Nirc (Codal)

THE
NATIONAL INTERNAL REVENUE

CODE
OF THE PHILIPPINES
[Tax Reform Act of 1997]
Republic Act No. 8424
AN ACT AMENDING THE NATIONAL

INTERNAL REVENUE CODE, AS
AMENDED, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
SECTION 1. Short Title - This Act shall be cited as the "Tax Reform Act of
1997".
SEC. 2. State Policy. It is hereby declared the policy of the State to promote
sustainable economic growth through the rationalization of the Philippine
internal revenue tax system, including tax administration; to provide, as much as
possible, an equitable relief to a greater number of taxpayers in order to improve
levels of disposable income and increase economic activity; and to create a robust
environment for business to enable firms to compete better in the regional as well
as the global market, at the same time that the State ensures that Government is
able to provide for the needs of those under its jurisdiction and care.
SEC. 3. Presidential Decree No. 1158, as amended by, among others, Presidential
Decree No. 1994 and Executive Order No. 273, otherwise known as the National
Internal Revenue Code, is hereby further amended.
TITLE I
ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF
THE BUREAU OF INTERNAL REVENUE
SECTION 1. Title of the Code. - This Code shall be
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known as the National Internal Revenue Code of 1997.
SEC. 2. Powers and Duties of the Bureau of

Internal Revenue. - The Bureau of Internal Revenue
shall be under the supervision and control of the
Department of Finance and its powers and duties shall
comprehend the assessment and collection of all national
internal revenue taxes, fees, and charges, and the
enforcement of all forfeitures, penalties, and fines
connected therewith, including the execution of judgments
in all cases decided in its favor by the Court of Tax Appeals
and the ordinary courts. The Bureau shall give effect to and
administer the supervisory and police powers conferred to it
by this Code or other laws.
SEC. 3. Chief Officials of the Bureau of Internal

Revenue. - The Bureau of Internal Revenue shall have a
chief to be known as Commissioner of Internal Revenue,
hereinafter referred to as the Commissioner and four (4)
assistant chiefs to be known as Deputy Commissioners.
SEC. 4. Power of the Commissioner to Interpret

Tax Laws and to Decide Tax Cases. - The power to
interpret the provisions of this Code and other tax laws shall
be under the exclusive and original jurisdiction of the
Commissioner, subject to review by the Secretary of
Finance.
The power to decide disputed assessments, refunds of

internal revenue taxes, fees or other charges, penalties
imposed in relation thereto, or other matters arising under
this Code or other laws or portions thereof administered by
the Bureau of Internal Revenue is vested in the
Commissioner, subject to the exclusive appellate
jurisdiction of the Court of Tax Appeals.
SEC. 5. Power of the Commissioner to

Obtain Information, and to Summon,
Examine, and Take Testimony of Persons. -
In ascertaining the correctness of any return, or in
making a return when none has been made, or in
determining the liability of any person for any
internal revenue tax, or in collecting any such
liability, or in evaluating tax compliance, the
Commissioner is authorized:
(A) To examine any book, paper, record,

or other data which may be relevant or
material tosuch inquiry;
(B) To obtain on a regular basis from any

person other than the person whose
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internal revenue tax liability is subject to
audit or investigation, or from any office
or officer of the national and local
governments, government agencies and
instrumentalities, including the Bangko
Sentral ng Pilipinas and government-
owned or -controlled corporations,
any information such as, but not limited
to, costs and volume of production,
receipts or sales and gross incomes of
taxpayers, and the names, addresses, and
financial statements of corporations,
mutual fund companies, insurance
companies, regional
operating headquarters of multinational
companies, joint accounts, associations,
joint ventures of consortia and registered
partnerships, and their members;
(C) To summon the person liable for tax

or required to file a return, or any officer
or employee of such person, or any
person having possession, custody, or
care of the books of accounts and other
accounting records containing entries
relating to the business of the person
liable for tax, or any other person, to
appear before the Commissioner or his
duly authorized representative at a time
and place specified in the summons and
to produce such books, papers, records,
or other data, and to give testimony;
(D) To take such testimony of the person

concerned, under oath, as may be
relevant ormaterial to such inquiry; and
(E) To cause revenue officers and

employees to make a canvass from time to
time of anyrevenue district or region and
inquire after and concerning all persons
therein who may beliable to pay any
internal revenue tax, and all persons
owning or having the care, management
or possession of any object with respect to
which a tax is imposed.
The provisions of the foregoing

paragraphs notwithstanding, nothing in
this Section shall be construed as granting
the Commissioner the authority to
inquire into bank deposits other than as
provided for in Section 6(F) of this Code.
SEC. 6. Power of the Commissioner to

Make assessments and Prescribe
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additional Requirements for Tax
Administration and Enforcement. -
(A) Examination of Returns and

Determination of Tax Due. - After a
return has been filed asrequired under
the provisions of this Code, the
Commissioner or his duly
authorizedrepresentative may authorize
the examination of any taxpayer and the
assessment of the correct amount of
tax: Provided, however; That failure to
file a return shall not prevent the
Commissioner from authorizing the
examination of any taxpayer.
Any return, statement of declaration filed

in any office authorized to receive the same
shall not be withdrawn: Provided,
That within three (3) years from the date of
such filing, the same may be modified,
changed, or amended: Provided,
further, That no notice for audit or
investigation of such return, statement or
declaration has in the meantime been
actually served upon the taxpayer.
(B) Failure to Submit Required Returns,

Statements, Reports and other
Documents. - When a report required by
law as a basis for the assessment of any
national internal revenue tax shall not be
forthcoming within the time fixed by laws
or rules and regulations or when there is
reason to believe that any such report is
false, incomplete or erroneous, the
Commissioner shall assess the proper tax
on the best evidence obtainable.
In case a person fails to file a required

return or other document at the time
prescribed by law, or willfully or otherwise
files a false or fraudulent return or other
document, the Commissioner shall make or
amend the return from his own knowledge
and from such information as he can obtain
through testimony or otherwise, which
shall be prima facie correct and sufficient
for all legal purposes.
(C) Authority to Conduct Inventory-

taking, surveillance and to Prescribe
Presumptive GrossSales and Receipts. -
The Commissioner may, at any time during
the taxable year, orderinventory-taking of
goods of any taxpayer as a basis for
determining his internal revenue tax
liabilities, or may place the business
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operations of any person, natural or
juridical, under observation or surveillance
if there is reason to believe that such
person is not declaring his correct income,
sales or receipts for internal revenue tax
purposes. The findings may be used as the
basis for assessing the taxes for the other
months or quarters of the same or different
taxable years and such assessment shall be
deemed prima facie correct.
When it is found that a person has failed to

issue receipts and invoices in violation of
the requirements of Sections 113 and 237 of
this Code, or when there is reason to
believe that the books of accounts or other
records do not correctly reflect the
declarations made or to be made in a
return required to be filed under the
provisions of this Code, the Commissioner,
after taking into account the sales, receipts,
income or other taxable base of other
persons engaged in similar businesses
under similar situations or circumstances
or after considering other relevant
information may prescribe a minimum
amount of such gross receipts, sales and
taxable base, and such amount so
prescribed shall be prima facie correct for
purposes of determining the internal
revenue tax liabilities of such person.
(D) Authority to Terminate Taxable

Period. - When it shall come to the
knowledge of theCommissioner that a
taxpayer is retiring from business subject
to tax, or is intending to leave the
Philippines or to remove his property
therefrom or to hide or conceal
his property, or is performing any act
tending to obstruct the proceedings for the
collection of the tax for the past or current
quarter or year or to render the same
totally or partly ineffective unless such
proceedings are begun immediately, the
Commissioner shall declare the tax period
of such taxpayer terminated at any time
and shall send the taxpayer a notice of such
decision, together with a request for the
immediate payment of the tax for the
period so declared terminated and the tax
for the preceding year or quarter, or such
portion thereof as may be unpaid, and said
taxes shall be due and payable immediately
and shall be subject to all the penalties
hereafter prescribed, unless paid within the
time fixed in the demand made by the
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Commissioner.
(E) Authority of the Commissioner to

Prescribe Real Property Values. - The
Commissioner ishereby authorized to
divide the Philippines into different zones
or areas and shall, uponconsultation with
competent appraisers both from the private
and public sectors, determine the fair
market value of real properties located in
each zone or area. For purposes of
computing any internal revenue tax, the
value of the property shall be, whichever is
the higher of:
(1) the fair market value as

determined by the Commissioner,
or
(2) the fair market value as

shown in the schedule of values
of the Provincial and
CityAssessors.
(F) Authority of the Commissioner to

inquire into Bank Deposit Accounts. -
Notwithstandingany contrary provision of
Republic Act No. 1405 and other general
or special laws, theCommissioner is
hereby authorized to inquire into the
bank deposits of:
(1) a decedent to determine his

gross estate; and
(2) any taxpayer who has filed an

application for compromise of
his tax liability underSec. 204
(A) (2) of this Code by reason of
financial incapacity to pay his
tax liability.
In case a taxpayer files an application to compromise the

payment of his tax liabilities on his claim that his financial
position demonstrates a clear inability to pay the tax
assessed, his application shall not be considered unless and
until he waives in writing his privilege under Republic Act
No. 1405 or under other general or special laws, and such
waiver shall constitute the authority of the Commissioner to
inquire into the bank deposits of the taxpayer.
(G) Authority to Accredit and Register

Tax Agents. - The Commissioner shall
accredit andregister, based on their
professional competence, integrity and
moral fitness, individuals and general
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professional partnerships and their
representatives who prepare and file
tax returns, statements, reports, protests,
and other papers with or who appear
before, the Bureau for taxpayers. Within
one hundred twenty (120) days from
January 1, 1998, the Commissioner shall
create national and regional accreditation
boards, the members of which shall serve
for three (3) years, and shall designate
from among the senior officials of the
Bureau, one (1) chairman and two (2)
members for each board, subject to
such rules and regulations as the
Secretary of Finance shall promulgate
upon the recommendation of the
Commissioner.
Individuals and general professional

partnerships and their representatives who
are denied accreditation by the
Commissioner and/or the national and
regional accreditation boards may appeal
such denial to the Secretary of Finance,
who shall rule on the appeal within sixty
(60) days from receipt of such appeal.
Failure of the Secretary of Finance to rule
on the Appeal within the prescribed period
shall be deemed as approval of the
application for accreditation of the
appellant.
(H) Authority of the Commissioner to

Prescribe Additional Procedural or
DocumentaryRequirements. - The
Commissioner may prescribe the manner
of compliance with anydocumentary or
procedural requirement in connection with
the submission or preparation of financial
statements accompanying the tax returns.
SEC. 7. Authority of the Commissioner to

Delegate Power. - The Commissioner may
delegate the powers vested in him under the
pertinent provisions of this Code to any or such
subordinate officials with the rank equivalent to a
division chief or higher, subject to such limitations
and restrictions as may be imposed under rules
and regulations to be promulgated by the Secretary
of finance, upon recommendation of the
Commissioner: Provided, however, That the
following powers of the Commissioner shall not be
delegated:
(a) The power to recommend the

promulgation of rules and regulations by
the Secretary ofFinance;
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(b) The power to issue rulings of first
impression or to reverse, revoke or
modify any existingruling of the Bureau;
(c) The power to compromise or abate,

under Sec. 204 (A) and (B) of this Code,
any taxliability: Provided, however, That
assessments issued by the regional offices
involving basic deficiency taxes of Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000) or
less, and minor criminal violations, as
may be determined by rules and
regulations to be promulgated by the
Secretary of finance, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner,
discovered by regional and district
officials, may be compromised by a
regional evaluation board which shall be
composed of the Regional Director as
Chairman, the Assistant Regional
Director, the heads of the Legal,
Assessment and Collection Divisions and
the Revenue District Officer having
jurisdiction over the taxpayer, as
members; and
(d) The power to assign or reassign

internal revenue officers to
establishments where articlessubject to
excise tax are produced or kept.
SEC. 8. Duty of the Commissioner to

Ensure the Provision and Distribution of
forms, Receipts, Certificates, and
Appliances, and the Acknowledgment of
Payment of Taxes.-
(A) Provision and Distribution to Proper

Officials. - It shall be the duty of
the Commissioner, among other things, to
prescribe, provide, and distribute to
the proper officials the requisite licenses
internal revenue stamps, labels all
other forms, certificates, bonds, records,
invoices, books, receipts,
instruments, appliances and apparatus
used in administering the laws falling
within the jurisdiction of the Bureau. For
this purpose, internal revenue stamps,
strip stamps and labels shall be caused by
the Commissioner to be printed
with adequate security features.
Internal revenue stamps, whether of a bar

code or fusion design, shall be firmly and
conspicuously affixed on each pack of
cigars and cigarettes subject to excise tax in
the manner and form as prescribed by the
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Commissioner, upon approval of the
Secretary of Finance.
(B) Receipts for Payment Made. - It shall

be the duty of the Commissioner or his
dulyauthorized representative or an
authorized agent bank to whom any
payment of any tax is made under the
provision of this Code to acknowledge the
payment of such tax, expressing the
amount paid and the particular account for
which such payment was made in a form
and manner prescribed therefor by the
Commissioner.
SEC. 9. Internal Revenue Districts. - With

the approval of the Secretary of Finance, the
Commissioner shall divide the Philippines into
such number of revenue districts as may form time
to time be required for administrative purposes.
Each of these districts shall be under the
supervision of a Revenue District Officer.
SEC. 10. Revenue Regional Director. -

Under rules and regulations, policies and
standards formulated by the Commissioner, with
the approval of the Secretary of Finance, the
Revenue Regional director shall, within the region
and district offices under his jurisdiction, among
others:
(a) Implement laws, policies, plans,

programs, rules and regulations of the
department oragencies in the regional
area;
(b) Administer and enforce internal

revenue laws, and rules and regulations,
including theassessment and collection of
all internal revenue taxes, charges and
fees.
(c) Issue Letters of authority for the

examination of taxpayers within the
region;
(d) Provide economical, efficient and

effective service to the people in the area;
(e) Coordinate with regional offices or

other departments, bureaus and agencies
in the area;
(f) Coordinate with local government

units in the area;
(g) Exercise control and supervision over

the officers and employees within the
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region; and
(h) Perform such other functions as may

be provided by law and as may be
delegated by the Commissioner.
SEC. 11. Duties of Revenue District Officers

and Other Internal Revenue Officers. - It
shall be the duty of every Revenue District Officer
or other internal revenue officers and employees to
ensure that all laws, and rules and regulations
affecting national internal revenue are faithfully
executed and complied with, and to aid in the
prevention, detection and punishment of frauds of
delinquencies in connection therewith.
It shall be the duty of every Revenue District

Officer to examine the efficiency of all officers and
employees of the Bureau of Internal Revenue
under his supervision, and to report in writing to
the Commissioner, through the Regional Director,
any neglect of duty, incompetency, delinquency, or
malfeasance in office of any internal revenue
officer of which he may obtain knowledge, with a
statement of all the facts and any evidence
sustaining each case.
SEC. 12. Agents and Deputies for Collection

of National Internal Revenue Taxes. - The
following are hereby constituted agents of the
Commissioner:
(a) The Commissioner of Customs and his

subordinates with respect to the
collection ofnational internal revenue
taxes on imported goods;
(b) The head of the appropriate

government office and his subordinates
with respect to thecollection of energy
tax; and
(c) Banks duly accredited by the

Commissioner with respect to receipt of
payments internalrevenue taxes
authorized to be made thru bank.
Any officer or employee of an authorized

agent bank assigned to receive internal
revenue tax payments and transmit tax
returns or documents to the Bureau of
Internal Revenue shall be subject to the
same sanctions and penalties prescribed
in Sections 269 and 270 of this Code.
SEC. 13. Authority of a Revenue Offices. -

subject to the rules and regulations to be
prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon
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recommendation of the Commissioner, a Revenue
Officer assigned to perform assessment functions
in any district may, pursuant to a Letter of
Authority issued by the Revenue Regional
Director, examine taxpayers within the jurisdiction
of the district in order to collect the correct amount
of tax, or to recommend the assessment of any
deficiency tax due in the same manner that the
said acts could have been performed by the
Revenue Regional Director himself.
SEC. 14. Authority of Officers to Administer

Oaths and Take Testimony. - The
Commissioner, Deputy Commissioners, Service
Chiefs, Assistant Service Chiefs, Revenue Regional
Directors, Assistant Revenue Regional Directors,
Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs of Divisions, Revenue
District Officers, special deputies of the
Commissioner, internal revenue officers and any
other employee of the Bureau thereunto especially
deputized by the Commissioner shall have the
power to administer oaths and to take testimony in
any official matter or investigation conducted by
them regarding matters within the jurisdiction of
the Bureau.
SEC. 15. Authority of Internal Revenue

Officers to Make Arrests and Seizures. - The
Commissioner, the Deputy Commissioners, the
Revenue Regional Directors, the Revenue District
Officers and other internal revenue officers shall
have authority to make arrests and seizures for the
violation of any penal law, rule or regulation
administered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue.
Any person so arrested shall be forthwith brought
before a court, there to be dealt with according to
law.
SEC. 16. Assignment of Internal Revenue

Officers Involved in Excise Tax Functions
to Establishments Where Articles subject
to Excise Tax are Produced or Kept. - The
Commissioner shall employ, assign, or reassign
internal revenue officers involved in excise tax
functions, as often as the exigencies of the revenue
service may require, to establishments or places
where articles subject to excise tax are produced or
kept: Provided, That an internal revenue officer
assigned to any such establishment shall in no case
stay in his assignment for more than two (2) years,
subject to rules and regulations to be prescribed by
the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of
the Commissioner.
SEC. 17. Assignment of Internal Revenue

Officers and Other Employees to Other
Duties. - The Commissioner may, subject to the
provisions of Section 16 and the laws on civil
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service, as well as the rules and regulations to be
prescribed by the Secretary of Finance upon the
recommendation of the Commissioner, assign or
reassign internal revenue officers and employees of
the Bureau of Internal Revenue, without change in
their official rank and salary, to other or special
duties connected with the enforcement or
administration of the revenue laws as the
exigencies of the service may
require: Provided, That internal revenue officers
assigned to perform assessment or collection
function shall not remain in the same assignment
for more than three (3) years; Provided, further,
That assignment of internal revenue officers and
employees of the Bureau to special duties shall not
exceed one (1) year.
SEC. 18. Reports of Violation of Laws. -

When an internal revenue officer discovers
evidence of a violation of this Code or of any law,
rule or regulations administered by the Bureau of
Internal Revenue of such character as to warrant
the institution of criminal proceedings, he shall
immediately report the facts to the Commissioner
through his immediate superior, giving the name
and address of the offender and the names of the
witnesses if possible: Provided, That in urgent
cases, the Revenue Regional director or Revenue
District Officer, as the case may be, may send the
report to the corresponding prosecuting officer in
the latter case, a copy of his report shall be sent to
the Commissioner.
SEC. 19. Contents of Commissioner's

Annual Report. - The Annual Report of the
Commissioner shall contain detailed statements of
the collections of the Bureau with specifications of
the sources of revenue by type of tax, by manner of
payment, by revenue region and by industry group
and its disbursements by classes of expenditures.
In case the actual collection exceeds or falls short

of target as set in the annual national budget by
fifteen percent (15%) or more, the Commissioner
shall explain the reason for such excess or
shortfall.
SEC. 20. Submission of Report and

