thermal shrinkage
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Abstract The normal operation of a 18650 Lithium-ion cells has been monitored using rectangular rosette strain gauge and a pair of piezoelectric transducers. The sensors for mechanical measurements provide information about the cell deformation mechanism and electrodes structure during the cycling. The strain gauge signal revealed three type of mechanical processes. The predominant deformation pattern during galvanostatic discharge process is an isotropic cylindrical shrinkage relevant to the extraction of lithium ions from the graphite negative electrode. In the case of low-rate discharge in cyclic voltammetry mode, the deformation pattern changes to spherical growth when the state of charge falls below 40. In contrast, the thermal shrinkage and growth of the cell corresponds to simple decrease of the cell diameter with much smaller hysteresis effect. The ultrasound interrogation is able to detect repeatable progressive change of the acoustic waveform transferred across the cell in direction of the jellyroll diameter, which depends on the state of charge and does not undergo any significant changes at different cycling rates. The impact of the state of health under 2h – rated charge/discharge cycling at 25°C reveals slow progressive drift of the strain and acoustic signals corresponding to the growth of the cell size.

Abstract With the growing rate of urbanisation, deep foundations are playing an ever-larger role in the development of cities, reaching deeper than before to fulfil the requirements of new constructions. While current European standards include design procedures for structural and geotechnical design, they lack provisions for massive deep foundations with regard to early-age thermal effects. This paper presents aspects of the phenomenon especially important for deep foundations and discusses normative requirements that influence their thermal behaviour. Further, the paper describes the methods and results of the research carried out in the United Kingdom on 1.50-m-thick diaphragm walls of a deep circular shaft. Shaft features are described, as well as the materials used. The measurements were carried out using vibrating wire strain gauges coupled with temperature readings. The results presented refer to one of the test panels concreted in January 2020. The temperature results are analysed together with the influence of work scheduling on the readings. Strain results that indicate contractive behaviour of the test panel are investigated together with the possible causes leading to such readings. Plans and directions for future research are discussed.

ABSTRACT We aimed to compare clinical and radiologic outcomes in patients with cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), with and without a partial ligamentum teres (LT) tear, who underwent hip arthroscopy (HA) with ≥10 years of follow-up. Among the patients who underwent HA for a cam-type FAI diagnosis with a labral tear, 28 patients (28 hips) with a partial LT tear and 87 patients (99 hips) with an intact LT were assigned to Groups A and B, respectively. All patients underwent partial labral debridement and femoroplasty. Debridement and thermal shrinkage were performed for LT tears. The grade of chondral damage was measured intraoperatively. Clinical items were assessed preoperatively and at the last follow-up. Patients’ satisfaction with the surgery and changes in postoperative sports ability in those who had previously been active in sports were assessed at the last follow-up. The Tönnis grade was assessed preoperatively and at the last follow-up for radiologic evaluation. Chondral damage to the acetabular and femoral head detected intraoperatively was significantly different between the groups (P = 0.005 and P < 0.001). At the last follow-up, Group A patients experienced more difficulty performing sports activities than Group B patients (P = 0.056), and significantly, more Group A patients had stopped exercising despite their active participation in sports preoperatively (P = 0.002). Regarding the Tönnis grade, significant differences were found only at the final follow-up (P = 0.020). Patients with partial LT tear showed a higher grade of chondral damage, experienced decreased exercise capacity and had significantly worsened Tönnis grades, suggesting hip osteoarthritis progression compared to those with an intact LT.

Abstract Taking the PLA molded by FDM as the research object, the influence of various process parameters on mechanical properties is investigated through comparative experiments, which provides reference and help for the promotion and application of FDM molding technology. During the molding process, the PLA material undergoes the process of melting to solidification, thus the performance of the molded part is worse than the original due to thermal shrinkage and other reasons. To improve the quality and mechanical properties of the molded parts, the experiment is designed using an orthogonal test method in parallel with nine different sets of process parameters (layer thickness, build direction, filling speed, and infill density, etc.). Ultimately, the mechanical properties of PLA are tested and the results are analyzed respectively to determine the main factors affecting the mechanical properties and their optimal level combination. Among them, fill rate is the crucial factor in compressive property, while build direction has a significant effect on surface roughness, tensile property and bending property.

Abstract Cracking happens in the case of restricted volumetric shrinking in cementitious materials which has a negative influence on the mechanical characteristics and longevity of concrete materials and hence, reduces the life of concrete structures. Many techniques have been developed to reduce the shrinkage cracking of concrete among which, usage of expansive agents (EA) has been utilised for decades. Different types of EA creates divergence due to its chemical characteristics. In this paper, three main categories (CaO, MgO & Sulphoaluminate based) EA have been reviewed based on four criteria of concrete structures, such as strength, expansibility, durability and flowability. The review clearly indicates that CaO-based EA boosts the strength but unable to control the temperature rise, which results in thermal cracking in the long run. While MgO-based EA is vastly used in China and Sulphoaluminate based EA have been industrially used worldwide for decades, both of these agents can successfully compensate thermal shrinkage while maintaining adequate mechanical strength and durability. Beside all this differences, all types of EA have been reported to decelerate the flowability of the concrete.

Abstract: Concrete is the most widely used construction material on the planet, with around six billion tonnes manufactured each year. In terms of per-capita usage, it is only second to water. However, both the damage caused by raw material exploitation and CO2 emissions during cement manufacturing harm the environment's long-term viability. This put pressure on researchers to find ways to reduce cement use by partially substituting additional materials for cement. These materials could be naturally occurring, industrial leftovers, or less energy-intensive byproducts. When these components (known as pozzalonas) are mixed with calcium hydroxide, they produce cement. Fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin, and crushed granulated blast furnace slag are the most regularly utilised pozzalonas (GGBS). It is necessary to investigate the performance of admixtures when mixed with concrete in order to provide a lower life cycle cost. The purpose of this work is to investigate the characteristics of M20 grade concrete with partial substitution of cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) at percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Keyword: Pozzolans, hardened mortars, thermal shrinkage, Increase the water tightness, Improve workability and Lower costs