Tourism Analysis
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The intention of this research note is to explore two essential elements of a winery's cellar door tasting room environment: first, the skills, knowledge, and personal attributes required by tasting room representatives, and second, how to develop meaningful social experiences for the wine tourist within the service environment of the cellar door tasting room. This note offers a discourse concerning the blend of these two elements, which proposes a new "-scape," the cellardoorscape, a microfocus on a particular service environment within a specific winery's winescape. To acknowledge an additional distinguishable "-scape" within the winescape provides some advantages. An analysis of what composes a beneficial and operational cellardoorscape could assist in developing a framework to provide management direction to winery owners and companies on the vital infrastructure and human resource practices to improve circumstances for success.

The concept of terroir has an extensive history in France linking a multitude of agricultural products to climate, soil, and local knowledge. More recently, terroir is used in viticulture to emphasize the distinctiveness of wine with respect to regional natural and cultural resources and in so doing has become important to tourism. This article addresses terroir by pointing to its substantial virtues while unveiling its potential for mystification. In the age of mass production, terroir offers distinction, an essential attribute for touristic appeal. However, in its emphasis on climate and soil in the viticultural domain, terroir conceals important historical processes that in the end speak as much, if not more, to how we rank and regard wine. Moreover, the focus on natural conditions rather than those that are social also masks social relations that are embedded in class privilege and thus give the impression that wine has a life of its own independent of its historical and social contexts.

This article suggests that studying wine culture may help to further understand wine tourism. The broader culture of wine consumption has an influence on the motivation and interest that people have for visiting a wine region or a winery. This study takes an anthropological approach to wine consumption culture and identifies specific topics of interest that connoisseurs find in wine and that may be relevant to wine tourism. The study is based on fieldwork and interviews with wine connoisseurs from Montreal (Canada). It identifies four main dimensions through which people engage with wine. The first factor concerns the formal discoveries offered by wine, the second, its social and cultural significance, the third, its producers and their values, and the fourth, the experimentation of theoretical knowledge in the context of wine regions. Each of these four dimensions offers a means for better understanding the visitor experience at wineries.

The craft beer movement and craft beer tourism are a new global phenomenon that has reached various parts of the world. However, the literature on craft beer tourism mostly focuses on traditional origins of craft beer in Western countries—the US, Australia, and European countries. This research note illustrates how a study of the Thai craft beer movement and craft beer tourism could contribute to the existing body of knowledge. The consumption of non-Western people in non-Western places has been underrepresented in the literature of food and beverage tourism. The craft beer movement has spread to Thailand via urban middle-class Thais who brought the passion for and knowledge of home brewing from the West to Thailand. Brewing lessons, brewery visits, and craft beer events/ festivals have functioned as community building activities for Thai craft beer enthusiasts as well as the main craft beer distribution channel. Craft beer consumption continues to grow despite the Thai alcoholic production law that prohibits home brewing. For future studies, different craft beer tourism activities in Thailand should be analyzed for 1) the adoption of the experience economy framework, 2) the formation of the consumption community, 3) the roles of various stakeholders who differentially contribute to and benefit from craft beer tourism activities, and 4) the role of foreign tourists in the development of craft beer tourism in Thailand.

In this review article, Erik Cohen raises the question as to whether the contemporary social world is a collection of bounded entities, particularly nation-states, or an open borderless entity of global flows. He argues that while the mobilities paradigm implied a growing openness to travel and tourism flows around the globe, new mechanisms of control and surveillance deployed by mobility regimes increasingly pose obstacles in the way of those flows. But, to him, the effects of these obstacles are not equally distributed on the global level. To show these differences, Cohen discusses in some detail the concept of mobilities, the threats that engendered the contemporary mobility regimes, as well as the various mobilities that strive to subvert them. He shows how these factors impacted upon the shape of world travel and tourism flows. Cohen maintains that by privileging tourists and other travelers from wealthy, particularly Western, countries, while excluding those from poor ones as undesirable visitors, those control and surveillance mechanisms exacerbate global inequalities in travel opportunities, even as they encourage the invention of new methods of subversion of mobility regimes. He thereby concludes that the view of the social world depends on one's perspective: for the privileged people high on the mobilities hierarchy, the social world appears as a spectrum of free global flows, but for the excluded ones, low on that hierarchy, it appears as a collection of bounded entities. (Abstract by the Reviews Editor)