Pertinent Information by the
Commissioner.
(A) Submission of Pertinent Information

to Congress. - The provision of Section
270 of thisCode to the contrary
notwithstanding, the Commissioner shall,
upon request of Congress and in aid of
legislation, furnish its appropriate
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Committee pertinent information
including but not limited to: industry
audits, collection performance
data, status reports in criminal actions
initiated against persons and taxpayer's
returns: Provided, however, That any
return or return information which can be
associated with, or otherwise identify,
directly or indirectly, a particular
taxpayer shall be furnished the
appropriate Committee of Congress only
when sitting in Executive Session Unless
such taxpayer otherwise consents in
writing to such disclosure.
(B) Report to Oversight Committee. - The

Commissioner shall, with reference to
Section 204of this Code, submit to the
Oversight Committee referred to in
Section 290 hereof, through the
Chairmen of the Committee on Ways and
Means of the Senate and House of
Representatives, a report on the exercise
of his powers pursuant to the said
section, every six (6) months of each
calendar year.
SEC. 21. Sources of Revenue. - The following taxes, fees

and charges are deemed to be national internal revenue
taxes:
(a) Income tax;

(b) Estate and donor's taxes;
(c) Value-added tax;
(d) Other percentage taxes;
(e) Excise taxes;
(f) Documentary stamp taxes; and
(g) Such other taxes as are or hereafter may be
imposed and collected by the Bureau ofInternal
Revenue.
TITLE II
TAX ON INCOME
CHAPTER I
DEFINITIONS
SEC. 22. Definitions - When used in this Title:
(A) The term "person" means an individual, a

trust, estate or corporation.
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(B) The term "corporation" shall include
partnerships, no matter how created or organized,
joint-stock companies, joint accounts (cuentas en
participacion), association, or insurance
companies, but does not include general
professional partnerships and a joint venture or
consortium formed for the purpose of undertaking
construction projects or engaging in petroleum,
coal, geothermal and other energy operations
pursuant to an operating consortium agreement
under a service contract with the
Government. "General professional
partnerships" are partnerships formed by persons
for the sole purpose of exercising their common
profession, no part of the income of which is
derived from engaging in any trade or business.
(C) The term "domestic", when applied to a

corporation, means created or organized in the
Philippines or under its laws.
(D) The term "foreign", when applied to a

corporation, means a corporation which is not
domestic.
(E) The term "nonresident citizen" means:
(1) A citizen of the Philippines who

establishes to the satisfaction of the
Commissioner the fact of his physical
presence abroad with a definite intention
to reside therein.
(2) A citizen of the Philippines who leaves

the Philippines during the taxable year to
reside abroad, either as an immigrant or
for employment on a permanent basis.
(3) A citizen of the Philippines who works

and derives income from abroad and
whose employment thereat requires him
to be physically present abroad most of
the time during the taxable year.
(4) A citizen who has been previously

considered as nonresident citizen and
who arrives in the Philippines at any time
during the taxable year to reside
permanently in the Philippines shall
likewise be treated as a nonresident
citizen for the taxable year in which he
arrives in the Philippines with respect to
his income derived from sources abroad
until the date of his arrival in the
Philippines.
(5) The taxpayer shall submit proof to the
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Commissioner to show his intention of
leaving the Philippines to reside
permanently abroad or to return to and
reside in the Philippines as the case may
be for purpose of this Section.
(F) The term "resident alien" means an individual

whose residence is within the Philippines and who
is not a citizen thereof.
(G) The term "nonresident alien" means an

individual whose residence is not within the
Philippines and who is not a citizen thereof.
(H) The term "resident foreign

corporation" applies to a foreign corporation
engaged in trade or business within the
Philippines.
(I) The term 'nonresident foreign

corporation' applies to a foreign corporation not
engaged in trade or business within the
Philippines.
(J) The term "fiduciary" means a guardian,

trustee, executor, administrator, receiver,
conservator or any person acting in any fiduciary
capacity for any person.
(K) The term "withholding agent" means any

person required to deduct and withhold any tax
under the provisions of Section 57.
(L) The term "shares of stock" shall include shares

of stock of a corporation, warrants and/or options
to purchase shares of stock, as well as units of
participation in a partnership (except general
professional partnerships), joint stock companies,
joint accounts, joint ventures taxable as
corporations, associations and recreation or
amusement clubs (such as golf, polo or similar
clubs), and mutual fund certificates.
(M) The term "shareholder" shall include holders

of a share/s of stock, warrant/s and/or option/s to
purchase shares of stock of a corporation, as well
as a holder of a unit of participation in a
partnership (except general professional
partnerships) in a joint stock company, a joint
account, a taxable joint venture, a member of an
association, recreation or amusement club (such as
golf, polo or similar clubs) and a holder of a mutual
fund certificate, a member in an association, joint-
stock company, or insurance company.
(N) The term "taxpayer" means any person subject

to tax imposed by this Title.
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(O) The terms "including" and "includes", when
used in a definition contained in this Title, shall
not be deemed to exclude other things otherwise
within the meaning of the term defined.
(P) The term "taxable year" means the calendar

year, or the fiscal year ending during such calendar
year, upon the basis of which the net income is
computed under this Title. 'Taxable year' includes,
in the case of a return made for a fractional part of
a year under the provisions of this Title or under
rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary
of Finance, upon recommendation of the
commissioner, the period for which such return is
made.
(Q) The term "fiscal year" means an accounting

period of twelve (12) months ending on the last day
of any month other than December.
(R) The terms "paid or incurred" and 'paid or

accrued' shall be construed according to the
method of accounting upon the basis of which the
net income is computed under this Title.
(S) The term "trade or business" includes the

performance of the functions of a public office.
(T) The term "securities" means shares of stock in

a corporation and rights to subscribe for or to
receive such shares. The term includes bonds,
debentures, notes or certificates, or other evidence
or indebtedness, issued by any corporation,
including those issued by a government or political
subdivision thereof, with interest coupons or in
registered form.
(U) The term "dealer in securities" means a

merchant of stocks or securities, whether an
individual, partnership or corporation, with an
established place of business, regularly engaged in
the purchase of securities and the resale thereof to
customers; that is, one who, as a merchant, buys
securities and re-sells them to customers with a
view to the gains and profits that may be derived
therefrom.
(V) The term "bank" means every banking

institution, as defined in Section 2 of Republic Act
No. 337, as amended, otherwise known as the
General banking Act. A bank may either be a
commercial bank, a thrift bank, a development
bank, a rural bank or specialized government bank.
(W) The term "non-bank financial

intermediary" means a financial intermediary, as
defined in Section 2(D)(C) of Republic Act No. 337,
as amended, otherwise known as the General
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Banking Act, authorized by the Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas (BSP) to perform quasi-banking
activities.
(X) The term "quasi-banking activities" means

borrowing funds from twenty (20) or more
personal or corporate lenders at any one time,
through the issuance, endorsement, or acceptance
of debt instruments of any kind other than
deposits for the borrower's own account, or
through the issuance of certificates of assignment
or similar instruments, with recourse, or of
repurchase agreements for purposes of relending
or purchasing receivables and other similar
obligations: Provided, however, That commercial,
industrial and other non-financial companies,
which borrow funds through any of these means
for the limited purpose of financing their own
needs or the needs of their agents or dealers, shall
not be considered as performing quasi-banking
functions.
(Y) The term "deposit substitutes" shall mean an

alternative from of obtaining funds from the public
(the term 'public' means borrowing from twenty
(20) or more individual or corporate lenders at any
one time) other than deposits, through the
issuance, endorsement, or acceptance of debt
instruments for the borrowers own account, for the
purpose of relending or purchasing of receivables
and other obligations, or financing their own needs
or the needs of their agent or dealer. These
instruments may include, but need not be limited
to bankers' acceptances, promissory notes,
repurchase agreements, including reverse
repurchase agreements entered into by and
between the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and
any authorized agent bank, certificates of
assignment or participation and similar
instruments with recourse: Provided, however,
That debt instruments issued for interbank call
loans with maturity of not more than five (5) days
to cover deficiency in reserves against deposit
liabilities, including those between or among
banks and quasi-banks, shall not be considered as
deposit substitute debt instruments.
(Z) The term "ordinary income" includes any gain

from the sale or exchange of property which is not
a capital asset or property described in Section
39(A)(1). Any gain from the sale or exchange of
property which is treated or considered, under
other provisions of this Title, as 'ordinary income'
shall be treated as gain from the sale or exchange
of property which is not a capital asset as defined
in Section 39(A)(1). The term 'ordinary loss'
includes any loss from the sale or exchange of
property which is not a capital asset. Any loss from
17 |
the sale or exchange of property which is treated or
considered, under other provisions of this Title, as
'ordinary loss' shall be treated as loss from the sale
or exchange of property which is not a capital
asset.
(AA) The term "rank and file employees" shall

mean all employees who are holding neither
managerial nor supervisory position as defined
under existing provisions of the Labor Code of the
Philippines, as amended.
(BB) The term "mutual fund company" shall mean

an open-end and close-end investment company as
defined under the Investment Company Act.
(CC) The term "trade, business or profession" shall

not include performance of services by the
taxpayer as an employee.
(DD) The term "regional or area

headquarters" shall mean a branch established in
the Philippines by multinational companies and
which headquarters do not earn or derive income
from the Philippines and which act as supervisory,
communications and coordinating center for their
affiliates, subsidiaries, or branches in the Asia-
Pacific Region and other foreign markets.
(EE) The term "regional operating

headquarters" shall mean a branch established in
the Philippines by multinational companies which
are engaged in any of the following services:
general administration and planning; business
planning and coordination; sourcing and
procurement of raw materials and components;
corporate finance advisory services; marketing
control and sales promotion; training and
personnel management; logistic services; research
and development services and product
development; technical support and maintenance;
data processing and communications; and
business development.
(FF) The term "long-term deposit or investment

certificates" shall refer to certificate of time deposit or
investment in the form of savings, common or individual
trust funds, deposit substitutes, investment management
accounts and other investments with a maturity period of
not less than five (5) years, the form of which shall be
prescribed by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and
issued by banks only (not by nonbank financial
intermediaries and finance companies) to individuals in
denominations of Ten thousand pesos (P10,000) and other
denominations as may be prescribed by the BS.
18 |
CHAPTER II
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
SEC. 23. General Principles of Income

Taxation in the Philippines. - Except when
otherwise provided in this Code:
(A) A citizen of the Philippines residing therein is

taxable on all income derived from sources within
and without the Philippines;
(B) A nonresident citizen is taxable only on income

derived from sources within the Philippines;
(C) An individual citizen of the Philippines who is

working and deriving income from abroad as an
overseas contract worker is taxable only on income
derived from sources within the
Philippines: Provided, That a seaman who is a
citizen of the Philippines and who receives
compensation for services rendered abroad as a
member of the complement of a vessel engaged
exclusively in international trade shall be treated as
an overseas contract worker;
(D) An alien individual, whether a resident or not of

the Philippines, is taxable only on income derived
from sources within the Philippines;
(E) A domestic corporation is taxable on all income

derived from sources within and without the
Philippines; and
(F) A foreign corporation, whether engaged or not in

trade or business in the Philippines, is taxable only
on income derived from sources within the
Philippines.
CHAPTER III
TAX ON INDIVIDUALS
SEC. 24. Income Tax Rates. -
(A) Rates of Income Tax on Individual Citizen and

Individual Resident Alien of the Philippines.
(1) An income tax is hereby imposed:
(a) On the taxable income defined

in Section 31 of this Code, other
than income subject to tax under
Subsections (B), (C) and (D) of
19 |
this Section, derived for each
taxable year from all sources
within and without the
Philippines be every individual
citizen of the Philippines residing
therein;
(b) On the taxable income defined

Subsections (B), (C) and (D) of
within the Philippines by an
individual citizen of the
Philippines who is residing
outside of the Philippines
including overseas contract
workers referred to in
Subsection(C) of Section 23
hereof; and
(c) On the taxable income defined

Subsections (b), (C) and (D) of
within the Philippines by an
individual alien who is a resident
of the Philippines.
The tax shall be computed in

accordance with and at the rates
established in the following
schedule:
Not over
P10,000
....5%
Over P10,000 but not

over
P30,000P500
+10% of the excess
over P10,000

over
P70,000P2,50
0+15% of the excess
overP30,000

over
P140,000..P8,5
00+20% of the excess
20 |
overP70,000

over
P250,000P22,5
overP140,000

over
P500,000P50,0
overP250,000
Over P500,000
.....
P125,000+34% of the
excess over P500,000 in
1998.
Provided, That effective January

1, 1999, the top marginal rate shall
be thirty-three percent (33%) and
effective January 1, 2000, the said
rate shall be thirty-two percent
(32%).
For married individuals, the

husband and wife, subject to the
provision of Section 51 (D) hereof,
shall compute separately their
individual income tax based on
their respective total taxable
income: Provided, That if any
income cannot be definitely
attributed to or identified as
income exclusively earned or
realized by either of the spouses,
the same shall be divided equally
between the spouses for the
purpose of determining their
respective taxable income.
(B) Rate of Tax on Certain Passive Income.
(1) Interests, Royalties, Prizes, and Other

Winnings. - A final tax at the rate of twenty
percent (20%) is hereby imposed upon the
amount of interest from any currency bank
deposit and yield or any other monetary
benefit from deposit substitutes and from
trust funds and similar arrangements;
royalties, except on books, as well as other
literary works and musical compositions,
which shall be imposed a final tax of ten
percent (10%); prizes (except prizes
amounting to Ten thousand pesos
(P10,000) or less which shall be subject to
21 |
tax under Subsection (A) of Section 24; and
other winnings (except Philippine Charity
Sweepstakes and Lotto winnings), derived
from sources within the
Philippines: Provided, however, That
interest income received by an individual
taxpayer (except a nonresident individual)
from a depository bank under the
expanded foreign currency deposit system
shall be subject to a final income tax at the
rate of seven and one-half percent (7 1/2%)
of such interest income:Provided, further,
That interest income from long-term
deposit or investment in the form of
savings, common or individual trust funds,
deposit substitutes, investment
management accounts and other
investments evidenced by certificates in
such form prescribed by the Bangko
Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) shall be exempt
from the tax imposed under this
Subsection: Provided, finally, That should
the holder of the certificate pre-terminate
the deposit or investment before the fifth
(5th) year, a final tax shall be imposed on
the entire income and shall be deducted
and withheld by the depository bank from
the proceeds of the long-term deposit or
investment certificate based on the
remaining maturity thereof:
Four (4) years to less than five (5)

years - 5%;
Three (3) years to less than (4)

years - 12%; and
Less than three (3) years - 20%
(2) Cash and/or Property Dividends - A

final tax at the following rates shall be
imposed upon the cash and/or property
dividends actually or constructively
received by an individual from a domestic
corporation or from a joint stock company,
insurance or mutual fund companies and
regional operating headquarters of
multinational companies, or on the share of
an individual in the distributable net
income after tax of a partnership (except a
general professional partnership) of which
he is a partner, or on the share of an
individual in the net income after tax of an
association, a joint account, or a joint
venture or consortium taxable as a
corporation of which he is a member or co-
venturer:
22 |
Six percent (6%) beginning
January 1, 1998;
Eight percent (8%) beginning

January 1, 1999; and
Ten percent (10% beginning

January 1, 2000.
Provided, however, That the tax on

dividends shall apply only on income
earned on or after January 1, 1998. Income
forming part of retained earnings as of
December 31, 1997 shall not, even if
declared or distributed on or after January
1, 1998, be subject to this tax.
(C) Capital Gains from Sale of Shares of Stock not Traded

in the Stock Exchange. - The provisions of Section 39(B)
notwithstanding, a final tax at the rates prescribed below is
hereby imposed upon the net capital gains realized during
the taxable year from the sale, barter, exchange or other
disposition of shares of stock in a domestic corporation,
except shares sold, or disposed of through the stock
exchange.
Not over
P100,000.......
. 5%
On any amount in excess of

P100,000 10%
(D) Capital Gains from Sale of Real Property. -
(1) In General. - The provisions of Section

39(B) notwithstanding, a final tax of six
percent (6%) based on the gross selling
price or current fair market value as
determined in accordance with Section
6(E) of this Code, whichever is higher, is
hereby imposed upon capital gains
presumed to have been realized from the
sale, exchange, or other disposition of real
property located in the Philippines,
classified as capital assets, including pacto
de retro sales and other forms of
conditional sales, by individuals, including
estates and trusts: Provided, That the tax
liability, if any, on gains from sales or other
dispositions of real property to the
government or any of its political
subdivisions or agencies or to government-
owned or controlled corporations shall be
determined either under Section 24 (A) or
under this Subsection, at the option of the
23 |
taxpayer.
(2) Exception. - The provisions of

paragraph (1) of this Subsection to the
contrary notwithstanding, capital gains
presumed to have been realized from the
sale or disposition of their principal
residence by natural persons, the proceeds
of which is fully utilized in acquiring or
constructing a new principal residence
within eighteen (18) calendar months from
the date of sale or disposition, shall be
exempt from the capital gains tax imposed
under this Subsection: Provided, That the
historical cost or adjusted basis of the real
property sold or disposed shall be carried
over to the new principal residence built or
acquired: Provided, further, That the
Commissioner shall have been duly
notified by the taxpayer within thirty (30)
days from the date of sale or disposition
through a prescribed return of his intention
to avail of the tax exemption herein
mentioned: Provided, still further, That the
said tax exemption can only be availed of
once every ten (10) years: Provided,
finally, that if there is no full utilization of
the proceeds of sale or disposition, the
portion of the gain presumed to have been
realized from the sale or disposition shall
be subject to capital gains tax. For this
purpose, the gross selling price or fair
market value at the time of sale, whichever
is higher, shall be multiplied by a fraction
which the unutilized amount bears to the
gross selling price in order to determine the
taxable portion and the tax prescribed
under paragraph (1) of this Subsection shall
be imposed thereon.
SEC. 25. Tax on Nonresident Alien Individual. -
(A) Nonresident Alien Engaged in trade or Business Within

the Philippines. -
(1) In General. - A nonresident alien

individual engaged in trade or business in
the Philippines shall be subject to an
income tax in the same manner as an
individual citizen and a resident alien
individual, on taxable income received
from all sources within the Philippines. A
nonresident alien individual who shall
come to the Philippines and stay therein for
an aggregate period of more than one
hundred eighty (180) days during any
calendar year shall be deemed a
24 |
'nonresident alien doing business in the
Philippines'. Section 22 (G) of this Code
notwithstanding.
(2) Cash and/or Property Dividends from a

