CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY AND PREVENTION
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Guidelines were approved at the meeting of the academic council of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow (Protocol No. 10 of 19.10.2021).The aim of these guidelines is to provide primary care physicians with scientifically based algorithms for the implementation of dispensary monitoring in patients with chronic non-communicable diseases in the conditions of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) pandemic, including the use of telemedicine technologies.The organization and conduct of high-quality medical follow-up are the most important tasks aimed at both reducing the risks of developing complications of chronic non-communicable diseases and reducing overall mortality, especially in the current conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The guidelines contain clinical aspects of dispensary follow-up, general principles of tactics for managing patients with various chronic non-communicable diseases in COVID-19 conditions, in addition, brief checklists with options for interviewing patients with various chronic non-communicable diseases are presented, topical aspects of the interaction of drugs used in the treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases with antiviral drugs are considered.The guidelines are intended for general practitioners, district therapists, general practitioners (family doctors), as well as doctors of other specialties providing primary health care.

The search for early disease markers and the development of diagnostic systems has recently been expanding within genomics. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and microbiome DNA obtained from different types of samples (tissues, blood and its derivatives, feces, etc.) are used as objects of genetic research. It has been shown that cfDNA that enters the bloodstream, in particular, as a result of apoptosis, necrosis, active tumor secretion and metastasis, is of great importance for studying molecular mechanisms of the pathological process and application in clinical practice. Circulating nucleic acid analysis can be used to monitor response to treatment, assess drug resistance, and quantify minimal residual disease. The review article reflects the following information about the biomaterial: source of cfDNA, methods of cfDNA isolation, storage and use for the diagnosis of certain diseases. Cell-free DNA can be present in biological fluids such as blood, urine, saliva, synovial and cerebrospinal fluid. In most cases, cfDNA is isolated from blood derivatives (serum and plasma), while it is most correct to use blood plasma for cfDNA isolation. Optimal and economically justifiable is the use of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid tubes for taking blood and obtaining plasma with subsequent cfDNA isolation. There is evidence that the optimal shelf life in an ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid tube from the moment of blood sampling to subsequent isolation is a 2-hour interval. After centrifugation, cfDNA in plasma (or serum) can be stored for a long time at a temperature of -80O C. Storage at -20O C is undesirable, since DNA fragmentation increases.

Aim. To optimize the technique for the isolation and storage of ribonucleic acid (RNA) from whole blood and leukocyte fraction.Materials and methods. Comparison of isolation quality was carried out for RNA samples obtained from 228 leukocyte samples and 198 whole blood samples. Isolation was performed from fresh and frozen samples using ExtractRNA™ reagent and a MagNA Pure Compact automated system. Various methods of removing erythrocytes (centrifugation and treatment with hemolytic agents from two manufacturers) were tested, as well as freezing with and without preservatives for subsequent RNA isolation.Results. Twenty-one combinations of conditions were tested. The highest quality RNA was isolated by manual extraction using the ExtractRNA™ reagent from a fresh leukocyte fraction, purified by the Amplisens hemolytic agent (successful extraction — 94%, median RIN=8,4); frozen in IntactRNA™, purified by leukocyte fraction centrifugation (successful extraction — 100%, median RIN=8); frozen in ExtractRNA™, purified by leukocyte fraction centrifugation (successful extraction — 100%, median RIN=9,3).Conclusion. RNA can be isolated from frozen blood fractions, which is not inferior in quality to that isolated from fresh samples. Thus, it is not necessary to isolate RNA immediately after the receipt of biological material.

Aim. To analyze the structure of clinical data, as well as the principles of collecting and storing related data of the biobank of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine (hereinafter Biobank).Material and methods. The analysis was carried out using the documentation available in the Biobank, as well as the databases used in its work. The paper presents clinical data on biosamples available in the Biobank as of August 18, 2021.Results. At the time of analysis, the Biobank had 373547 samples collected from 54192 patients within 37 research projects. The article presents the analysis of data representation and quantitative assessment of the presence/absence of common diagnoses in clinical projects. Approaches to documenting clinical information associated with biological samples stored in the Biobank were assessed. The methods and tools used for standardization and automation of processes used in the Biobank were substantiated.Conclusion. The Biobank of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine is the largest research biobank in Russia, which meets all modern international requirements and is one of the key structures that improve the research quality and intensify their conduct both within the one center and in cooperation with other biobanks and scientific institutions. The collection and systematic storage of clinical abstracts of biological samples is an integral and most important part of the Biobank’s work.

