protection materials with multiple EM protection mechanisms and functions.

With the development of intelligent communications and stealth technology in the military field, electromagnetic wave pollution cannot be ignored, and absorbing materials have entered people’s field of vision and gradually become a research hotspot. The ideal absorbing material should have the characteristics of “strong, wide, thin, and light”, but a single absorbing material often cannot meet the above conditions. At present, absorbing metal powder combined with two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials (such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.) has became a trend. This article focus on a three-layer composite of Fe3O4, Carbon nanotubes@ Fe3O4, Carbon nanotubes@Graphene nano-platelets@ Fe3O4, which was synthesized by solvothermal method. The results show that the electromagnetic wave absorption performance of the three-layer foam at a thickness of 3.0 mm is more excellent. The minimum of RL can reach −67.0 dB, and the effective bandwidth is above 5.0 GHz. All this is due to the synergy of dielectric and magnetic loss between Fe3O4, CNTs, and GN, the increase of interface polarization and the path of electromagnetic wave reflection and scattering by three-layer foam.

Chromatic dispersion equalization (CDE) in coherent optical communication systems is extremely critical for subsequent digital signal processing (such as frequency offset estimation and carrier phase recovery). Various methods mentioned in the published literature are not satisfactory when the signal bandwidth is limited. This paper proposes a way of using singular value decomposition least square (SVDLS) to obtain the optimal tap weight of the CDE filter and a method to introduce the adaptive mutation particle swarm optimizer (AMPSO) algorithm into the CDE. We show that the two proposed approaches are based on the best approximation of the frequency domain response of the designed and ideal CDE filter. Compared with the traditional CDE method, which needs to be implemented in the full frequency band, the two methods can be implemented in the narrow frequency band. The simulation shows that the effective bandwidth of the baseband signal is limited by squared-root-raised-cosine (SRRC) pulse shaping with a roll-off factor of 0.25 in different modulation formats (DP-QPSK, DP-16 QAM, DP-64 QAM) when the number of taps of the filter is 131, which is 37.5% less than the full frequency band. The designed filter is superior to the existing filter in terms of filtering effect and implementation complexity.

W-Band radiometers using intermediate frequency down-conversion (super-heterodyne) and direct detection are compared. Both receivers consist of two W-band low noise amplifiers and an 80-to-101 GHz filter, which conforms to the reception frequency band, in the front-end module. The back-end module of the first receiver comprises a subharmonic mixer, intermediate frequency (IF) amplification and a square-law detector. For direct detection, a W-Band detector replaces the mixer and the intermediate frequency detection stages. The performance of the whole receivers has been simulated requiring special techniques, based on data from the experimental characterization of each subsystem. In the super-heterodyne implementation a local oscillator at 27.1 GHz (with 8 dBm) with a x3 frequency multiplier is used, exhibiting an overall conversion gain around 48 dB, a noise figure around 4 dB, and an effective bandwidth over 10 GHz. In the direct detection scheme, slightly better noise performance is obtained, with a wider bandwidth, around 20 GHz, since there is no IF bandwidth limitation (~15 GHz), and even using the same 80-to-101 GHz filter, the detector can operate through the whole W-band. Moreover, W-band detector has higher sensitivity than the IF detector, increasing slightly the gain. In both cases, the receiver performance is characterized when a broadband noise input signal is applied. The radiometer characteristics have been obtained working as a total power radiometer and as a Dicke radiometer when an optical chopper is used to modulate the incoming signal. Combining this particular super-heterodyne or direct detection topologies and total power or Dicke modes of operation, four different cases are compared and discussed, achieving similar sensitivities, but better performances in terms of equivalent bandwidth and noise for the direct detection radiometer. It should be noted that this conclusion comes from a particular set of components, which we could consider as typical, but we cannot exclude other conclusions for different components, particularly for different mixers and detectors.

An adaptive low-pass filter has been synthesized for automatic patterns detection of arbitrary mental movements in records of multidimensional electroencephalograms (EEG). The filter is based on the multivariate singular spectrum analysis. The effective bandwidth of the filter corresponds to the spectrum of the sought patterns of mental activity on the observed EEG time interval. The use of the synthesized filter provided a reliable automatic search for patterns and the correct determination of their time boundaries. The correctness of the results has been confirmed in experiments with 24 volunteers.