Domestic Corporation or Joint Stock
Company, or Insurance or Mutual Fund
Company or Regional Operating
Headquarters or Multinational Company,
or Share in the Distributable Net Income of
a Partnership (Except a General
Professional Partnership), Joint Account,
Joint Venture Taxable as a Corporation or
Association., Interests, Royalties, Prizes,
and Other Winnings. - Cash and/or
property dividends from a domestic
corporation, or from a joint stock company,
or from an insurance or mutual fund
company or from a regional operating
headquarters of multinational company, or
the share of a nonresident alien individual
in the distributable net income after tax of
a partnership (except a general
professional partnership) of which he is a
partner, or the share of a nonresident alien
individual in the net income after tax of an
association, a joint account, or a joint
venture taxable as a corporation of which
he is a member or a co-venturer; interests;
royalties (in any form); and prizes (except
prizes amounting to Ten thousand pesos
(P10,000) or less which shall be subject to
tax under Subsection (B)(1) of Section 24)
and other winnings (except Philippine
Charity Sweepstakes and Lotto winnings);
shall be subject to an income tax of twenty
percent (20%) on the total amount
thereof: Provided, however, that royalties
on books as well as other literary works,
and royalties on musical compositions shall
be subject to a final tax of ten percent
(10%) on the total amount
thereof: Provided, further, That
cinematographic films and similar works
shall be subject to the tax provided under
Section 28 of this Code: Provided,
furthermore, That interest income from
long-term deposit or investment in the
form of savings, common or individual
trust funds, deposit substitutes, investment
management accounts and other
investments evidenced by certificates in
such form prescribed by the Bangko
Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) shall be exempt
from the tax imposed under this
Subsection: Provided, finally, that should
the holder of the certificate pre-terminate
25 |
the deposit or investment before the fifth
(5th) year, a final tax shall be imposed on
the entire income and shall be deducted
and withheld by the depository bank from
the proceeds of the long-term deposit or
investment certificate based on the
remaining maturity thereof:
Four (4) years to less than five (5)

years - 5%;
Three (3) years to less than four

(4) years - 12%; and
Less than three (3) years - 20%.
(3) Capital Gains. - Capital gains realized

from sale, barter or exchange of shares of
stock in domestic corporations not traded
through the local stock exchange, and real
properties shall be subject to the tax
prescribed under Subsections (C) and (D)
of Section 24.
(B) Nonresident Alien Individual Not Engaged in Trade or

Business Within the Philippines. -There shall be levied,
collected and paid for each taxable year upon the entire
income received from all sources within the Philippines by
every nonresident alien individual not engaged in trade or
business within the Philippines as interest, cash and/or
property dividends, rents, salaries, wages, premiums,
annuities, compensation, remuneration, emoluments, or
other fixed or determinable annual or periodic or casual
gains, profits, and income, and capital gains, a tax equal to
twenty-five percent (25%) of such income. Capital gains
realized by a nonresident alien individual not engaged in
trade or business in the Philippines from the sale of shares
of stock in any domestic corporation and real property shall
be subject to the income tax prescribed under Subsections
(C) and (D) of Section 24.
(C) Alien Individual Employed by Regional or Area

Headquarters and Regional Operating Headquarters of
Multinational Companies. - There shall be levied, collected
and paid for each taxable year upon the gross income
received by every alien individual employed by regional or
area headquarters and regional operating headquarters
established in the Philippines by multinational companies
as salaries, wages, annuities, compensation, remuneration
and other emoluments, such as honoraria and allowances,
from such regional or area headquarters and regional
operating headquarters, a tax equal to fifteen percent (15%)
of such gross income: Provided, however, That the same tax
treatment shall apply to Filipinos employed and occupying
the same position as those of aliens employed by these
multinational companies. For purposes of this Chapter, the
term 'multinational company' means a foreign firm or entity
engaged in international trade with affiliates or subsidiaries
26 |
or branch offices in the Asia-Pacific Region and other
foreign markets.
(D) Alien Individual Employed by Offshore Banking Units.

- There shall be levied, collected and paid for each taxable
year upon the gross income received by every alien
individual employed by offshore banking units established
in the Philippines as salaries, wages, annuities,
compensation, remuneration and other emoluments, such
as honoraria and allowances, from such off-shore banking
units, a tax equal to fifteen percent (15%) of such gross
income: Provided, however, That the same tax treatment
shall apply to Filipinos employed and occupying the same
positions as those of aliens employed by these offshore
banking units.
(E) Alien Individual Employed by Petroleum Service

Contractor and Subcontractor. - An Alien individual who is
a permanent resident of a foreign country but who is
employed and assigned in the Philippines by a foreign
service contractor or by a foreign service subcontractor
engaged in petroleum operations in the Philippines shall be
liable to a tax of fifteen percent (15%) of the salaries, wages,
annuities, compensation, remuneration and other
emoluments, such as honoraria and allowances, received
from such contractor or subcontractor: Provided,
however, That the same tax treatment shall apply to a
Filipino employed and occupying the same position as an
alien employed by petroleum service contractor and
subcontractor.
Any income earned from all other sources within the

Philippines by the alien employees referred to under
Subsections (C), (D) and (E) hereof shall be subject to the
pertinent income tax, as the case may be, imposed under
this Code.
SEC. 26. Tax Liability of Members of General

Professional Partnerships. - A general professional
partnership as such shall not be subject to the income tax
imposed under this Chapter. Persons engaging in business
as partners in a general professional partnership shall be
liable for income tax only in their separate and individual
capacities.
For purposes of computing the distributive share of the

partners, the net income of the partnership shall be
computed in the same manner as a corporation.
Each partner shall report as gross income his distributive

share, actually or constructively received, in the net income
of the partnership.
CHAPTER IV
27 |
TAX ON CORPORATIONS
SEC. 27. Rates of Income tax on Domestic

Corporations. -
(A) In General. - Except as otherwise provided in this Code,

an income tax of thirty-five percent (35%) is hereby
imposed upon the taxable income derived during each
taxable year from all sources within and without the
Philippines by every corporation, as defined in Section
22(B) of this Code and taxable under this Title as a
corporation, organized in, or existing under the laws of the
Philippines: Provided, That effective January 1, 1998, the
rate of income tax shall be thirty-four percent (34%);
effective January 1, 1999, the rate shall be thirty-three
percent (33%); and effective January 1, 2000 and
thereafter, the rate shall be thirty-two percent (32%).
In the case of corporations adopting the fiscal-year

accounting period, the taxable income shall be computed
without regard to the specific date when specific sales,
purchases and other transactions occur. Their income and
expenses for the fiscal year shall be deemed to have been
earned and spent equally for each month of the period.
The reduced corporate income tax rates shall be applied on

the amount computed by multiplying the number of months
covered by the new rates within the fiscal year by the
taxable income of the corporation for the period, divided by
twelve.
Provided, further, That the President, upon the

recommendation of the Secretary of Finance, may effective
January 1, 2000, allow corporations the option to be taxed
at fifteen percent (15%) of gross income as defined herein,
after the following conditions have been satisfied:
(1) A tax effort ratio of twenty percent

(20%) of Gross National Product (GNP);
(2) A ratio of forty percent (40%) of income
tax collection to total tax revenues;
(3) A VAT tax effort of four percent (4%) of
GNP; and
(4) A 0.9 percent (0.9%) ratio of the
Consolidated Public Sector Financial
Position (CPSFP) toGNP.
The option to be taxed based on gross income shall be

available only to firms whose ratio of cost of sales to gross
sales or receipts from all sources does not exceed fifty-five
percent (55%).
The election of the gross income tax option by the

corporation shall be irrevocable for three (3) consecutive
28 |
taxable years during which the corporation is qualified
under the scheme.
For purposes of this Section, the term 'gross income'

derived from business shall be equivalent to gross sales less
sales returns, discounts and allowances and cost of goods
sold. "Cost of goods sold"shall include all business expenses
directly incurred to produce the merchandise to bring them
to their present location and use.
For a trading or merchandising concern, "cost of

goods" sold shall include the invoice cost of the goods sold,
plus import duties, freight in transporting the goods to the
place where the goods are actually sold, including insurance
while the goods are in transit.
For a manufacturing concern, "cost of goods manufactured

and sold" shall include all costs of production of finished
goods, such as raw materials used, direct labor and
manufacturing overhead, freight cost, insurance premiums
and other costs incurred to bring the raw materials to the
factory or warehouse.
In the case of taxpayers engaged in the sale of service, 'gross

income' means gross receipts less sales returns, allowances
and discounts.
(B) Proprietary Educational Institutions and Hospitals. -

Proprietary educational institutions and hospitals which are
nonprofit shall pay a tax of ten percent (10%) on their
taxable income except those covered by Subsection (D)
hereof: Provided, that if the gross income from unrelated
trade, business or other activity exceeds fifty percent (50%)
of the total gross income derived by such educational
institutions or hospitals from all sources, the tax prescribed
in Subsection (A) hereof shall be imposed on the entire
taxable income. For purposes of this Subsection, the term
'unrelated trade, business or other activity' means any trade,
business or other activity, the conduct of which is not
substantially related to the exercise or performance by such
educational institution or hospital of its primary purpose or
function. A "Proprietary educational institution" is any
private school maintained and administered by private
individuals or groups with an issued permit to operate from
the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS),
or the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), or the
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
(TESDA), as the case may be, in accordance with existing
laws and regulations.
(C) Government-owned or Controlled-Corporations,

Agencies or Instrumentalities. - The provisions of existing
special or general laws to the contrary notwithstanding, all
corporations, agencies, or instrumentalities owned or
controlled by the Government, except the Government
Service Insurance System (GSIS), the Social Security
29 |
System (SSS), the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation
(PHIC), the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO)
and the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation
(PAGCOR), shall pay such rate of tax upon their taxable
income as are imposed by this Section upon corporations or
associations engaged in s similar business, industry, or
activity.
(D) Rates of Tax on Certain Passive Incomes. -
(1) Interest from Deposits and Yield or any

other Monetary Benefit from Deposit
Substitutes and from Trust Funds and
Similar Arrangements, and Royalties. - A
final tax at the rate of twenty percent (20%)
is hereby imposed upon the amount of
interest on currency bank deposit and yield
or any other monetary benefit from deposit
substitutes and from trust funds and
similar arrangements received by domestic
corporations, and royalties, derived from
sources within the Philippines: Provided,
however, That interest income derived by a
domestic corporation from a depository
bank under the expanded foreign currency
deposit system shall be subject to a final
income tax at the rate of seven and one-half
percent (7 1/2%) of such interest income.
(2) Capital Gains from the Sale of Shares

of Stock Not Traded in the Stock Exchange.
- A final tax at the rates prescribed below
shall be imposed on net capital gains
realized during the taxable year from the
sale, exchange or other disposition of
shares of stock in a domestic corporation
except shares sold or disposed of through
the stock exchange:
Not over
P100,000.....
5%
Amount in excess of
P100,000.. 10%
(3) Tax on Income Derived under the

Expanded Foreign Currency Deposit
System. - Income derived by a depository
bank under the expanded foreign currency
deposit system from foreign currency
transactions with local commercial banks,
including branches of foreign banks that
may be authorized by the Bangko Sentral
ng Pilipinas (BSP) to transact business with
foreign currency depository system units
and other depository banks under the
expanded foreign currency deposit system,
30 |
including interest income from foreign
currency loans granted by such depository
banks under said expanded foreign
currency deposit system to residents, shall
be subject to a final income tax at the rate
of ten percent (10%) of such income.
Any income of nonresidents, whether

individuals or corporations, from
transactions with depository banks under
the expanded system shall be exempt from
income tax.
(4) Intercorporate Dividends. - Dividends

received by a domestic corporation from
another domestic corporation shall not be
subject to tax.
(5) Capital Gains Realized from the Sale,

Exchange or Disposition of Lands and/or
Buildings. - A final tax of six percent (6%)
is hereby imposed on the gain presumed to
have been realized on the sale, exchange or
disposition of lands and/or buildings which
are not actually used in the business of a
corporation and are treated as capital
assets, based on the gross selling price of
fair market value as determined in
accordance with Section 6(E) of this Code,
whichever is higher, of such lands and/or
buildings.
(E) Minimum Corporate Income Tax on Domestic

Corporations. -
(1) Imposition of Tax. - A minimum

corporate income tax of two percent (2%0
of the gross income as of the end of the
taxable year, as defined herein, is hereby
imposed on a corporation taxable under
this Title, beginning on the fourth taxable
year immediately following the year in
which such corporation commenced its
business operations, when the minimum
income tax is greater than the tax
computed under Subsection (A) of this
Section for the taxable year.
(2) Carry Forward of Excess Minimum

Tax. - Any excess of the minimum
corporate income tax over the normal
income tax as computed under Subsection
(A) of this Section shall be carried forward
and credited against the normal income tax
for the three (3) immediately succeeding
taxable years.
(3) Relief from the Minimum Corporate
31 |
Income Tax Under Certain Conditions. -
The Secretary of Finance is hereby
authorized to suspend the imposition of the
minimum corporate income tax on any
corporation which suffers losses on account
of prolonged labor dispute, or because of
force majeure, or because of legitimate
business reverses.
The Secretary of Finance is hereby

authorized to promulgate, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner, the
necessary rules and regulation that shall
define the terms and conditions under
which he may suspend the imposition of
the minimum corporate income tax in a
meritorious case.
(4) Gross Income Defined. - For purposes

of applying the minimum corporate income
tax provided under Subsection (E) hereof,
the term 'gross income' shall mean gross
sales less sales returns, discounts and
allowances and cost of goods sold. "Cost of
goods sold' shall include all business
expenses directly incurred to produce the
merchandise to bring them to their present
location and use.
For a trading or merchandising

concern, "cost of goods sold' shall include
the invoice cost of the goods sold, plus
import duties, freight in transporting the
goods to the place where the goods are
actually sold including insurance while the
goods are in transit.
For a manufacturing concern, cost

of "goods manufactured and sold" shall
include all costs of production of finished
goods, such as raw materials used, direct
labor and manufacturing overhead, freight
cost, insurance premiums and other costs
incurred to bring the raw materials to the
factory or warehouse.
In the case of taxpayers engaged in the sale

of service, 'gross income' means gross
receipts less sales returns, allowances,
discounts and cost of services. "Cost of
services" shall mean all direct costs and
expenses necessarily incurred to provide
the services required by the customers and
clients including (A) salaries and employee
benefits of personnel, consultants and
specialists directly rendering the service
and (B) cost of facilities directly utilized in
providing the service such as depreciation
32 |
or rental of equipment used and cost of
supplies: Provided, however,That in the
case of banks, "cost of services" shall
include interest expense.
SEC. 28. Rates of Income Tax on Foreign

Corporations. -
(A) Tax on Resident Foreign Corporations. -
(1) In General. - Except as otherwise

provided in this Code, a corporation
organized, authorized, or existing under
the laws of any foreign country, engaged in
trade or business within the Philippines,
shall be subject to an income tax equivalent
to thirty-five percent (35%) of the taxable
income derived in the preceding taxable
year from all sources within the
Philippines: Provided, That effective
January 1, 1998, the rate of income tax
shall be thirty-four percent (34%); effective
January 1, 1999, the rate shall be thirty-
three percent (33%), and effective January
1, 2000 and thereafter, the rate shall be
thirty-two percent (32%).
In the case of corporations adopting the

fiscal-year accounting period, the taxable
income shall be computed without regard
to the specific date when sales, purchases
and other transactions occur. Their income
and expenses for the fiscal year shall be
deemed to have been earned and spent
equally for each month of the period.
The reduced corporate income tax rates

shall be applied on the amount computed
by multiplying the number of months
covered by the new rates within the fiscal
year by the taxable income of the
corporation for the period, divided by
twelve.
Provided, however, That a resident foreign

corporation shall be granted the option to
be taxed at fifteen percent (15%) on gross
income under the same conditions, as
provided in Section 27 (A).
(2) Minimum Corporate Income Tax on

Resident Foreign Corporations. - A
minimum corporate income tax of two
percent (2%) of gross income, as prescribed
under Section 27 (E) of this Code, shall be
imposed, under the same conditions, on a
resident foreign corporation taxable under
33 |
paragraph (1) of this Subsection.
(3) International Carrier. - An

international carrier doing business in the
Philippines shall pay a tax of two and one-
half percent (2 1/2%) on its "Gross
Philippine Billings" as defined hereunder:
(a) International Air Carrier. -

"Gross Philippine Billings" refers
to the amount of gross revenue
derived from carriage of persons,
excess baggage, cargo and mail
originating from the Philippines
in a continuous and uninterrupted
flight, irrespective of the place of
sale or issue and the place of
payment of the ticket or passage
document: Provided, That tickets
revalidated, exchanged and/or
indorsed to another international
airline form part of the Gross
Philippine Billings if the
passenger boards a plane in a port
or point in the
Philippines: Provided, further,
That for a flight which originates
from the Philippines, but
transshipment of passenger takes
place at any port outside the
Philippines on another airline,
only the aliquot portion of the cost
of the ticket corresponding to the
leg flown from the Philippines to
the point of transshipment shall
form part of Gross Philippine
Billings.
(b) International Shipping. -

"Gross Philippine Billings" means
gross revenue whether for
passenger, cargo or mail
originating from the Philippines
up to final destination, regardless
of the place of sale or payments of
the passage or freight documents.
(4) Offshore Banking Units. - The

provisions of any law to the contrary
notwithstanding, income derived by
offshore banking units authorized by the
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) to
transact business with offshore banking
units, including any interest income
derived from foreign currency loans
granted to residents, shall be subject to a
final income tax at the rate of ten percent
34 |
(10%) of such income.
Any income of nonresidents, whether

individuals or corporations, from
transactions with said offshore banking
units shall be exempt from income tax.
(5) Tax on Branch Profits Remittances. -

Any profit remitted by a branch to its head
office shall be subject to a tax of fifteen
(15%) which shall be based on the total
profits applied or earmarked for remittance
without any deduction for the tax
component thereof (except those activities
which are registered with the Philippine
Economic Zone Authority). The tax shall be
collected and paid in the same manner as
provided in Sections 57 and 58 of this
Code: provided, that interests, dividends,
rents, royalties, including remuneration for
technical services, salaries, wages
premiums, annuities, emoluments or other
fixed or determinable annual, periodic or
casual gains, profits, income and capital
gains received by a foreign corporation
during each taxable year from all sources
within the Philippines shall not be treated
as branch profits unless the same are
effectively connected with the conduct of its
trade or business in the Philippines.
(6) Regional or Area Headquarters and

Regional Operating Headquarters of
Multinational Companies. -
(a) Regional or area headquarters

as defined in Section 22(DD) shall
not be subject to income tax.
(b) Regional operating

headquarters as defined in Section
22(EE) shall pay a tax of ten
percent (10%) of their taxable
income.
(7) Tax on Certain Incomes Received by a

Resident Foreign Corporation. -
(a) Interest from Deposits and

Yield or any other Monetary
Benefit from Deposit Substitutes,
Trust Funds and Similar
Arrangements and Royalties. -
Interest from any currency bank
deposit and yield or any other
monetary benefit from deposit
substitutes and from trust funds
and similar arrangements and
35 |
royalties derived from sources
within the Philippines shall be
subject to a final income tax at the
rate of twenty percent (20%) of
such interest: Provided,
however, That interest income
derived by a resident foreign
corporation from a depository
bank under the expanded foreign
currency deposit system shall be
subject to a final income tax at the
rate of seven and one-half percent
(7 1/2%) of such interest income.
(b) Income Derived under the

Expanded Foreign Currency
Deposit System. - Income derived
by a depository bank under the
expanded foreign currency
deposit system from foreign
currency transactions with local
commercial banks including
branches of foreign banks that
may be authorized by the Bangko
Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) to
transact business with foreign
currency deposit system units,
including interest income from
foreign currency loans granted by
such depository banks under said
expanded foreign currency
deposit system to residents, shall
be subject to a final income tax at
the rate of ten percent (10%) of
such income.
Any income of nonresidents,

whether individuals or
corporations, from transactions
with depository banks under the
expanded system shall be exempt
from income tax.
(c) Capital Gains from Sale of