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Aim. To create a collection of samples of blood components of patients with multiple myeloma for potential fundamental and applied biomedical research.Material and methods. The material was collected according to the developed algorithm, including the collection of clinical information, biological material, sample preparation, quality control and storage in the biobank of the National Medical Research Center of Oncology.Results. As of August 2021, the cryostorage of the National Medical Research Center of Oncology biobank contains a collection of 175 samples of blood serum, plasma and mononuclear cell fraction of patients with multiple myeloma. Samples were obtained from 32 patients of both sexes, the mean age of which was 59,5±1,65 years. To create an electronic catalog, personal, clinical and laboratory data about patients were collected, after which each sample was assigned its own unique identification number. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients for the storage of their biomaterial in a biobank with possible subsequent use for scientific purposes. Freezing of the obtained samples was carried out in accordance with low-temperature storage protocol. The electronic catalog contains a wide range of systematized clinical and laboratory information on samples.Conclusion. The collection of multiple myeloma samples is a unique resource for potential research on its pathophysiology, the development of diagnostic biomarkers, and the search for targeted agents.

The growing prevalence of metabolic disorders creates an increasing demand for novel approaches to their prevention and therapy. Novel genetic diagnostic technologies are developed every year, which makes it possible to identify people who are at the highest genetic risk of diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome. Early intervention strategies can be used to prevent metabolic disorders in this group of people. Genetic risk scores (GRSs) are a powerful tool to identify people with a high genetic risk. Millions of genetic variants are analyzed in genome-wide association studies in order to combine them into GRSs. It has become possible to store and process such huge amounts of data with the help of biobanks, where biological samples are stored according to international standards. Genetic studies include more and more people every year that increases the predictive power of GRSs. It has already been demonstrated that the use of GRSs makes future preventive measures more effective. In the near future, GRSs are likely to become part of clinical guidelines so that they can be widely used to identify people at high risk for metabolic syndrome and its components.

The review is devoted to selective I1-imidazoline-receptor agonists. An analysis of Russian and foreign studies is presented, the results of which indicate that this drug class not only provides adequate and long-term control of blood pressure, but also has a number of favorable metabolic effects. Therefore, it contributes to reducing insulin resistance (weight loss) and has organ protective properties (endothelial function improvement, left ventricular hypertrophy regression, microalbuminuria reduction). At the same time, selective I1-imidazoline-receptor agonists are much less likely to cause side effects characteristic of old-generation sympatholytic agents. This class of drugs is invariably included in Russian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension.

Currently, a significant part of research in the fields of human and medical genetics is carried out using tissue samples, genealogical, population, medical and personal data. Their use is of particular relevance in the “genome era”, since only joint analysis of genomic data and health status of the population is crucial for understanding how genes are associated with health and disease. Genetic studies of adults without symptoms of diseases are carried out to obtain data on a possible predisposition to multifactorial diseases, to establish the carrier status of autosomal recessive mutations as part of preconception care and to assess individual sensitivity to drugs. In addition, healthy individuals can be tested to detect an inherited disease at presymptomatic stage. This situation increasingly emphasizes the importance of storing data on genome sequencing or any other patient tests for subsequent data reanalysis, as well as their safety, including biosamples from an individual and one’s family. The review article, based on international experience, summarizes guidelines for genetic testing of healthy individuals. The options for storing biological samples and related data are considered.

The main condition for ensuring effective sampling for creating a bioresource collection is quality management, which implies careful planning and predicting errors at all stages. Risk management of samples and data loss is ensured by correct logistics, circumspect algorithms and standardization of processes. Features of the logistic processes for creating biosample collection from the pregnant women are described in this article.