The number of craft breweries in British Columbia has grown significantly in recent years,numbering over 140 in 2017. Very little is known about the effects of the craft brewery industryin British Columbia, specifically as it relates to impacts not related to brewery revenue and jobcreation. Beyond British Columbia, the craft beer industry has not empirically examined non-revenue impacts in a manner that reflects the global growth of the sector. Tourism experiences,such as those offered by craft breweries, are becoming increasingly important for resilience and sustainable growth and success of destinations. The goal of this research was to determine whovisitors to craft breweries are, how tourist and resident patrons differ, and what effects craftbreweries have on tourists who visit breweries. A 55 item survey was distributed at 11 craftbreweries in three regions in British Columbia during the summer of 2017. Results founddifferences between tourist and resident patrons in self-image congruency, age and travel partysize, but no difference in gender, education, or household income. From a tourism standpoint, itwas found that memories have a significant, positive impact on loyalty regarding the breweryand the destination. For tourists, strong connections were found between social involvement andboth authenticity and place attachment for those who were more socially involved in craft beer.Comparisons to previous research in the wine industry provide additional commentary.Implications for craft breweries, destinations, and future research in this area are discussed.

This study aims to derive the optimal commission rate paid by the hoteliers to the chartered travel operators in order to maximize the profit of the hoteliers. This study uses the theoretical maximization model of the manufacturer's production theory of economics. The optimum commission rate of the hoteliers paid to the chartered travel operators is derived and has been proved its existence, and its value is never larger than 1/2. The maximization profit of the hotels can be obtained. This paper is novel in two respects. First, this paper explores that the commission rate is a decision variable determined by the hoteliers, not a constant as the previous studies assumed. Second, the sales channel issues of the hotel other than OTAs such as chartered travel industry have hardly been discussed. This paper explores the issue of the optimum commission rate paid by the hotels to the chartered travel operators.

The main goal of this paper is to examine whether shocks had a permanent or temporary effect on international tourist arrivals in Morocco for its top 8 source countries. For this purpose, we apply the Harvey, Leybourne and Xiao (2008) linearity test and the linear tests and non-linear unit root (Elliott, Rothenberg, & Stock, 1996; Hepsag, 2019; Kruse, 2011; Lee & Strazicich, 2004). The results show that the series with linear characteristics are tourist arrivals from UK and USA and those with non-linear characteristics are tourist arrivals from Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Netherlands and Germany. The unit root tests reject the null hypothesis of a non-stationarity in tourist arrivals from all countries except the Germany. The implication of these findings is that the shocks had a temporary effect on tourism arrivals from 7 markets to Morocco. Therefore, Morocco's tourism sector is a sustainable industry as external shocks have not had long term disruption in the flow of tourist arrivals.

Many African states are relying on or have identified tourism to accelerate their growth and the continent has become the world’s second fastest growing tourist industry. However, African states have also not been spared by increasing terrorism attacks during the past decades, probably hindering the growth of this sector to certain extent. This study examines the relationship between terrorism and tourism for a sample of selected African countries over the period 1995 to 2017. Given the dynamic nature of tourism demand and the possibility of endogenous relationships in the terrorism-tourism nexus, dynamic panel data analysis, namely a Panel vector error correction model (PVECM) is employed. The results confirm that terrorism negatively affects tourism demand in Africa and this can be explained by the reactive psychology of tourists to the various aggravated terrorist attacks in the countries. Moreover, the findings show that an increase in tourism may have resulted in an increase in terrorist attacks, hence confirming a bi directional causality between tourism and terrorism.

Tourists travel because they are pushed by their internal motivations and attracted orpulled by certain elements and features of destinations. However, a growing number ofdestinations have similar tourist attractions and need to differentiate themselves. Theaim of this study is to unveil the power of high-level culinary tourism, focusing onMichelin-starred restaurants, as a pull factor and generator of tourism flows, as well as to create a model to quantify the level of importance of these high-quality restaurants asnuclei of a destination. The gastronomic and culinary industry is one of the mosttraditional sectors in most economies and is now becoming a fundamental element inattracting tourism and promotion. In this study, we argue that certain types of business,such as high-quality restaurants, can generate tourism flows in their own right within acontext where the role of tourists and enterprises has shifted from a passive to an activeone, in which companies actively seek to become destination pull factors. A quantitativesurvey questionnaire with structured questions was applied to customers of high-qualitySpanish restaurants, specifically Michelin-starred, with 432 valid responses. The resultsshow distinctive motivations of customers who travel mainly for the restaurant andthose who do so for the destination. They also show the importance of the nucleus(restaurant) as a factor of attraction to the destination, but also the importance of thedestination/surroundings to the nucleus. These findings provide valuable informationand insights for culinary tourism in the future, both for culinary companies and fordestination managers, who can then adjust their marketing and management strategies,emphasizing the need for mutual collaboration. The findings may also be helpful toinstitutions and to communication managers of the destinations to improve theirpromotion and communication strategies, to diversify supply in mature destinations, andto deseasonalized demand.