Shares of Stock Not Traded in the
Stock Exchange. - A final tax at
the rates prescribed below is
hereby imposed upon the net
capital gains realized during the
taxable year from the sale, barter,
exchange or other disposition of
shares of stock in a domestic
corporation except shares sold or
disposed of through the stock
exchange:
Not over
P100,000......
36 |
5%
P100,000. 10%
(d) Intercorporate Dividends. -

Dividends received by a resident
foreign corporation from a
domestic corporation liable to tax
under this Code shall not be
subject to tax under this Title.
(B) Tax on Nonresident Foreign Corporation. -
(1) In General. - Except as otherwise

provided in this Code, a foreign
corporation not engaged in trade or
business in the Philippines shall pay a tax
equal to thirty-five percent (35%) of the
gross income received during each taxable
year from all sources within the
Philippines, such as interests, dividends,
rents, royalties, salaries, premiums (except
reinsurance premiums), annuities,
emoluments or other fixed or determinable
annual, periodic or casual gains, profits
and income, and capital gains, except
capital gains subject to tax under
subparagraphs (C) and (d): Provided, That
effective 1, 1998, the rate of income tax
shall be thirty-four percent (34%); effective
January 1, 1999, the rate shall be thirty-
three percent (33%); and, effective January
1, 2000 and thereafter, the rate shall be
thirty-two percent (32%).
(2) Nonresident Cinematographic Film

Owner, Lessor or Distributor. - A
cinematographic film owner, lessor, or
distributor shall pay a tax of twenty-five
percent (25%) of its gross income from all
sources within the Philippines.
(3) Nonresident Owner or Lessor of

Vessels Chartered by Philippine Nationals.
- A nonresident owner or lessor of vessels
shall be subject to a tax of four and one-half
percent (4 1/2%) of gross rentals, lease or
charter fees from leases or charters to
Filipino citizens or corporations, as
approved by the Maritime Industry
Authority.
(4) Nonresident Owner or Lessor of

Aircraft, Machineries and Other
Equipment. - Rentals, charters and other
fees derived by a nonresident lessor of
aircraft, machineries and other equipment
shall be subject to a tax of seven and one-
37 |
half percent (7 1/2%) of gross rentals or
fees.
(5) Tax on Certain Incomes Received by a

Nonresident Foreign Corporation. -
(a) Interest on Foreign Loans. - A

final withholding tax at the rate of
twenty percent (20%) is hereby
imposed on the amount of interest
on foreign loans contracted on or
after August 1, 1986;
(b) Intercorporate Dividends. - A

final withholding tax at the rate of
fifteen percent (15%) is hereby
imposed on the amount of cash
and/or property dividends
received from a domestic
corporation, which shall be
collected and paid as provided in
Section 57 (A) of this Code,
subject to the condition that the
country in which the nonresident
foreign corporation is domiciled,
shall allow a credit against the tax
due from the nonresident foreign
corporation taxes deemed to have
been paid in the Philippines
equivalent to twenty percent
(20%) for 1997, nineteen percent
(19%) for 1998, eighteen percent
(18%) for 1999, and seventeen
percent (17%) thereafter, which
represents the difference between
the regular income tax of thirty-
five percent (35%) in 1997, thirty-
four percent (34%) in 1998, and
thirty-three percent (33%) in
1999, and thirty-two percent
(32%) thereafter on corporations
and the fifteen percent (15%) tax
on dividends as provided in this
subparagraph;
(c) Capital Gains from Sale of

Shares of Stock not Traded in the
Stock Exchange. - A final tax at
the rates prescribed below is
hereby imposed upon the net
capital gains realized during the
taxable year from the sale, barter,
exchange or other disposition of
shares of stock in a domestic
corporation, except shares sold, or
disposed of through the stock
exchange:
38 |
Not over
P100,000..........
..5%
P100,000 10%
SEC. 29. Imposition of Improperly Accumulated

Earnings Tax. -
(A) In General. - In addition to other taxes imposed by this

Title, there is hereby imposed for each taxable year on the
improperly accumulated taxable income of each corporation
described in Subsection B hereof, an improperly
accumulated earnings tax equal to ten percent (10%) of the
improperly accumulated taxable income.
(B) Tax on Corporations Subject to Improperly

Accumulated Earnings Tax. -
(1) In General. - The improperly

accumulated earnings tax imposed in the
preceding Section shall apply to every
corporation formed or availed for the
purpose of avoiding the income tax with
respect to its shareholders or the
shareholders of any other corporation, by
permitting earnings and profits to
accumulate instead of being divided or
distributed.
(2) Exceptions. - The improperly

accumulated earnings tax as provided for
under this Section shall not apply to:
(a) Publicly-held corporations;

(b) Banks and other nonbank
financial intermediaries; and
(c) Insurance companies.
(C) Evidence of Purpose to Avoid Income Tax. -
(1) Prima Facie Evidence. - the fact that

any corporation is a mere holding company
or investment company shall be prima facie
evidence of a purpose to avoid the tax upon
its shareholders or members.
(2) Evidence Determinative of Purpose. -

The fact that the earnings or profits of a
corporation are permitted to accumulate
beyond the reasonable needs of the
business shall be determinative of the
purpose to avoid the tax upon its
shareholders or members unless the
corporation, by the clear preponderance of
39 |
evidence, shall prove to the contrary.
(D) Improperly Accumulated Taxable Income. - For

purposes of this Section, the term 'improperly accumulated
taxable income' means taxable income' adjusted by:
(1) Income exempt from tax;

(2) Income excluded from gross income;
(3) Income subject to final tax; and
(4) The amount of net operating loss carry-
over deducted;
And reduced by the sum of:
(1) Dividends actually or constructively

paid; and
(2) Income tax paid for the taxable year.
Provided, however, That for corporations

using the calendar year basis, the
accumulated earnings under tax shall not
apply on improperly accumulated income
as of December 31, 1997. In the case of
corporations adopting the fiscal year
accounting period, the improperly
accumulated income not subject to this tax,
shall be reckoned, as of the end of the
month comprising the twelve (12)-month
period of fiscal year 1997-1998.
(E) Reasonable Needs of the Business. - For purposes of this

Section, the term 'reasonable needs of the business' includes
the reasonably anticipated needs of the business.
SEC. 30. Exemptions from Tax on Corporations. -

The following organizations shall not be taxed under this
Title in respect to income received by them as such:
(A) Labor, agricultural or horticultural organization not

organized principally for profit;
(B) Mutual savings bank not having a capital stock

represented by shares, and cooperative bank without capital
stock organized and operated for mutual purposes and
without profit;
(C) A beneficiary society, order or association, operating

fort he exclusive benefit of the members such as a fraternal
organization operating under the lodge system, or mutual
aid association or a nonstock corporation organized by
employees providing for the payment of life, sickness,
accident, or other benefits exclusively to the members of
such society, order, or association, or nonstock corporation
or their dependents;
(D) Cemetery company owned and operated exclusively for
40 |
the benefit of its members;
(E) Nonstock corporation or association organized and

operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific,
athletic, or cultural purposes, or for the rehabilitation of
veterans, no part of its net income or asset shall belong to or
inures to the benefit of any member, organizer, officer or
any specific person;
(F) Business league chamber of commerce, or board of

trade, not organized for profit and no part of the net income
of which inures to the benefit of any private stock-holder, or
individual;
(G) Civic league or organization not organized for profit but

operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare;
(H) A nonstock and nonprofit educational institution;
(I) Government educational institution;
(J) Farmers' or other mutual typhoon or fire insurance

company, mutual ditch or irrigation company, mutual or
cooperative telephone company, or like organization of a
purely local character, the income of which consists solely of
assessments, dues, and fees collected from members for the
sole purpose of meeting its expenses; and
(K) Farmers', fruit growers', or like association organized

and operated as a sales agent for the purpose of marketing
the products of its members and turning back to them the
proceeds of sales, less the necessary selling expenses on the
basis of the quantity of produce finished by them;
Notwithstanding the provisions in the preceding

paragraphs, the income of whatever kind and character of
the foregoing organizations from any of their properties,
real or personal, or from any of their activities conducted
for profit regardless of the disposition made of such income,
shall be subject to tax imposed under this Code.
CHAPTER V
COMPUTATION OF TAXABLE INCOME
SEC. 31. Taxable Income Defined. - The term taxable

income means the pertinent items of gross income specified
in this Code, less the deductions and/or personal and
additional exemptions, if any, authorized for such types of
income by this Code or other special laws.
CHAPTER VI
41 |
COMPUTATION OF GROSS INCOME
SEC. 32. Gross Income. -
(A) General Definition. - Except when otherwise

provided in this Title, gross income means all income
derived from whatever source, including (but not limited to)
the following items:
(1) Compensation for services in whatever

form paid, including, but not limited to
fees, salaries, wages, commissions, and
similar items;
(2) Gross income derived from the conduct
of trade or business or the exercise of a
profession;
(3) Gains derived from dealings in
property;
(4) Interests;
(5) Rents;
(6) Royalties;
(7) Dividends;
(8) Annuities;
(9) Prizes and winnings;
(10) Pensions; and
(11) Partner's distributive share from the
net income of the general professional
partnership.
(B) Exclusions from Gross Income. - The following

items shall not be included in gross income and shall be
exempt from taxation under this title:
(1) Life Insurance. - The proceeds of life

insurance policies paid to the heirs or
beneficiaries upon the death of the insured,
whether in a single sum or otherwise, but if
such amounts are held by the insurer under
an agreement to pay interest thereon, the
interest payments shall be included in
gross income.
(2) Amount Received by Insured as

Return of Premium. - The amount received
by the insured, as a return of premiums
paid by him under life insurance,
endowment, or annuity contracts, either
during the term or at the maturity of the
term mentioned in the contract or upon
surrender of the contract.
(3) Gifts, Bequests, and Devises. - The

value of property acquired by gift, bequest,
devise, or descent: Provided, however, That
income from such property, as well as gift,
bequest, devise or descent of income from
42 |
any property, in cases of transfers of
divided interest, shall be included in gross
income.
(4) Compensation for Injuries or

Sickness. - amounts received, through
Accident or Health Insurance or under
Workmen's Compensation Acts, as
compensation for personal injuries or
sickness, plus the amounts of any damages
received, whether by suit or agreement, on
account of such injuries or sickness.
(5) Income Exempt under Treaty. -

Income of any kind, to the extent required
by any treaty obligation binding upon the
Government of the Philippines.
(6) Retirement Benefits, Pensions,

Gratuities, etc.-
(a) Retirement benefits received

under Republic Act No. 7641 and
those received by officials and
employees of private firms,
whether individual or corporate,
in accordance with a reasonable
private benefit plan maintained by
the employer: Provided, That the
retiring official or employee has
been in the service of the same
employer for at least ten (10)
years and is not less than fifty (50)
years of age at the time of his
retirement:Provided, further,
That the benefits granted under
this subparagraph shall be availed
of by an official or employee only
once. For purposes of this
Subsection, the term 'reasonable
private benefit plan' means a
pension, gratuity, stock bonus or
profit-sharing plan maintained by
an employer for the benefit of
some or all of his officials or
employees, wherein contributions
are made by such employer for the
officials or employees, or both, for
the purpose of distributing to such
officials and employees the
earnings and principal of the fund
thus accumulated, and wherein its
is provided in said plan that at no
time shall any part of the corpus
or income of the fund be used for,
or be diverted to, any purpose
other than for the exclusive
benefit of the said officials and
43 |
employees.
(b) Any amount received by an

official or employee or by his heirs
from the employer as a
consequence of separation of such
official or employee from the
service of the employer because of
death sickness or other physical
disability or for any cause beyond
the control of the said official or
employee.
(c) The provisions of any existing

law to the contrary
notwithstanding, social security
benefits, retirement gratuities,
pensions and other similar
benefits received by resident or
nonresident citizens of the
Philippines or aliens who come to
reside permanently in the
Philippines from foreign
government agencies and other
institutions, private or public.
(d) Payments of benefits due or to

become due to any person
residing in the Philippines under
the laws of the United States
administered by the United States
Veterans Administration.
(e) Benefits received from or

enjoyed under the Social Security
System in accordance with the
provisions of Republic Act No.
8282.
(f) Benefits received from the

GSIS under Republic Act No.
8291, including retirement
gratuity received by government
officials and employees.
(7) Miscellaneous Items. -
(a) Income Derived by Foreign

Government. - Income derived
from investments in the
Philippines in loans, stocks, bonds
or other domestic securities, or
from interest on deposits in banks
in the Philippines by (i) foreign
governments, (ii) financing
institutions owned, controlled, or
enjoying refinancing from foreign
governments, and (iii)
44 |
international or regional financial
institutions established by foreign
governments.
(b) Income Derived by the

Government or its Political
Subdivisions. - Income derived
from any public utility or from the
exercise of any essential
governmental function accruing to
the Government of the Philippines
or to any political subdivision
thereof.
(c) Prizes and Awards. - Prizes

and awards made primarily in
recognition of religious,
charitable, scientific, educational,
artistic, literary, or civic
achievement but only if:
(i) The recipient was

selected without any
action on his part to
enter the contest
orproceeding; and
(ii) The recipient is not

required to render
substantial future
services as a condition
to receiving the prize or
award.
(d) Prizes and Awards in Sports

Competition. - All prizes and
awards granted to athletes in local
and international sports
competitions and tournaments
whether held in the Philippines or
abroad and sanctioned by their
national sports associations.
(e) 13th Month Pay and Other

Benefits. - Gross benefits received
by officials and employees of
public and private
entities: Provided, however, That
the total exclusion under this
subparagraph shall not exceed
Thirty thousand pesos (P30,000)
which shall cover:
(i) Benefits received by

officials and employees
of the national and local
governmentpursuant to
45 |
Republic Act No. 6686;
(ii) Benefits received by

employees pursuant to
Presidential Decree No.
851, asamended by
Memorandum Order No.
28, dated August 13,
1986;
(iii) Benefits received by

officials and employees
not covered by
Presidential decree
No. 851, as amended by
Memorandum Order No.
28, dated August 13,
1986; and
(iv) Other benefits such

as productivity
incentives and Christmas
bonus: Provided,further,
That the ceiling of Thirty
thousand pesos
(P30,000) may be
increasedthrough rules
and regulations issued by
the Secretary of Finance,
uponrecommendation of
the Commissioner, after
considering among
others, the effect on the
same of the inflation rate
at the end of the taxable
year.
(f) GSIS, SSS, Medicare and

Other Contributions. - GSIS, SSS,
Medicare and Pag-ibig
contributions, and union dues of
individuals.
(g) Gains from the Sale of Bonds,

Debentures or other Certificate of
Indebtedness. -Gains realized
from the same or exchange or
retirement of bonds, debentures
or other certificate of
indebtedness with a maturity of
more than five (5) years.
(h) Gains from Redemption of

Shares in Mutual Fund. - Gains
realized by the investor upon
redemption of shares of stock in a
mutual fund company as defined
46 |
in Section 22 (BB) of this Code.
SEC. 33. Special Treatment of Fringe Benefit.-
(A) Imposition of Tax.- A final tax of thirty-four percent

(34%) effective January 1, 1998; thirty-three percent (33%)
effective January 1, 1999; and thirty-two percent (32%)
effective January 1, 2000 and thereafter, is hereby imposed
on the grossed-up monetary value of fringe benefit
furnished or granted to the employee (except rank and file
employees as defined herein) by the employer, whether an
individual or a corporation (unless the fringe benefit is
required by the nature of, or necessary to the trade,
business or profession of the employer, or when the fringe
benefit is for the convenience or advantage of the
employer). The tax herein imposed is payable by the
employer which tax shall be paid in the same manner as
provided for under Section 57 (A) of this Code. The grossed-
up monetary value of the fringe benefit shall be determined
by dividing the actual monetary value of the fringe benefit
by sixty-six percent (66%) effective January 1, 1998; sixty-
seven percent (67%) effective January 1, 1999; and sixty-
eight percent (68%) effective January 1, 2000 and
thereafter: Provided, however, That fringe benefit
furnished to employees and taxable under Subsections (B),
(C), (D) and (E) of Section 25 shall be taxed at the
applicable rates imposed thereat: Provided, further, That
the grossed -Up value of the fringe benefit shall be
determined by dividing the actual monetary value of the
fringe benefit by the difference between one hundred
percent (100%) and the applicable rates of income tax under
Subsections (B), (C), (D), and (E) of Section 25.
(B) Fringe Benefit defined.- For purposes of this

Section, the term "fringe benefit" means any good, service
or other benefit furnished or granted in cash or in kind by
an employer to an individual employee (except rank and file
employees as defined herein) such as, but not limited to, the
following:
(1) Housing;
(2) Expense account;
(3) Vehicle of any kind;
(4) Household personnel, such as maid,
driver and others;
(5) Interest on loan at less than market
rate to the extent of the difference between
the market rate and actual rate granted;
(6) Membership fees, dues and other
expenses borne by the employer for the
employee insocial and athletic clubs or
other similar organizations;
(7) Expenses for foreign travel;
(8) Holiday and vacation expenses;
(9) Educational assistance to the employee
or his dependents; and
(10) Life or health insurance and other
47 |
non-life insurance premiums or similar
amounts inexcess of what the law allows.
(C) Fringe Benefits Not Taxable. - The following

fringe benefits are not taxable under this Section:
(1) fringe benefits which are authorized

and exempted from tax under special laws;
(2) Contributions of the employer for the
benefit of the employee to retirement,
insurance and hospitalization benefit
plans;
(3) Benefits given to the rank and file
employees, whether granted under a
collectivebargaining agreement or not; and
(4) De minimis benefits as defined in the
rules and regulations to be promulgated
by the Secretary of Finance, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner.
The Secretary of Finance is hereby authorized to

promulgate, upon recommendation of the Commissioner,
such rules and regulations as are necessary to carry out
efficiently and fairly the provisions of this Section, taking
into account the peculiar nature and special need of the
trade, business or profession of the employer.
CHAPTER VII
ALLOWABLE DEDUCTIONS
SEC. 34. Deductions from Gross Income. - Except for

taxpayers earning compensation income arising from
personal services rendered under an employer-employee
relationship where no deductions shall be allowed under
this Section other than under subsection (M) hereof, in
computing taxable income subject to income tax under
Sections 24 (A); 25 (A); 26; 27 (A), (B) and (C); and 28 (A)
(1), there shall be allowed the following deductions from
gross income;
(A) Expenses. -
(1) Ordinary and Necessary Trade,

Business or Professional Expenses.-
(a) In General. - There shall be

allowed as deduction from gross
income all the ordinary and
necessary expenses paid or
incurred during the taxable year
in carrying on or which are
directly attributable to, the
development, management,
operation and/or conduct of the
48 |
trade, business or exercise of a
profession, including:
(i) A reasonable
allowance for salaries,
wages, and other forms
of compensation for
personal services actually
rendered, including the
grossed-up monetary
value of fringe benefit
furnished or granted by
the employer to the
employee: Provided, Tha
t the final tax imposed
under Section 33 hereof
has been paid;
(ii) A reasonable
allowance for travel
expenses, here and
abroad, while away from
home in the pursuit of
trade, business or
profession;
(iii) A reasonable
allowance for rentals
and/or other payments
which are required as a
condition for the
continued use or
possession, for purposes
of the trade, business or
profession, of property to
which the taxpayer has
not taken or is not taking
title or in which he has
no equity other than that
of a lessee, user or
possessor;
(iv) A reasonable
allowance for
entertainment,
amusement and
recreation expenses
during the taxable year,
that are directly
connected to the
development,
management and
operation of the trade,
business or profession of
the taxpayer, or that are
directly related to or in
furtherance of the
conduct of his or its
49 |
trade, business or
exercise of a profession
not to exceed such
ceilings as the Secretary
of Finance may, by rules
and regulations
prescribe, upon
recommendation of the
Commissioner, taking
into account the needs as
well as the special
circumstances, nature
and character of the
industry, trade, business,
or profession of the
taxpayer: Provided, That
any expense incurred for
entertainment,
amusement or recreation
that is contrary to law,
morals public policy or
public order shall in no
case be allowed as a
deduction.
(b) Substantiation Requirements.