AbstractElectromagnetic absorption (EMA) materials with light weight and harsh environmental robustness are highly desired and crucially important in the stealth of high-speed vehicles. However, meeting these two requirements is always a great challenge, which excluded the most attractive lightweight candidates, such as carbon-based materials. In this study, SiCnw-reinforced SiCNO (SiCnw/SiCNO) composite aerogels were fabricated through the in-situ growth of SiCnw in polymer-derived SiCNO ceramic aerogels by using catalyst-assisted microwave heating at ultra-low temperature and in short time. The phase composition, microstructure, and EMA property of the SiCnw/SiCNO composite aerogels were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the morphology and phase composition of SiCnw/SiCNO composite aerogels can be regulated easily by varying the microwave treatment temperature. The composite aerogels show excellent EMA property with minimum reflection loss of −23.9 [email protected] GHz, −26.5 [email protected] GHz, and −20.4 [email protected] GHz and the corresponding effective bandwidth of 5.2 GHz, 3.2 GHz, and 4.8 GHz at 2.0 mm thickness for microwave treatment at 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C, respectively, which is much better than that of SiCN ceramic aerogels. The superior EMA performance is mainly attributed to the improved impedance matching, multi-reflection, multi-interfacial polarization, and micro current caused by migration of hopping electrons.

In fluctuating underwater acoustic (UWA) communication, reducing the interference caused by multi-path propagation is important to get better performance. For this reason, Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS), which has insensitive Doppler effect and having effective bandwidth, using Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) waveform was used in UWA communication before. But LFM waveform has high auto-correlation function sidelobes it becomes interference and gets worse performance in reverberation environment. This presentation proposes an UWA communication using Generalized Sinusoidal Frequency Modulation (GSFM) waveform which is generalized form of sinusoidal FM. GSFM waveform usually attains much higher spectral efficiency and lower peak-to-average power ratio than LFM while maintaining same bandwidth and pulse duration. GSFM waveform has various types and we use two GSFM pulses that is a Forward type in time-frequency domain and a time reversing type of Forward type in this presentation. Each type represents binary values '0' and '1', respectively. Each of pulses occupy same band of frequency and each of GSFM pulses have nearly orthogonality. Simulation results in various underwater channel environments with noise will be presented. A Bellhop-based underwater channel model is used for simulation. The proposed method will be analyzed compared to the conventional CSS method with LFM waveform.

AbstractDeveloping highly efficient magnetic microwave absorbers (MAs) is crucial, and yet challenging for anti-corrosion properties in extremely humid and salt-induced foggy environments. Herein, a dual-oxide shell of ZnO/Al2O3 as a robust barrier to FeSiAl core is introduced to mitigate corrosion resistance. The FeSiAl@ZnO@Al2O3 layer by layer hybrid structure is realized with atomic-scale precision through the atomic layer deposition technique. Owing to the unique hybrid structure, the FeSiAl@ZnO@Al2O3 exhibits record-high microwave absorbing performance in low-frequency bands covering L and S bands with a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -50.6 dB at 3.4 GHz. Compared with pure FeSiAl (RLmin of -13.5 dB, a bandwidth of 0.5 GHz), the RLmin value and effective bandwidth of this designed novel absorber increased up to ~ 3.7 and ~ 3 times, respectively. Furthermore, the inert ceramic dual-shells have improved 9.0 times the anti-corrosion property of FeSiAl core by multistage barriers towards corrosive medium and obstruction of the electric circuit. This is attributed to the large charge transfer resistance, increased impedance modulus |Z|0.01 Hz, and frequency time constant of FeSiAl@ZnO@Al2O3. The research demonstrates a promising platform toward the design of next-generation MAs with improved anti-corrosion properties.

he Generalized Markov Fluid Model (GMFM) is assumed for modeling sources in the network because it is versatile to describe the traffic fluctuations. In order to estimate resources allocations or in other words the channel occupation of each source, the concept of effective bandwidth (EB) proposed by Kelly [5] is used. In this paper we use an expression to determine the EB for this model which is of particular interest because it allows expressing said magnitude depending on the parameters of the model. This paper provides EB estimates for this model applying Kernel Estimation techniques in data networking. In particular we will study two differentiated cases: dispatches following a Gaussian and Exponential distribution. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed using simulated traffic traces generated by Monte Carlo Markov Chain algorithms. The estimation process worked much better in the Gaussian distribution case than in the Exponential one.