- No deduction from gross income
shall be allowed under Subsection
(A) hereof unless the taxpayer
shall substantiate with sufficient
evidence, such as official receipts
or other adequate records: (i) the
amount of the expense being
deducted, and (ii) the direct
connection or relation of the
expense being deducted to the
development, management,
operation and/or conduct of the
trade, business or profession of
the taxpayer.
(c) Bribes, Kickbacks and Other

Similar Payments. - No deduction
from gross income shall be
allowed under Subsection (A)
hereof for any payment made,
directly or indirectly, to an official
or employee of the national
government, or to an official or
employee of any local government
unit, or to an official or employee
of a government-owned or -
controlled corporation, or to an
official or employee or
representative of a foreign
government, or to a private
corporation, general professional
50 |
partnership, or a similar entity, if
the payment constitutes a bribe or
kickback.
(2) Expenses Allowable to Private

Educational Institutions. - In addition
to the expenses allowable as deductions
under this Chapter, a private educational
institution, referred to under Section 27 (B)
of this Code, may at its option elect either:
(a) to deduct expenditures otherwise
considered as capital outlays of depreciable
assets incurred during the taxable year for
the expansion of school facilities or (b) to
deduct allowance for depreciation thereof
under Subsection (F) hereof.
(B) Interest.-
(1) In General. - The amount of interest

paid or incurred within a taxable year on
indebtedness in connection with the
taxpayer's profession, trade or business
shall be allowed as deduction from gross
income: Provided, however, That the
taxpayer's otherwise allowable deduction
for interest expense shall be reduced by an
amount equal to the following percentages
of the interest income subjected to final
tax:
Forty-one percent (41%)

beginning January 1, 1998;
Thirty-nine percent (39%)

beginning January 1, 1999; and
Thirty-eight percent (38%)

beginning January 1, 2000;
(2) Exceptions. - No deduction shall be

allowed in respect of interest under the
succeeding subparagraphs:
(a) If within the taxable year an

individual taxpayer reporting
income on the cash basis incurs
an indebtedness on which an
interest is paid in advance
through discount or otherwise:
Provided, That such interest shall
be allowed a a deduction in the
year the indebtedness is
paid: Provided, further, That if
the indebtedness is payable in
periodic amortizations, the
amount of interest which
corresponds to the amount of the
51 |
principal amortized or paid during
the year shall be allowed as
deduction in such taxable year;
(b) If both the taxpayer and the

person to whom the payment has
been made or is to be made are
persons specified under Section
36 (B); or
(c)If the indebtedness is incurred

to finance petroleum exploration.
(3) Optional Treatment of Interest

Expense. - At the option of the taxpayer,
interest incurred to acquire property used
in trade business or exercise of a profession
may be allowed as a deduction or treated as
a capital expenditure.
(C) Taxes.-
(1) In General. - Taxes paid or incurred

within the taxable year in connection with
the taxpayer's profession, trade or
business, shall be allowed as deduction,
except
(a) The income tax provided for

under this Title;
(b) Income taxes imposed by

authority of any foreign country;
but this deduction shall be
allowed in the case of a taxpayer
who does not signify in his return
his desire to have to any extent the
benefits of paragraph (3) of this
subsection (relating to credits for
taxes of foreign countries);
(c) Estate and donor's taxes; and
(d) Taxes assessed against local

benefits of a kind tending to
increase the value of the property
assessed.
Provided, That taxes allowed

under this Subsection, when
refunded or credited, shall be
included as part of gross income
in the year of receipt to the extent
of the income tax benefit of said
deduction.
(2) Limitations on Deductions. - In

the case of a nonresident alien individual
engaged in trade or business in the
52 |
Philippines and a resident foreign
corporation, the deductions for taxes
provided in paragraph (1) of this
Subsection (C) shall be allowed only if and
to the extent that they are connected with
income from sources within the
Philippines.
(3) Credit Against Tax for Taxes of

Foreign Countries. - If the taxpayer
signifies in his return his desire to have the
benefits of this paragraph, the tax imposed
by this Title shall be credited with:
(a) Citizen and Domestic

Corporation. - In the case of a
citizen of the Philippines and of a
domestic corporation, the amount
of income taxes paid or incurred
during the taxable year to any
foreign country; and
(b) Partnerships and Estates. - In

the case of any such individual
who is a member of a general
professional partnership or a
beneficiary of an estate or trust,
his proportionate share of such
taxes of the general professional
partnership or the estate or trust
paid or incurred during the
taxable year to a foreign country,
if his distributive share of the
income of such partnership or
trust is reported for taxation
under this Title.
An alien individual and a foreign

corporation shall not be allowed
the credits against the tax for the
taxes of foreign countries allowed
under this paragraph.
(4) Limitations on Credit. - The

amount of the credit taken under this
Section shall be subject to each of the
following limitations:
(a) The amount of the

credit in respect to the
tax paid or incurred to
any country shall not
exceed the same
proportion of the tax
against which such credit
is taken, which the
taxpayer's taxable
income from sources
53 |
within such country
under this Title bears to
his entire taxable income
for the same taxable
year; and
(b) The total amount of

the credit shall not
exceed the same
proportion of the tax
against which such credit
is taken, which the
taxpayer's taxable
income from sources
without the Philippines
taxable under this Title
bears to his entire
taxable income for the
same taxable year.
(5) Adjustments on Payment of

Incurred Taxes. - If accrued taxes when
paid differ from the amounts claimed as
credits by the taxpayer, or if any tax paid is
refunded in whole or in part, the taxpayer
shall notify the Commissioner; who shall
redetermine the amount of the tax for the
year or years affected, and the amount of
tax due upon such redetermination, if any,
shall be paid by the taxpayer upon notice
and demand by the Commissioner, or the
amount of tax overpaid, if any, shall be
credited or refunded to the taxpayer. In the
case of such a tax incurred but not paid, the
Commissioner as a condition precedent to
the allowance of this credit may require the
taxpayer to give a bond with sureties
satisfactory to and to be approved by the
Commissioner in such sum as he may
require, conditioned upon the payment by
the taxpayer of any amount of tax found
due upon any such redetermination. The
bond herein prescribed shall contain such
further conditions as the Commissioner
may require.
(6) Year in Which Credit Taken. - The

credits provided for in Subsection (C)(3) of
this Section may, at the option of the
taxpayer and irrespective of the method of
accounting employed in keeping his books,
be taken in the year which the taxes of the
foreign country were incurred, subject,
however, to the conditions prescribed in
Subsection (C)(5) of this Section. If the
taxpayer elects to take such credits in the
year in which the taxes of the foreign
country accrued, the credits for all
54 |
subsequent years shall be taken upon the
same basis and no portion of any such
taxes shall be allowed as a deduction in the
same or any succeeding year.
(7) Proof of Credits. - The credits

provided in Subsection (C)(3) hereof shall
be allowed only if the taxpayer establishes
to the satisfaction of the Commissioner the
following:
(a) The total amount of income

derived from sources without the
Philippines;
(b) The amount of income derived

from each country, the tax paid or
incurred to which is claimed as a
credit under said paragraph, such
amount to be determined under
rules and regulations prescribed
by the Secretary of Finance; and
(c) All other information

necessary for the verification and
computation of such credits.
(D) Losses. -
(1) In General.- Losses actually sustained

during the taxable year and not
compensated for by insurance or other
forms of indemnity shall be allowed as
deductions:
(a) If incurred in trade, profession

or business;
(b) Of property connected with

the trade, business or profession,
if the loss arises from fires,
storms, shipwreck, or other
casualties, or from robbery, theft
or embezzlement.
The Secretary of Finance, upon

Commissioner, is hereby
authorized to promulgate rules
and regulations prescribing,
among other things, the time and
manner by which the taxpayer
shall submit a declaration of loss
sustained from casualty or from
robbery, theft or embezzlement
during the taxable year: Provided,
however, That the time limit to be
so prescribed in the rules and
regulations shall not be less than
55 |
thirty (30) days nor more than
ninety (90) days from the date of
discovery of the casualty or
robbery, theft or embezzlement
giving rise to the loss.
(c) No loss shall be allowed as a

deduction under this Subsection if
at the time of the filing of the
return, such loss has been claimed
as a deduction for estate tax
purposes in the estate tax return.
(2) Proof of Loss. - In the case of a

nonresident alien individual or foreign
corporation, the losses deductible shall be
those actually sustained during the year
incurred in business, trade or exercise of a
profession conducted within the
Philippines, when such losses are not
compensated for by insurance or other
forms of indemnity. The Secretary of
Finance, upon recommendation of the
Commissioner, is hereby authorized to
promulgate rules and regulations
prescribing, among other things, the time
and manner by which the taxpayer shall
submit a declaration of loss sustained from
casualty or from robbery, theft or
embezzlement during the taxable
year: Provided, That the time to be so
prescribed in the rules and regulations
shall not be less than thirty (30) days nor
more than ninety (90) days from the date
of discovery of the casualty or robbery,
theft or embezzlement giving rise to the
loss; and
(3) Net Operating Loss Carry-Over. -

The net operating loss of the business or
enterprise for any taxable year immediately
preceding the current taxable year, which
had not been previously offset as deduction
from gross income shall be carried over as
a deduction from gross income for the next
three (3) consecutive taxable years
immediately following the year of such
loss: Provided, however, That any net loss
incurred in a taxable year during which the
taxpayer was exempt from income tax shall
not be allowed as a deduction under this
Subsection: Provided, further, That a net
operating loss carry-over shall be allowed
only if there has been no substantial
change in the ownership of the business or
enterprise in that -
(i) Not less than seventy-five
56 |
percent (75%) in nominal value of
outstanding issuedshares., if the
business is in the name of a
corporation, is held by or on
behalf of the same persons; or
(ii) Not less than seventy-five

percent (75%) of the paid up
capital of the corporation, if the
business is in the name of a
corporation, is held by or on
behalf of the same persons.
For purposes of this subsection,

the term "not operating loss" shall
mean the excess of allowable
deduction over gross income of
the business in a taxable year.
Provided, That for mines other

than oil and gas wells, a net
operating loss without the benefit
of incentives provided for under
Executive Order No. 226, as
amended, otherwise known as the
Omnibus Investments Code of
1987, incurred in any of the first
ten (10) years of operation may be
carried over as a deduction from
taxable income for the next five
(5) years immediately following
the year of such loss. The entire
amount of the loss shall be carried
over to the first of the five (5)
taxable years following the loss,
and any portion of such loss which
exceeds, the taxable income of
such first year shall be deducted in
like manner form the taxable
income of the next remaining four
(4) years.
(4) Capital Losses. -
(a) Limitation. - Loss from sales

or Exchanges of capital assets
shall be allowed only to the extent
provided in Section 39.
(b) Securities Becoming

Worthless. - If securities as
defined in Section 22 (T) become
worthless during the taxable year
and are capital assets, the loss
resulting therefrom shall, for
purposes of this Title, be
considered as a loss from the sale
or exchange, on the last day of
57 |
such taxable year, of capital
assets.
(5) Losses From Wash Sales of Stock

or Securities. - Losses from "wash
sales" of stock or securities as provided in
Section 38.
(6) Wagering Losses. - Losses from

wagering transactions shall b allowed only
to the extent of the gains from such
transactions.
(7) Abandonment Losses. -
(a) In the event a contract area

where petroleum operations are
undertaken is partially or wholly
abandoned, all accumulated
exploration and development
expenditures pertaining thereto
shall be allowed as a deduction:
Provided, That accumulated
expenditures incurred in that area
prior to January 1, 1979 shall be
allowed as a deduction only from
any income derived from the same
contract area. In all cases, notices
of abandonment shall be filed
with the Commissioner.
(b) In case a producing well is

subsequently abandoned, the
unamortized costs thereof, as well
as the undepreciated costs of
equipment directly used therein,
shall be allowed as a deduction in
the year such well, equipment or
facility is abandoned by the
contractor:Provided, That if such
abandoned well is reentered and
production is resumed, or if such
equipment or facility is restored
into service, the said costs shall be
included as part of gross income
in the year of resumption or
restoration and shall be amortized
or depreciated, as the case may
be.
(E) Bad Debts. -
(1) In General. - Debts due to the

taxpayer actually ascertained to be
worthless and charged off within the
taxable year except those not connected
with profession, trade or business and
those sustained in a transaction entered
58 |
into between parties mentioned under
Section 36 (B) of this Code: Provided, That
recovery of bad debts previously allowed as
deduction in the preceding years shall be
included as part of the gross income in the
year of recovery to the extent of the income
tax benefit of said deduction.
(2) Securities Becoming Worthless. -

If securities, as defined in Section 22 (T),
are ascertained to be worthless and
charged off within the taxable year and are
capital assets, the loss resulting therefrom
shall, in the case of a taxpayer other than a
bank or trust company incorporated under
the laws of the Philippines a substantial
part of whose business is the receipt of
deposits, for the purpose of this Title, be
considered as a loss from the sale or
exchange, on the last day of such taxable
year, of capital assets.
(F) Depreciation. -
(1) General Rule. - There shall be

allowed as a depreciation deduction a
reasonable allowance for the exhaustion,
wear and tear (including reasonable
allowance for obsolescence) of property
used in the trade or business. In the case of
property held by one person for life with
remainder to another person, the
deduction shall be computed as if the life
tenant were the absolute owner of the
property and shall be allowed to the life
tenant. In the case of property held in trust,
the allowable deduction shall be
apportioned between the income
beneficiaries and the trustees in accordance
with the pertinent provisions of the
instrument creating the trust, or in the
absence of such provisions, on the basis of
the trust income allowable to each.
(2) Use of Certain Methods and

Rates. - The term "reasonable
allowance" as used in the preceding
paragraph shall include, but not limited to,
an allowance computed in accordance with
rules and regulations prescribed by the
Secretary of Finance, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner,
under any of the following methods:
(a) The straight-line method;

(b) Declining-balance method,
using a rate not exceeding twice
the rate which would have been
59 |
used had the annual allowance
been computed under the
method described in Subsection
(F) (1);
(c) The sum-of-the-years-digit
method; and
(d) any other method which may
be prescribed by the Secretary of
Finance uponrecommendation of
the Commissioner.
(3) Agreement as to Useful Life on

Which Depreciation Rate is Based. -
Where under rules and regulations
prescribed by the Secretary of Finance
upon recommendation of the
Commissioner, the taxpayer and the
Commissioner have entered into an
agreement in writing specifically dealing
with the useful life and rate of depreciation
of any property, the rate so agreed upon
shall be binding on both the taxpayer and
the national Government in the absence of
facts and circumstances not taken into
consideration during the adoption of such
agreement. The responsibility of
establishing the existence of such facts and
circumstances shall rest with the party
initiating the modification. Any change in
the agreed rate and useful life of the
depreciable property as specified in the
agreement shall not be effective for taxable
years prior to the taxable year in which
notice in writing by certified mail or
registered mail is served by the party
initiating such change to the other party to
the agreement:
Provided, however, that where the

taxpayer has adopted such useful life and
depreciation rate for any depreciable and
claimed the depreciation expenses as
deduction from his gross income, without
any written objection on the part of the
Commissioner or his duly authorized
representatives, the aforesaid useful life
and depreciation rate so adopted by the
taxpayer for the aforesaid depreciable asset
shall be considered binding for purposes of
this Subsection.
(4) Depreciation of Properties Used

in Petroleum Operations. - An
allowance for depreciation in respect of all
properties directly related to production of
petroleum initially placed in service in a
taxable year shall be allowed under the
straight-line or declining-balance method
60 |
of depreciation at the option of the service
contractor.
However, if the service contractor initially

elects the declining-balance method, it may
at any subsequent date, shift to the
straight-line method.
The useful life of properties used in or

related to production of petroleum shall be
ten (10) years of such shorter life as may be
permitted by the Commissioner.
Properties not used directly in the

production of petroleum shall be
depreciated under the straight-line method
on the basis of an estimated useful life of
five (5) years.
(5) Depreciation of Properties Used

in Mining Operations. - an allowance
for depreciation in respect of all properties
used in mining operations other than
petroleum operations, shall be computed as
follows:
(a) At the normal rate of

depreciation if the expected life is
ten (10) years or less; or
(b) Depreciated over any number

of years between five (5) years and
the expected life if the latter is
more than ten (10) years, and the
depreciation thereon allowed as
deduction from taxable
income: Provided, That the
contractor notifies the
Commissioner at the beginning of
the depreciation period which
depreciation rate allowed by this
Section will be used.
(6) Depreciation Deductible by

Nonresident Aliens Engaged in
Trade or Business or Resident
Foreign Corporations. - In the case of a
nonresident alien individual engaged in
trade or business or resident foreign
corporation, a reasonable allowance for the
deterioration of Property arising out of its
use or employment or its non-use in the
business trade or profession shall be
permitted only when such property is
located in the Philippines.
(G) Depletion of Oil and Gas Wells and Mines. -
(1) In General. - In the case of oil and gas

61 |
wells or mines, a reasonable allowance for
depletion or amortization computed in
accordance with the cost-depletion method
shall be granted under rules and
regulations to be prescribed by the
Secretary of finance, upon
Commissioner. Provided, That when the
allowance for depletion shall equal the
capital invested no further allowance shall
be granted: Provided, further, That after
production in commercial quantities has
commenced, certain intangible exploration
and development drilling costs: (a) shall be
deductible in the year incurred if such
expenditures are incurred for non-
producing wells and/or mines, or (b) shall
be deductible in full in the year paid or
incurred or at the election of the taxpayer,
may be capitalized and amortized if such
expenditures incurred are for producing
wells and/or mines in the same contract
area.
"Intangible costs in petroleum

operations" refers to any cost incurred in
petroleum operations which in itself has no
salvage value and which is incidental to and
necessary for the drilling of wells and
preparation of wells for the production of
petroleum: Provided, That said costs shall
not pertain to the acquisition or
improvement of property of a character
subject to the allowance for depreciation
except that the allowances for depreciation
on such property shall be deductible under
this Subsection.
Any intangible exploration, drilling and

development expenses allowed as a
deduction in computing taxable income
during the year shall not be taken into
consideration in computing the adjusted
cost basis for the purpose of computing
allowable cost depletion.
(2) Election to Deduct Exploration

and Development Expenditures. - In
computing taxable income from mining
operations, the taxpayer may at his option,
deduct exploration and development
expenditures accumulated as cost or
adjusted basis for cost depletion as of date
of prospecting, as well as exploration and
development expenditures paid or incurred
during the taxable year: Provided, That the
amount deductible for exploration and
development expenditures shall not exceed
62 |
twenty-five percent (25%) of the net
income from mining operations computed
without the benefit of any tax incentives
under existing laws. The actual exploration
and development expenditures minus
twenty-five percent (25%) of the net
income from mining shall be carried
forward to the succeeding years until fully
deducted.
The election by the taxpayer to deduct the

exploration and development expenditures
is irrevocable and shall be binding in
succeeding taxable years.
"Net income from mining operations", as

used in this Subsection, shall mean gross
income from operations less "allowable
deductions" which are necessary or related
to mining operations. "Allowable
deductions" shall include mining, milling
and marketing expenses, and depreciation
of properties directly used in the mining
operations. This paragraph shall not apply
to expenditures for the acquisition or
improvement of property of a character
which is subject to the allowance for
depreciation.
In no case shall this paragraph apply with

respect to amounts paid or incurred for the
exploration and development of oil and
gas.
The term "exploration

expenditures" means expenditures paid or
incurred for the purpose of ascertaining the
existence, location, extent or quality of any
deposit of ore or other mineral, and paid or
incurred before the beginning of the
development stage of the mine or deposit.
The term "development

expenditures" means expenditures paid or
incurred during the development stage of
the mine or other natural deposits. The
development stage of a mine or other
natural deposit shall begin at the time
when deposits of ore or other minerals are
shown to exist in sufficient commercial
quantity and quality and shall end upon
commencement of actual commercial
extraction.
(3) Depletion of Oil and Gas Wells

and Mines Deductible by a
Nonresident Alien individual or
Foreign Corporation. - In the case of a
63 |
nonresident alien individual engaged in
trade or business in the Philippines or a
resident foreign corporation, allowance for
depletion of oil and gas wells or mines
under paragraph (1) of this Subsection shall
be authorized only in respect to oil and gas
wells or mines located within the
Philippines.
(H) Charitable and Other Contributions. -
(1) In General. - Contributions or gifts

actually paid or made within the taxable
year to, or for the use of the Government of
the Philippines or any of its agencies or any
political subdivision thereof exclusively for
public purposes, or to accredited domestic
corporation or associations organized and
operated exclusively for religious,
charitable, scientific, youth and sports
development, cultural or educational
purposes or for the rehabilitation of
veterans, or to social welfare institutions,
or to non-government organizations, in
accordance with rules and regulations
promulgated by the Secretary of finance,
Commissioner, no part of the net income of
which inures to the benefit of any private
stockholder or individual in an amount not
in excess of ten percent (10%) in the case of
an individual, and five percent (%) in the
case of a corporation, of the taxpayer's
taxable income derived from trade,
business or profession as computed
without the benefit of this and the
following subparagraphs.
(2) Contributions Deductible in

Full. - Notwithstanding the provisions of
the preceding subparagraph, donations to
the following institutions or entities shall
be deductible in full;
(a) Donations to the Government.

- Donations to the Government of
the Philippines or to any of its
agencies or political subdivisions,
including fully-owned government
corporations, exclusively to
finance, to provide for, or to be
used in undertaking priority
activities in education, health,
youth and sports development,
human settlements, science and
culture, and in economic
development according to a
National Priority Plan determined
64 |
by the National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA),
In consultation with appropriate
government agencies, including
its regional development councils
and private philantrophic persons
and institutions: Provided, That
any donation which is made to the
Government or to any of its
agencies or political subdivisions
not in accordance with the said
annual priority plan shall be
subject to the limitations
prescribed in paragraph (1) of this
Subsection;
(b) Donations to Certain Foreign

Institutions or International
Organizations. - Donations to
foreign institutions or
international organizations which
are fully deductible in pursuance
of or in compliance with
agreements, treaties, or
commitments entered into by the
Government of the Philippines
and the foreign institutions or
international organizations or in
pursuance of special laws;
(c) Donations to Accredited

Nongovernment Organizations. -
The term "nongovernment
organization" means a non profit
domestic corporation:
(1) Organized and

operated exclusively for
scientific, research,
educational, character-
building and youth and
sports development,
health, social welfare,
cultural or charitable
purposes, or a
combination thereof, no
part of the net income of
which inures to the
benefit of any private
individual;
(2) Which, not later than

the 15th day of the third
month after the close of
the accredited
nongovernment
organizations taxable
year in which
65 |
contributions are
received, makes
utilization directly for the
active conduct of the
activities constituting the
purpose or function for
which it is organized and
operated, unless an
extended period is
granted by the Secretary
of Finance in accordance
with the rules and
regulations to be
promulgated, upon
Commissioner;
(3) The level of

administrative expense
of which shall, on an
annual basis, conform
with the rules and
regulations to be
prescribed by the
Secretary of Finance,
upon recommendation of
the Commissioner, but in
no case to exceed thirty
percent (30%) of the
total expenses; and
(4) The assets of which,

in the even of
dissolution, would be
distributed to another
nonprofit domestic
corporation organized
for similar purpose or
purposes, or to the state
for public purpose, or
would be distributed by a
court to another
organization to be used
in such manner as in the
judgment of said court
shall best accomplish the
general purpose for
which the dissolved
organization was
organized.
Subject to such terms

and conditions as may be
prescribed by the
Secretary of Finance, the
term "utilization" means:
(i) Any amount
66 |
in cash or in
kind (including
administrative
expenses) paid
or utilized to
accomplish one
or more
purposes for
which the
accredited
nongovernment
organization
was created or
organized.
(ii) Any amount

paid to acquire
an asset used
(or held for use)
directly in
carrying out one
or more
purposes for
which the
accredited
nongovernment
organization
was created or
organized.
An amount set aside for a

specific project which
comes within one or
more purposes of the
accredited
nongovernment
organization may be
treated as a utilization,
but only if at the time
such amount is set aside,
the accredited
nongovernment
organization has
established to the
satisfaction of the
Commissioner that the
amount will be paid for
the specific project
within a period to be
prescribed in rules and
regulations to be
promulgated by the
Secretary of Finance,
upon recommendation of
the Commissioner, but
not to exceed five (5)
years, and the project is
67 |
one which can be better
accomplished by setting
aside such amount than
by immediate payment of
funds.
(3) Valuation. - The amount of any

charitable contribution of property other
than money shall be based on the
acquisition cost of said property.
(4) Proof of Deductions. -

Contributions or gifts shall be allowable as
deductions only if verified under the rules
and regulations prescribed by the Secretary
Commissioner.
(I) Research and Development.-
(1) In General. - a taxpayer may treat

research or development expenditures
which are paid or incurred by him during
the taxable year in connection with his
trade, business or profession as ordinary
and necessary expenses which are not
chargeable to capital account. The
expenditures so treated shall be allowed as
deduction during the taxable year when
paid or incurred.
(2) Amortization of Certain

Research and Development
Expenditures. - At the election of the
taxpayer and in accordance with the rules
and regulations to be prescribed by the
recommendation of the Commissioner, the
following research and development
expenditures may be treated as deferred
expenses:
(a) Paid or incurred by the

taxpayer in connection with his
trade, business or profession;
(b) Not treated as expenses under
paragraph 91) hereof; and
(c) Chargeable to capital account
but not chargeable to property of a
character which issubject to
depreciation or depletion.
In computing taxable income,

such deferred expenses shall be
allowed as deduction ratably
distributed over a period of not
less than sixty (60) months as
may be elected by the taxpayer
68 |
(beginning with the month in
which the taxpayer first realizes
benefits from such expenditures).
The election provided by

paragraph (2) hereof may be made
for any taxable year beginning
after the effectivity of this Code,
but only if made not later than the
time prescribed by law for filing
the return for such taxable year.
The method so elected, and the
period selected by the taxpayer,
shall be adhered to in computing
taxable income for the taxable
year for which the election is
made and for all subsequent
taxable years unless with the
approval of the Commissioner, a
change to a different method is
authorized with respect to a part
or all of such expenditures. The
election shall not apply to any
expenditure paid or incurred
during any taxable year for which
the taxpayer makes the election.
(3) Limitations on Deduction. - This

Subsection shall not apply to:
(a) Any expenditure for the

acquisition or improvement of
land, or for the improvement of
property to be used in connection
with research and development of
a character which is subject to
depreciation and depletion; and
(b) Any expenditure paid or

incurred for the purpose of
ascertaining the existence,
location, extent, or quality of any
deposit of ore or other mineral,
including oil or gas.
(J) Pension Trusts. - An employer establishing or

maintaining a pension trust to provide for the payment of
reasonable pensions to his employees shall be allowed as a
deduction (in addition to the contributions to such trust
during the taxable year to cover the pension liability
accruing during the year, allowed as a deduction under
Subsection (A) (1) of this Section ) a reasonable amount
transferred or paid into such trust during the taxable year in
excess of such contributions, but only if such amount (1) has
not theretofore been allowed as a deduction, and (2) is
apportioned in equal parts over a period of ten (10)
consecutive years beginning with the year in which the
transfer or payment is made.
69 |
(K) Additional Requirements for Deductibility of
Certain Payments. - Any amount paid or payable which
is otherwise deductible from, or taken into account in
computing gross income or for which depreciation or
amortization may be allowed under this Section, shall be
allowed as a deduction only if it is shown that the tax
required to be deducted and withheld therefrom has been
paid to the Bureau of Internal Revenue in accordance with
this Section 58 and 81 of this Code.
(L) Optional Standard Deduction. - In lieu of the

deductions allowed under the preceding Subsections, an
individual subject to tax under Section 24, other than a
nonresident alien, may elect a standard deduction in an
amount not exceeding ten percent (10%) of his gross
income. Unless the taxpayer signifies in his return his
intention to elect the optional standard deduction, he shall
be considered as having availed himself of the deductions
allowed in the preceding Subsections. Such election when
made in the return shall be irrevocable for the taxable year
for which the return is made: Provided, That an individual
who is entitled to and claimed for the optional standard
deduction shall not be required to submit with his tax
return such financial statements otherwise required under
this Code: Provided, further, That except when the
Commissioner otherwise permits, the said individual shall
keep such records pertaining to his gross income during the
taxable year, as may be required by the rules and
regulations promulgated by the Secretary of Finance, upon
(M) Premium Payments on Health and/or

Hospitalization Insurance of an Individual
Taxpayer. - The amount of premiums not to exceed Two
thousand four hundred pesos (P2,400) per family or Two
hundred pesos (P200) a month paid during the taxable year
for health and/or hospitalization insurance taken by the
taxpayer for himself, including his family, shall be allowed
as a deduction from his gross income: Provided, That said
family has a gross income of not more than Two hundred
fifty thousand pesos (P250,000) for the taxable
year: Provided, finally, That in the case of married
taxpayers, only the spouse claiming the additional
exemption for dependents shall be entitled to this
deduction.
Notwithstanding the provision of the preceding

Subsections, The Secretary of Finance, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner, after a public
hearing shall have been held for this purpose, may prescribe
by rules and regulations, limitations or ceilings for any of
the itemized deductions under Subsections (A) to (J) of this
Section: Provided, That for purposes of determining such
ceilings or limitations, the Secretary of Finance shall
consider the following factors: (1) adequacy of the
prescribed limits on the actual expenditure requirements of
70 |
each particular industry; and (2) effects of inflation on
expenditure levels: Provided, further, That no ceilings shall
further be imposed on items of expense already subject to
ceilings under present law.
SEC. 35. Allowance of Personal Exemption for

Individual Taxpayer. -
(A) In General. - For purposes of determining the tax

provided in Section 24 (A) of this Title, there shall be
allowed a basic personal exemption as follows:
For single individual or married individual

judicially decreed as legally
separated with no qualified
dependents
P20,000
For Head of
Family
P25,000
For each married
individual
P32,000
In the case of married individuals where only one of the

spouses is deriving gross income, only such spouse shall be
allowed the personal exemption.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "head of

family" means an unmarried or legally separated man or
woman with one or both parents, or with one or more
brothers or sisters, or with one or more legitimate,
recognized natural or legally adopted children living with
and dependent upon him for their chief support, where such
brothers or sisters or children are not more than twenty-one
(21) years of age, unmarried and not gainfully employed or
where such children, brothers or sisters, regardless of age
are incapable of self-support because of mental or physical
defect.
(B) Additional Exemption for Dependents. - There

shall be allowed an additional exemption of Eight thousand
pesos (P8,000) for each dependent not exceeding four (4).
The additional exemption for dependent shall be claimed by

only one of the spouses in the case of married individuals.
In the case of legally separated spouses, additional

exemptions may be claimed only by the spouse who has
custody of the child or children: Provided, That the total
amount of additional exemptions that may be claimed by
both shall not exceed the maximum additional exemptions
herein allowed.
For purposes of this Subsection, a "dependent" means a

legitimate, illegitimate or legally adopted child chiefly
71 |
dependent upon and living with the taxpayer if such
dependent is not more than twenty-one (21) years of age,
unmarried and not gainfully employed or if such dependent,
regardless of age, is incapable of self-support because of
mental or physical defect.
(C) Change of Status. - If the taxpayer marries or should

have additional dependent(s) as defined above during the
taxable year, the taxpayer may claim the corresponding
additional exemption, as the case may be, in full for such
year.
If the taxpayer dies during the taxable year, his estate may
still claim the personal and additional exemptions for
himself and his dependent(s) as if he died at the close of
such year.
If the spouse or any of the dependents dies or if any of such

dependents marries, becomes twenty-one (21) years old or
becomes gainfully employed during the taxable year, the
taxpayer may still claim the same exemptions as if the
spouse or any of the dependents died, or as if such
dependents married, became twenty-one (21) years old or
became gainfully employed at the close of such year.
(D) Personal Exemption Allowable to Nonresident

Alien Individual. - A nonresident alien individual
engaged in trade, business or in the exercise of a profession
in the Philippines shall be entitled to a personal exemption
in the amount equal to the exemptions allowed in the
income tax law in the country of which he is a subject - or
citizen, to citizens of the Philippines not residing in such
country, not to exceed the amount fixed in this Section as
exemption for citizens or resident of the
Philippines: Provided, That said nonresident alien should
file a true and accurate return of the total income received
by him from all sources in the Philippines, as required by
this Title.
SEC. 36. Items Not Deductible.-
(A) General Rule. - In computing net income, no

deduction shall in any case be allowed in respect to -
(1) Personal, living or family expenses;
(2) Any amount paid out for new buildings

or for permanent improvements, or
bettermentsmade to increase the value of
any property or estate;
This Subsection shall not apply to

intangible drilling and development costs
incurred in petroleum operations which are
deductible under Subsection (G) (1) of
Section 34 of this Code.
72 |
(3) Any amount expended in restoring
property or in making good the exhaustion
thereof forwhich an allowance is or has
been made; or
(4) Premiums paid on any life insurance

policy covering the life of any officer or
employee, or of any person financially
interested in any trade or business carried
on by the taxpayer, individual or corporate,
when the taxpayer is directly or indirectly a
beneficiary under such policy.
(B) Losses from Sales or Exchanges of Property. -

In computing net income, no deductions shall in any case be
allowed in respect of losses from sales or exchanges of
property directly or indirectly -
(1) Between members of a family. For

purposes of this paragraph, the family of an
individual shall include only his brothers
and sisters (whether by the whole or half-
blood), spouse, ancestors, and lineal
descendants; or
(2) Except in the case of distributions in

liquidation, between an individual and
corporation more than fifty percent (50%)
in value of the outstanding stock of which
is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for
such individual; or
(3) Except in the case of distributions in

liquidation, between two corporations
more than fifty percent (50%) in value of
the outstanding stock of which is owned,
directly or indirectly, by or for the same
individual if either one of such
corporations, with respect to the taxable
year of the corporation preceding the date
of the sale of exchange was under the law
applicable to such taxable year, a personal
holding company or a foreign personal
holding company;
(4) Between the grantor and a fiduciary of

any trust; or
(5) Between the fiduciary of and the

fiduciary of a trust and the fiduciary of
another trust if the same person is a
grantor with respect to each trust; or
(6) Between a fiduciary of a trust and

beneficiary of such trust.
SEC. 37. Special Provisions Regarding Income and

Deductions of Insurance Companies, Whether
73 |
Domestic or Foreign. -
(A) Special Deduction Allowed to Insurance

Companies. - In the case of insurance companies, whether
domestic or foreign doing business in the Philippines, the
net additions, if any, required by law to be made within the
year to reserve funds and the sums other than dividends
paid within the year on policy and annuity contracts may be
deducted from their gross income:Provided, however, That
the released reserve be treated as income for the year of
release.
(B) Mutual Insurance Companies. - In the case of

mutual fire and mutual employers' liability and mutual
workmen's compensation and mutual casualty insurance
companies requiring their members to make premium
deposits to provide for losses and expenses, said companies
shall not return as income any portion of the premium
deposits returned to their policyholders, but shall return as
taxable income all income received by them from all other
sources plus such portion of the premium deposits as are
retained by the companies for purposes other than the
payment of losses and expenses and reinsurance reserves.
(C) Mutual Marine Insurance Companies. - Mutual

marine insurance companies shall include in their return of
gross income, gross premiums collected and received by
them less amounts paid to policyholders on account of
premiums previously paid by them and interest paid upon
those amounts between the ascertainment and payment
thereof.
(D) Assessment Insurance Companies.- Assessment

insurance companies, whether domestic or foreign, may
deduct from their gross income the actual deposit of sums
with the officers of the Government of the Philippines
pursuant to law, as additions to guarantee or reserve funds.
SEC. 38. Losses from Wash Sales of Stock or

Securities. -
(A) In the case of any loss claimed to have been sustained

from any sale or other disposition of shares of stock or
securities where it appears that within a period beginning
thirty (30) days before the date of such sale or disposition
and ending thirty (30) days after such date, the taxpayer has
acquired (by purchase or by exchange upon which the entire
amount of gain or loss was recognized by law), or has
entered into a contact or option so to acquire, substantially
identical stock or securities, then no deduction for the loss
shall be allowed under Section 34 unless the claim is made
by a dealer in stock or securities and with respect to a
transaction made in the ordinary course of the business of
such dealer.
(B) If the amount of stock or securities acquired (or covered
74 |
by the contract or option to acquire) is less than the amount
of stock or securities sold or otherwise disposed of, then the
particular shares of stock or securities, the loss form the sale
or other disposition of which is not deductible, shall be
determined under rules and regulations prescribed by the
Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the
Commissioner.
(C) If the amount of stock or securities acquired (or covered

by the contract or option to acquire which) resulted in the
non-deductibility of the loss, shall be determined under
rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of
Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner.
SEC. 39. Capital Gains and Losses. -
(A) Definitions. - As used in this Title -
(1) Capital Assets. - The term "capital

assets" means property held by the
taxpayer (whether or not connected with
his trade or business), but does not include
stock in trade of the taxpayer or other
property of a kind which would properly be
included in the inventory of the taxpayer if
on hand at the close of the taxable year, or
property held by the taxpayer primarily for
sale to customers in the ordinary course of
his trade or business, or property used in
the trade or business, of a character which
is subject to the allowance for depreciation
provided in Subsection (F) of Section 34; or
real property used in trade or business of
the taxpayer.
(2) Net Capital Gain. - The term "net

capital gain" means the excess of the gains
from sales or exchanges of capital assets
over the losses from such sales or
exchanges.
(3) Net Capital Loss. - The term "net

capital loss" means the excess of the losses
from sales or exchanges of capital assets
over the gains from such sales or
exchanges.
(B) Percentage Taken Into Account. - In the case of a

taxpayer, other than a corporation, only the following
percentages of the gain or loss recognized upon the sale or
exchange of a capital asset shall be taken into account in
computing net capital gain, net capital loss, and net income:
(1) One hundred percent (100%) if the

capital asset has been held for not more
than twelve(12) months; and
75 |
(2) Fifty percent (50%) if the capital asset
has been held for more than twelve (12)
months;
(C) Limitation on Capital Losses. - Losses from sales

or exchanges of capital assets shall be allowed only to the
extent of the gains from such sales or exchanges. If a bank
or trust company incorporated under the laws of the
Philippines, a substantial part of whose business is the
receipt of deposits, sells any bond, debenture, note, or
certificate or other evidence of indebtedness issued by any
corporation (including one issued by a government or
political subdivision thereof), with interest coupons or in
registered form, any loss resulting from such sale shall not
be subject to the foregoing limitation and shall not be
included in determining the applicability of such limitation
to other losses.
(D) Net Capital Loss Carry-over. - If any taxpayer,

other than a corporation, sustains in any taxable year a net
capital loss, such loss (in an amount not in excess of the net
income for such year) shall be treated in the succeeding
taxable year as a loss from the sale or exchange of a capital
asset held for not more than twelve (12) months.
(E) Retirement of Bonds, Etc. - For purposes of this

Title, amounts received by the holder upon the retirement
of bonds, debentures, notes or certificates or other
evidences of indebtedness issued by any corporation
(including those issued by a government or political
subdivision thereof) with interest coupons or in registered
form, shall be considered as amounts received in exchange
therefor.
(F) Gains or Losses From Short Sales, Etc. - For

purposes of this Title -
(1) Gains or losses from short sales of

property shall be considered as gains or
losses from sales or exchanges of capital
assets; and
(2) Gains or losses attributable to the

failure to exercise privileges or options to
buy or sellproperty shall be considered as
capital gains or losses.
SEC. 40. Determination of Amount and

Recognition of Gain or Loss. -
(A) Computation of Gain or Loss. - The gain from the

sale or other disposition of property shall be the excess of
the amount realized therefrom over the basis or adjusted
basis for determining gain, and the loss shall be the excess
of the basis or adjusted basis for determining loss over the
amount realized. The amount realized from the sale or other
disposition of property shall be the sum of money received
76 |
plus the fair market value of the property (other than
money) received;
(B) Basis for Determining Gain or Loss from Sale

or Disposition of Property. - The basis of property shall
be -
(1) The cost thereof in the case of property

acquired on or after March 1, 1913, if such
property was acquired by purchase; or
(2) The fair market price or value as of the

date of acquisition, if the same was
acquired by inheritance; or
(3) If the property was acquired by gift, the

basis shall be the same as if it would be in
the hands of the donor or the last preceding
owner by whom it was not acquired by gift,
except that if such basis is greater than the
fair market value of the property at the
time of the gift then, for the purpose of
determining loss, the basis shall be such
fair market value; or
(4) If the property was acquired for less

than an adequate consideration in money
or money's worth, the basis of such
property is the amount paid by the
transferee for the property; or
(5) The basis as defined in paragraph (C)(5)

of this Section, if the property was acquired
in a transaction where gain or loss is not
recognized under paragraph (C)(2) of this
Section.
(C) Exchange of Property. -
(1) General Rule. - Except as herein

provided, upon the sale or exchange or
property, the entire amount of the gain or
loss, as the case may be, shall be
recognized.
(2) Exception. - No gain or loss shall be

recognized if in pursuance of a plan of
merger or consolidation -
(a) A corporation, which is a party

to a merger or consolidation,
exchanges property solely for
stock in a corporation, which is a
party to the merger or
consolidation; or
(b) A shareholder exchanges stock

in a corporation, which is a party
77 |
to the merger or consolidation,
solely for the stock of another
corporation also a party to the
merger or consolidation; or
(c) A security holder of a

corporation, which is a party to
the merger or consolidation,
exchanges his securities in such
corporation, solely for stock or
securities in such corporation, a
party to the merger or
consolidation.
No gain or loss shall also be

recognized if property is
transferred to a corporation by a
person in exchange for stock or
unit of participation in such a
corporation of which as a result of
such exchange said person, alone
or together with others, not
exceeding four (4) persons, gains
control of said
corporation: Provided, That
stocks issued for services shall not
be considered as issued in return
for property.
(3) Exchange Not Solely in Kind. -
(a) If, in connection with an

exchange described in the above
exceptions, an individual, a
shareholder, a security holder or a
corporation receives not only
stock or securities permitted to be
received without the recognition
of gain or loss, but also money
and/or property, the gain, if any,
but not the loss, shall be
recognized but in an amount not
in excess of the sum of the money
and fair market value of such
other property
received:Provided, That as to the
shareholder, if the money and/or
other property received has the
effect of a distribution of a taxable
dividend, there shall be taxed as
dividend to the shareholder an
amount of the gain recognized not
in excess of his proportionate
share of the undistributed
earnings and profits of the
corporation; the remainder, if any,
of the gain recognized shall be
78 |
treated as a capital gain.
(b) If, in connection with the

exchange described in the above
exceptions, the transferor
corporation receives not only
stock permitted to be received
without the recognition of gain or
loss but also money and/or other
property, then (i) if the
corporation receiving such money
and/or other property distributes
it in pursuance of the plan of
merger or consolidation, no gain
to the corporation shall be
recognized from the exchange, but
(ii) if the corporation receiving
such other property and/or money
does not distribute it in pursuance
of the plan of merger or
consolidation, the gain, if any, but
not the loss to the corporation
shall be recognized but in an
amount not in excess of the sum
of such money and the fair market
value of such other property so
received, which is not distributed.
(4) Assumption of Liability. -
(a) If the taxpayer, in connection

with the exchanges described in
the foregoing exceptions, receives
stock or securities which would be
permitted to be received without
the recognition of the gain if it
were the sole consideration, and
as part of the consideration,
another party to the exchange
assumes a liability of the taxpayer,
or acquires from the taxpayer
property, subject to a liability,
then such assumption or
acquisition shall not be treated as
money and/or other property, and
shall not prevent the exchange
from being within the exceptions.
(b) If the amount of the liabilities

assumed plus the amount of the
liabilities to which the property is
subject exceed the total of the
adjusted basis of the property
transferred pursuant to such
exchange, then such excess shall
be considered as a gain from the
sale or exchange of a capital asset
or of property which is not a
79 |
capital asset, as the case may be.
(5) Basis -
(a) The basis of the stock or

securities received by the
transferor upon the exchange
specified in the above exception
shall be the same as the basis of
the property, stock or securities
exchanged, decreased by (1) the
money received, and (2) the fair
market value of the other property
received, and increased by (a) the
amount treated as dividend of the
shareholder and (b) the amount of
any gain that was recognized on
the exchange:Provided, That the
property received as "boot" shall
have as basis its fair market value:
Provided, further, That if as part
of the consideration to the
transferor, the transferee of
property assumes a liability of the
transferor or acquires form the
latter property subject to a
liability, such assumption or
acquisition (in the amount of the
liability) shall, for purposes of this
paragraph, be treated as money
received by the transferor on the
exchange: Provided, finally, That
if the transferor receives several
kinds of stock or securities, the
Commissioner is hereby
authorized to allocate the basis
among the several classes of
stocks or securities.
(b) The basis of the property

transferred in the hands of the
transferee shall be the same as it
would be in the hands of the
transferor increased by the
amount of the gain recognized to
the transferor on the transfer.
(6) Definitions. -
(a) The term "securities" means

bonds and debentures but
not "notes" of whatever class or
duration.
(b) The
term "merger" or "consolidation",
when used in this Section, shall be
80 |
understood to mean: (i) the
ordinary merger or consolidation,
or (ii) the acquisition by one
corporation of all or substantially
all the properties of another
corporation solely for
stock:Provided, That for a
transaction to be regarded as a
merger or consolidation within
the purview of this Section, it
must be undertaken for a bona
fide business purpose and not
solely for the purpose of escaping
the burden of taxation: Provided,
further, That in determining
whether a bona fide business
purpose exists, each and every
step of the transaction shall be
considered and the whole
transaction or series of
transaction shall be treated as a
single unit: Provided, finally ,
That in determining whether the
property transferred constitutes a
substantial portion of the property
of the transferor, the term
'property' shall be taken to include
the cash assets of the transferor.
(c) The term "control", when used

in this Section, shall mean
ownership of stocks in a
corporation possessing at least
fifty-one percent (51%) of the total
voting power of all classes of
stocks entitled to vote.
(d) The Secretary of Finance,

Commissioner, is hereby
authorized to issue rules and
regulations for the
purpose "substantially all" and
for the proper implementation of
this Section.
SEC. 41. Inventories. - Whenever in the judgment of the

Commissioner, the use of inventories is necessary in order
to determine clearly the income of any taxpayer, inventories
shall be taken by such taxpayer upon such basis as the
Commissioner, may, by rules and regulations, prescribe as
conforming as nearly as may be to the best accounting
practice in the trade or business and as most clearly
reflecting the income.
If a taxpayer, after having complied with the terms and a
81 |
conditions prescribed by the Commissioner, uses a
particular method of valuing its inventory for any taxable
year, then such method shall be used in all subsequent
taxable years unless:
(i) with the approval of the Commissioner,

a change to a different method is
authorized; or
(ii) the Commissioner finds that the nature

of the stock on hand (e.g., its scarcity,
liquidity, marketability and price
movements) is such that inventory gains
should be considered realized for tax
purposes and, therefore, it is necessary to
modify the valuation method for purposes
of ascertaining the income, profit, or loss in
a more realistic manner: Provided,
however, That the Commissioner shall not
exercise his authority to require a change in
inventory method more often than once
every three (3) years: Provided, further,
That any change in an inventory valuation
method must be subject to approval by the
Secretary of Finance.
SEC. 42. Income from Sources Within the

Philippines.-
(A) Gross Income From Sources Within the

Philippines. - The following items of gross income shall be
treated as gross income from sources within the
Philippines:
(1) Interests. - Interests derived from

sources within the Philippines, and
interests on bonds, notes or other interest-
bearing obligation of residents, corporate
or otherwise;
(2) Dividends. - The amount received as

dividends:
(a) from a domestic corporation;

and
(b) from a foreign corporation,

unless less than fifty percent
(50%) of the gross income of such
foreign corporation for the three-
year period ending with the close
of its taxable year preceding the
declaration of such dividends or
for such part of such period as the
corporation has been in existence)
was derived from sources within
the Philippines as determined
82 |
under the provisions of this
Section; but only in an amount
which bears the same ration to
such dividends as the gross
income of the corporation for such
period derived from sources
within the Philippines bears to its
gross income from all sources.
(3) Services. - Compensation for labor or

personal services performed in the
Philippines;
(4) Rentals and Royalties. - Rentals

and royalties from property located in the
Philippines or from any interest in such
property, including rentals or royalties for -
(a) The use of or the right or

privilege to use in the Philippines
any copyright, patent, design or
model, plan, secret formula or
process, goodwill, trademark,
trade brand or other like property
or right;
(b) The use of, or the right to use

in the Philippines any industrial,
commercial or scientific
equipment;
(c) The supply of scientific,

technical, industrial or
commercial knowledge or
information;
(d) The supply of any assistance

that is ancillary and subsidiary to,
and is furnished as a means of
enabling the application or
enjoyment of, any such property
or right as is mentioned in
paragraph (a), any such
equipment as is mentioned in
paragraph (b) or any such
knowledge or information as is
mentioned in paragraph (c);
(e) The supply of services by a

nonresident person or his
employee in connection with the
use of property or rights belonging
to, or the installation or operation
of any brand, machinery or other
apparatus purchased from such
nonresident person;
(f) Technical advice, assistance or
83 |
services rendered in connection
with technical management or
administration of any scientific,
industrial or commercial
undertaking, venture, project or
scheme; and
(g) The use of or the right to use:
(i) Motion picture films;

(ii) Films or video tapes
for use in connection
with television; and
(iii) Tapes for use in
connection with radio
broadcasting.
(5) Sale of Real Property. - Gains,

profits and income from the sale of real
property located in the Philippines; and
(6) Sale of Personal Property. - Gains;

profits and income from the sale of
personal property, as determined in
Subsection (E) of this Section.
(B) Taxable Income From Sources Within the

Philippines. -
(1) General Rule. - From the items of

gross income specified in Subsection (A) of
this Section, there shall be deducted the
expenses, losses and other deductions
properly allocated thereto and a ratable
part of expenses, interests, losses and other
deductions effectively connected with the
business or trade conducted exclusively
within the Philippines which cannot
definitely be allocated to some items or
class of gross income: Provided, That such
items of deductions shall be allowed only if
fully substantiated by all the information
necessary for its calculation. The
remainder, if any, shall be treated in full as
taxable income from sources within the
Philippines.
(2) Exception. - No deductions for

interest paid or incurred abroad shall be
allowed from the item of gross income
specified in subsection (A) unless
indebtedness was actually incurred to
provide funds for use in connection with
the conduct or operation of trade or
business in the Philippines.
(C) Gross Income From Sources Without the

Philippines. - The following items of gross income shall be
84 |
treated as income from sources without the Philippines:
(1) Interests other than those derived from

sources within the Philippines as provided
in
paragraph (1) of Subsection (A) of this
Section;
(2) Dividends other than those derived

from sources within the Philippines as
provided in
paragraph (2) of Subsection (A) of this
Section;
(3) Compensation for labor or personal

services performed without the
Philippines;
(4) Rentals or royalties from property

located without the Philippines or from any
interest in
such property including rentals or
royalties for the use of or for the privilege
of using
without the Philippines, patents,
copyrights, secret processes and formulas,
goodwill,
trademarks, trade brands, franchises
and other like properties; and
(5) Gains, profits and income from the sale

of real property located without the
Philippines.
(D) Taxable Income From Sources Without the

Philippines. - From the items of gross income specified in
Subsection (C) of this Section there shall be deducted the
expenses, losses, and other deductions properly
apportioned or allocated thereto and a ratable part of any
expense, loss or other deduction which cannot definitely be
allocated to some items or classes of gross income. The
remainder, if any, shall be treated in full as taxable income
from sources without the Philippines.
(E) Income From Sources Partly Within and Partly

Without the Philippines.- Items of gross income,
expenses, losses and deductions, other than those specified
in Subsections (A) and (C) of this Section, shall be allocated
or apportioned to sources within or without the Philippines,
under the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary
of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner.
Where items of gross income are separately allocated to
sources within the Philippines, there shall be deducted (for
the purpose of computing the taxable income therefrom)
the expenses, losses and other deductions properly
apportioned or allocated thereto and a ratable part of other
expenses, losses or other deductions which cannot definitely
be allocated to some items or classes of gross income. The
85 |
remainder, if any, shall be included in full as taxable income
from sources within the Philippines. In the case of gross
income derived from sources partly within and partly
without the Philippines, the taxable income may first be
computed by deducting the expenses, losses or other
deductions apportioned or allocated thereto and a ratable
part of any expense, loss or other deduction which cannot
definitely be allocated to some items or classes of gross
income; and the portion of such taxable income attributable
to sources within the Philippines may be determined by
processes or formulas of general apportionment prescribed
by the Secretary of Finance. Gains, profits and income from
the sale of personal property produced (in whole or in part)
by the taxpayer within and sold without the Philippines, or
produced (in whole or in part) by the taxpayer without and
sold within the Philippines, shall be treated as derived
partly from sources within and partly from sources without
the Philippines.
Gains, profits and income derived from the purchase of

personal property within and its sale without the
Philippines, or from the purchase of personal property
without and its sale within the Philippines shall be treated
as derived entirely form sources within the country in which
sold:Provided, however, That gain from the sale of shares of
stock in a domestic corporation shall be treated as derived
entirely form sources within the Philippines regardless of
where the said shares are sold. The transfer by a
nonresident alien or a foreign corporation to anyone of any
share of stock issued by a domestic corporation shall not be
effected or made in its book unless: (1) the transferor has
filed with the Commissioner a bond conditioned upon the
future payment by him of any income tax that may be due
on the gains derived from such transfer, or (2) the
Commissioner has certified that the taxes, if any, imposed
in this Title and due on the gain realized from such sale or
transfer have been paid. It shall be the duty of the transferor
and the corporation the shares of which are sold or
transferred, to advise the transferee of this requirement.
(F) Definitions. - As used in this Section the

words "sale" or "sold" include "exchange" or"exchanged";
and the
word "produced" includes "created", "fabricated", "manufa
ctured", "extracted", "processed", "cured" or "aged".
CHAPTER VIII
ACCOUNTING PERIODS
AND METHODS OF ACCOUNTING
SEC. 43. General Rule. - The taxable income shall be

computed upon the basis of the taxpayer's annual
accounting period (fiscal year or calendar year, as the case
86 |
may be) in accordance with the method of accounting
regularly employed in keeping the books of such taxpayer,
but if no such method of accounting has been so employed,
or if the method employed does not clearly reflect the
income, the computation shall be made in accordance with
such method as in the opinion of the Commissioner clearly
reflects the income. If the taxpayer's annual accounting
period is other than a fiscal year, as defined in Section
22(Q), or if the taxpayer has no annual accounting period,
or does not keep books, or if the taxpayer is an individual,
the taxable income shall be computed on the basis of the
calendar year.
SEC. 44. Period in which Items of Gross Income

Included. - The amount of all items of gross income shall
be included in the gross income for the taxable year in
which received by the taxpayer, unless, under methods of
accounting permitted under Section 43, any such amounts
are to be properly accounted for as of a different period. In
the case of the death of a taxpayer, there shall be included in
computing taxable income for the taxable period in which
falls the date of his death, amounts accrued up to the date of
his death if not otherwise properly includible in respect of
such period or a prior period.
SEC. 45. Period for which Deductions and Credits

Taken. - The deductions provided for in this Title shall be
taken for the taxable year in which "paid or
accrued" or "paid or incurred", dependent upon the
method of accounting the basis of which the net income is
computed, unless in order to clearly reflect the income, the
deductions should be taken as of a different period. In the
case of the death of a taxpayer, there shall be allowed as
deductions for the taxable period in which falls the date of
his death, amounts accrued up to the date of his death if not
otherwise properly allowable in respect of such period or a
prior period.
SEC. 46. Change of Accounting Period. If a taxpayer,

other than an individual, changes his accounting period
from fiscal year to calendar year, from calendar year to
fiscal year, or from one fiscal year to another, the net
income shall, with the approval of the Commissioner, be
computed on the basis of such new accounting period,
subject to the provisions of Section 47.
SEC. 47. Final or Adjustment Returns for a Period

of Less than Twelve (12) Months. -
(A) Returns for Short Period Resulting from

Change of Accounting Period. - If a taxpayer, other
than an individual, with the approval of the Commissioner,
changes the basis of computing net income from fiscal year
to calendar year, a separate final or adjustment return shall
be made for the period between the close of the last fiscal
year for which return was made and the following
87 |
December 31. If the change is from calendar year to fiscal
year, a separate final or adjustment return shall be made for
the period between the close of the last calendar year for
which return was made and the date designated as the close
of the fiscal year. If the change is from one fiscal year to
another fiscal year, a separate final or adjustment return
shall be made for the period between the close of the former
fiscal year and the date designated as the close of the new
fiscal year.
(B) Income Computed on Basis of Short Period. -

Where a separate final or adjustment return is made under
Subsection (A) on account of a change in the accounting
period, and in all other cases where a separate final or
adjustment return is required or permitted by rules and
regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner, to be made for a
fractional part of a year, then the income shall be computed
on the basis of the period for which separate final or
adjustment return is made.
SEC. 48. Accounting for Long-Term Contracts. -

Income from long-term contracts shall be reported for tax
purposes in the manner as provided in this Section. As used
herein, the term 'long-term contracts' means building,
installation or construction contracts covering a period in
excess of one (1) year. Persons whose gross income is
derived in whole or in part from such contracts shall report
such income upon the basis of percentage of completion.
The return should be accompanied by a return certificate of
architects or engineers showing the percentage of
completion during the taxable year of the entire work
performed under contract. There should be deducted from
such gross income all expenditures made during the taxable
year on account of the contract, account being taken of the
material and supplies on hand at the beginning and end of
the taxable period for use in connection with the work
under the contract but not yet so applied. If upon
completion of a contract, it is found that the taxable net
income arising thereunder has not been clearly reflected for
any year or years, the Commissioner may permit or require
an amended return.
SEC. 49. Installment Basis. -
(A) Sales of Dealers in Personal Property. - Under

Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner, a
person who regularly sells or otherwise disposes of personal
property on the installment plan may return as income
therefrom in any taxable year that proportion of the
installment payments actually received in that year, which
the gross profit realized or to be realized when payment is
completed, bears to the total contract price.
(B) Sales of Realty and Casual Sales of
88 |
Personality. - In the case (1) of a casual sale or other
casual disposition of personal property (other than property
of a kind which would properly be included in the inventory
of the taxpayer if on hand at the close of the taxable year),
for a price exceeding One thousand pesos (P1,000), or (2) of
a sale or other disposition of real property, if in either case
the initial payments do not exceed twenty-five percent
(25%) of the selling price, the income may, under the rules
and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Finance,
upon recommendation of the Commissioner, be returned on
the basis and in the manner above prescribed in this
Section. As used in this Section, the term "initial
payments" means the payments received in cash or
property other than evidences of indebtedness of the
purchaser during the taxable period in which the sale or
other disposition is made.
(C) Sales of Real Property Considered as Capital

Asset by Individuals. - An individual who sells or
disposes of real property, considered as capital asset, and is
otherwise qualified to report the gain therefrom under
Subsection (B) may pay the capital gains tax in installments
under rules and regulations to be promulgated by the
Commissioner.
(D) Change from Accrual to Installment Basis. - If a

taxpayer entitled to the benefits of Subsection (A) elects for
any taxable year to report his taxable income on the
installment basis, then in computing his income for the year
of change or any subsequent year, amounts actually
received during any such year on account of sales or other
dispositions of property made in any prior year shall not be
excluded.
SEC. 50. Allocation of Income and Deductions. - In

the case of two or more organizations, trades or businesses
(whether or not incorporated and whether or not organized
in the Philippines) owned or controlled directly or indirectly
by the same interests, the Commissioner is authorized to
distribute, apportion or allocate gross income or deductions
between or among such organization, trade or business, if
he determined that such distribution, apportionment or
allocation is necessary in order to prevent evasion of taxes
or clearly to reflect the income of any such organization,
trade or business.
CHAPTER IX
RETURNS AND PAYMENT OF TAX
89 |
SEC. 51. Individual Return. -
(A) Requirements. -
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of

this Subsection, the following individuals
are required to file an income tax return:
(a) Every Filipino citizen residing

in the Philippines;
(b) Every Filipino citizen residing

outside the Philippines, on his
income from sourceswithin the
Philippines;
(c) Every alien residing in the

Philippines, on income derived
Philippines; and
(d) Every nonresident alien

engaged in trade or business or in
the exercise of profession in the
Philippines.
(2) The following individuals shall not be

required to file an income tax return;
(a) An individual whose gross

income does not exceed his total
personal and additional
exemptions for dependents under
Section 35: Provided, That a
citizen of the Philippines and any
alien individual engaged in
business or practice of profession
within the Philippine shall file an
income tax return, regardless of
the amount of gross income;
(b) An individual with respect to

pure compensation income, as
defined in Section 32 (A)(1),
derived from sources within the
Philippines, the income tax on
which has been correctly withheld
under the provisions of Section 79
of this Code: Provided, That an
individual deriving compensation
concurrently from two or more
employers at any time during the
taxable year shall file an income
tax return: Provided, further,
That an individual whose
compensation income derived
90 |
Philippines exceeds Sixty
thousand pesos (P60,000) shall
also file an income tax return;
(c) An individual whose sole

income has been subjected to final
withholding tax pursuant to
Section 57(A) of this Code; and
(d) An individual who is exempt

from income tax pursuant to the
provisions of this Code and other
laws, general or special.
(3) The forgoing notwithstanding, any

individual not required to file an income
tax return may nevertheless be required to
file an information return pursuant to rules
and regulations prescribed by the Secretary
Commissioner.
(4) The income tax return shall be filed in

duplicate by the following persons:
(a) A resident citizen - on his

income from all sources;
(b) A nonresident citizen - on his

income derived from sources
within the Philippines;
(c) A resident alien - on his

income derived from sources
within the Philippines; and
(d) A nonresident alien engaged in

trade or business in the
Philippines - on his
incomederived from sources
within the Philippines.
(B) Where to File. - Except in cases where the

Commissioner otherwise permits, the return shall be filed
with an authorized agent bank, Revenue District Officer,
Collection Agent or duly authorized Treasurer of the city or
municipality in which such person has his legal residence or
principal place of business in the Philippines, or if there be
no legal residence or place of business in the Philippines,
with the Office of the Commissioner.
(C) When to File. -
(1) The return of any individual specified

above shall be filed on or before the
fifteenth (15th) day of April of each year
covering income for the preceding taxable
91 |
year.
(2) Individuals subject to tax on capital

gains;
(a) From the sale or exchange of

shares of stock not traded thru a
local stock exchange as prescribed
under Section 24(c) shall file a
return within thirty (30) days
after each transaction and a final
consolidated return on or before
April 15 of each year covering all
stock transactions of the
preceding taxable year; and
(b) From the sale or disposition of

real property under Section 24(D)
shall file a return within thirty
(30) days following each sale or
other disposition.
(D) Husband and Wife. - Married individuals, whether

citizens, resident or nonresident aliens, who do not derive
income purely from compensation, shall file a return for the
taxable year to include the income of both spouses, but
where it is impracticable for the spouses to file one return,
each spouse may file a separate return of income but the
returns so filed shall be consolidated by the Bureau for
purposes of verification for the taxable year.
(E) Return of Parent to Include Income of

Children. - The income of unmarried minors derived from
properly received from a living parent shall be included in
the return of the parent, except (1) when the donor's tax has
been paid on such property, or (2) when the transfer of such
property is exempt from donor's tax.
(F) Persons Under Disability. - If the taxpayer is

unable to make his own return, the return may be made by
his duly authorized agent or representative or by the
guardian or other person charged with the care of his
person or property, the principal and his representative or
guardian assuming the responsibility of making the return
and incurring penalties provided for erroneous, false or
fraudulent returns.
(G) Signature Presumed Correct. - The fact that an

individual's name is signed to a filed return shall be prima
facie evidence for all purposes that the return was actually
signed by him.
SEC. 52. Corporation Returns. -
(A) Requirements. - Every corporation subject to the tax

herein imposed, except foreign corporations not engaged in
trade or business in the Philippines, shall render, in
92 |
duplicate, a true and accurate quarterly income tax return
and final or adjustment return in accordance with the
provisions of Chapter XII of this Title. The return shall be
filed by the president, vice-president or other principal
officer, and shall be sworn to by such officer and by the
treasurer or assistant treasurer.
(B) Taxable Year of Corporation. - A corporation may

employ either calendar year or fiscal year as a basis for filing
its annual income tax return: Provided, That the
corporation shall not change the accounting period
employed without prior approval from the Commissioner in
accordance with the provisions of Section 47 of this Code.
(C) Return of Corporation Contemplating

Dissolution or Reorganization. - Every corporation
shall, within thirty (30) days after the adoption by the
corporation of a resolution or plan for its dissolution, or for
the liquidation of the whole or any part of its capital stock,
including a corporation which has been notified of possible
involuntary dissolution by the Securities and Exchange
Commission, or for its reorganization, render a correct
return to the Commissioner, verified under oath, setting
forth the terms of such resolution or plan and such other
information as the Secretary of Finance, upon
recommendation of the commissioner, shall, by rules and
regulations, prescribe.
The dissolving or reorganizing corporation shall, prior to

the issuance by the Securities and Exchange Commission of
the Certificate of Dissolution or Reorganization, as may be
defined by rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary
of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner,
secure a certificate of tax clearance from the Bureau of
Internal Revenue which certificate shall be submitted to the
Securities and Exchange Commission.
(D) Return on Capital Gains Realized from Sale of

Shares of Stock not Traded in the Local Stock
Exchange. - Every corporation deriving capital gains from
the sale or exchange of shares of stock not traded thru a
local stock exchange as prescribed under Sections 24 (c), 25
(A)(3), 27 (E)(2), 28(A)(8)(c) and 28 (B)(5)(c), shall file a
return within thirty (30) days after each transactions and a
final consolidated return of all transactions during the
taxable year on or before the fifteenth (15th) day of the
fourth (4th) month following the close of the taxable year.
SEC. 53. Extension of Time to File Returns. - The

Commissioner may, in meritorious cases, grant a reasonable
extension of time for filing returns of income (or final and
adjustment returns in case of corporations), subject to the
provisions of Section 56 of this Code.
SEC. 54. Returns of Receivers, Trustees in

Bankruptcy or Assignees. - In cases wherein receivers,
93 |
trustees in bankruptcy or assignees are operating the
property or business of a corporation, subject to the tax
imposed by this Title, such receivers, trustees or assignees
shall make returns of net income as and for such
corporation, in the same manner and form as such
organization is hereinbefore required to make returns, and
any tax due on the income as returned by receivers, trustees
or assignees shall be assessed and collected in the same
manner as if assessed directly against the organizations of
whose businesses or properties they have custody or
control.
SEC. 55. Returns of General Professional

Partnerships. - Every general professional partnership
shall file, in duplicate, a return of its income, except income
exempt under Section 32 (B) of this Title, setting forth the
items of gross income and of deductions allowed by this
Title, and the names, Taxpayer Identification Numbers
(TIN), addresses and shares of each of the partners.
SEC. 56. Payment and Assessment of Income Tax

for Individuals and Corporation. -
(A) Payment of Tax. -
(1) In General. - The total amount of tax

imposed by this Title shall be paid by the
person subject thereto at the time the
return is filed. In the case of tramp vessels,
the shipping agents and/or the husbanding
agents, and in their absence, the captains
thereof are required to file the return
herein provided and pay the tax due
thereon before their departure. Upon
failure of the said agents or captains to file
the return and pay the tax, the Bureau of
Customs is hereby authorized to hold the
vessel and prevent its departure until proof
of payment of the tax is presented or a
sufficient bond is filed to answer for the tax
due.
(2) Installment of Payment. - When

the tax due is in excess of Two thousand
pesos (P2,000), the taxpayer other than a
corporation may elect to pay the tax in two
(2) equal installments in which case, the
first installment shall be paid at the time
the return is filed and the second
installment, on or before July 15 following
the close of the calendar year. If any
installment is not paid on or before the
date fixed for its payment, the whole
amount of the tax unpaid becomes due and
payable, together with the delinquency
penalties.
94 |
(3) Payment of Capital Gains Tax. -
The total amount of tax imposed and
prescribed under Section 24 (c), 24(D),
27(E)(2), 28(A)(8)(c) and 28(B)(5)(c) shall
be paid on the date the return prescribed
therefor is filed by the person liable
thereto: Provided, That if the seller submits
proof of his intention to avail himself of the
benefit of exemption of capital gains under
existing special laws, no such payments
shall be required : Provided, further, That
in case of failure to qualify for exemption
under such special laws and implementing
rules and regulations, the tax due on the
gains realized from the original transaction
shall immediately become due and payable,
subject to the penalties prescribed under
applicable provisions of this
Code: Provided, finally, That if the seller,
having paid the tax, submits such proof of
intent within six (6) months from the
registration of the document transferring
the real property, he shall be entitled to a
refund of such tax upon verification of his
compliance with the requirements for such
exemption.
In case the taxpayer elects and is qualified to report the gain

by installments under Section 49 of this Code, the tax due
from each installment payment shall be paid within (30)
days from the receipt of such payments.
No registration of any document transferring real property

shall be effected by the Register of Deeds unless the
Commissioner or his duly authorized representative has
certified that such transfer has been reported, and the tax
herein imposed, if any, has been paid.
(B) Assessment and Payment of Deficiency Tax. -

After the return is filed, the Commissioner shall examine it
and assess the correct amount of the tax. The tax or
deficiency income tax so discovered shall be paid upon
notice and demand from the Commissioner.
As used in this Chapter, in respect of a tax imposed by this

Title, the term "deficiency" means:
(1) The amount by which the tax imposed

by this Title exceeds the amount shown as
the tax by the taxpayer upon his return; but
the amount so shown on the return shall be
increased by the amounts previously
assessed (or collected without assessment)
as a deficiency, and decreased by the
amount previously abated, credited,
returned or otherwise repaid in respect of
95 |
such tax; or
(2) If no amount is shown as the tax by the

taxpayer upon this return, or if no return is
made by the taxpayer, then the amount by
which the tax exceeds the amounts
previously assessed (or collected without
assessment) as a deficiency; but such
amounts previously assessed or collected
without assessment shall first be decreased
by the amounts previously abated, credited
returned or otherwise repaid in respect of
such tax.
SEC. 57. Withholding of Tax at Source. -
(A) Withholding of Final Tax on Certain Incomes. -

Subject to rules and regulations the Secretary of Finance
may promulgate, upon the recommendation of the
Commissioner, requiring the filing of income tax return by
certain income payees, the tax imposed or prescribed by
Sections 24(B)(1), 24(B)(2), 24(C), 24(D)(1); 25(A)(2),
25(A)(3), 25(B), 25(C), 25(D), 25(E), 27(D)(!), 27(D)(2),
27(D)(3), 27(D)(5), 28 (A)(4), 28(A)(5), 28(A)(7)(a),
28(A)(7)(b), 28(A)(7)(c), 28(B)(1), 28(B)(2), 28(B)(3),
28(B)(4), 28(B)(5)(a), 28(B)(5)(b), 28(B)(5)(c); 33; and 282
of this Code on specified items of income shall be withheld
by payor-corporation and/or person and paid in the same
manner and subject to the same conditions as provided in
Section 58 of this Code.
(B) Withholding of Creditable Tax at Source. - The

Secretary of Finance may, upon the recommendation of the
Commissioner, require the withholding of a tax on the items
of income payable to natural or juridical persons, residing
in the Philippines, by payor-corporation/persons as
provided for by law, at the rate of not less than one percent
(1%) but not more than thirty-two percent (32%) thereof,
which shall be credited against the income tax liability of
the taxpayer for the taxable year.
(C) Tax-free Covenant Bonds. In any case where bonds,

mortgages, deeds of trust or other similar obligations of
domestic or resident foreign corporations, contain a
contract or provisions by which the obligor agrees to pay
any portion of the tax imposed in this Title upon the obligee
or to reimburse the obligee for any portion of the tax or to
pay the interest without deduction for any tax which the
obligor may be required or permitted to pay thereon or to
retain therefrom under any law of the Philippines, or any
state or country, the obligor shall deduct bonds, mortgages,
deeds of trust or other obligations, whether the interest or
other payments are payable annually or at shorter or longer
periods, and whether the bonds, securities or obligations
had been or will be issued or marketed, and the interest or
other payment thereon paid, within or without the
96 |
Philippines, if the interest or other payment is payable to a
nonresident alien or to a citizen or resident of the
Philippines.
SEC. 58. Returns and Payment of Taxes Withheld

at Source. -
(A) Quarterly Returns and Payments of Taxes

Withheld. - Taxes deducted and withheld under Section 57
by withholding agents shall be covered by a return and paid
to, except in cases where the Commissioner otherwise
permits, an authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality
where the withholding agent has his legal residence or
principal place of business, or where the withholding agent
is a corporation, where the principal office is located.
The taxes deducted and withheld by the withholding agent

shall be held as a special fund in trust for the government
until paid to the collecting officers.
The return for final withholding tax shall be filed and the
payment made within twenty-five (25) days from the close
of each calendar quarter, while the return for creditable
withholding taxes shall be filed and the payment made not
later than the last day of the month following the close of
the quarter during which withholding was made: Provided,
That the Commissioner, with the approval of the Secretary
of Finance, may require these withholding agents to pay or
deposit the taxes deducted or withheld at more frequent
intervals when necessary to protect the interest of the
government.
(B) Statement of Income Payments Made and

Taxes Withheld. - Every withholding agent required to
deduct and withhold taxes under Section 57 shall furnish
each recipient, in respect to his or its receipts during the
calendar quarter or year, a written statement showing the
income or other payments made by the withholding agent
during such quarter or year, and the amount of the tax
deducted and withheld therefrom, simultaneously upon
payment at the request of the payee, but not late than the
twentieth (20th) day following the close of the quarter in
the case of corporate payee, or not later than March 1 of the
following year in the case of individual payee for creditable
withholding taxes. For final withholding taxes, the
statement should be given to the payee on or before January
31 of the succeeding year.
(C) Annual Information Return. - Every withholding

agent required to deduct and withhold taxes under Section
57 shall submit to the Commissioner an annual information
return containing the list of payees and income payments,
amount of taxes withheld from each payee and such other
pertinent information as may be required by the
Commissioner. In the case of final withholding taxes, the
return shall be filed on or before January 31 of the
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succeeding year, and for creditable withholding taxes, not
later than March 1 of the year following the year for which
the annual report is being submitted. This return, if made
and filed in accordance with the rules and regulations
approved by the Secretary of Finance, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner, shall be sufficient
compliance with the requirements of Section 68 of this Title
in respect to the income payments.
The Commissioner may, by rules and regulations, grant to

any withholding agent a reasonable extension of time to
furnish and submit the return required in this Subsection.
(D) Income of Recipient. - Income upon which any

creditable tax is required to be withheld at source under
Section 57 shall be included in the return of its recipient but
the excess of the amount of tax so withheld over the tax due
on his return shall be refunded to him subject to the
provisions of Section 204; if the income tax collected at
source is less than the tax due on his return, the difference
shall be paid in accordance with the provisions of Section
56.
All taxes withheld pursuant to the provisions of this Code

and its implementing rules and regulations are hereby
considered trust funds and shall be maintained in a separate
account and not commingled with any other funds of the
withholding agent.
(E) Registration with Register of Deeds. - No

registration of any document transferring real property
shall be effected by the Register of Deeds unless the
Commissioner or his duly authorized representative has
certified that such transfer has been reported, and the
capital gains or creditable withholding tax, if any, has been
paid: Provided, however, That the information as may be
required by rules and regulations to be prescribed by the
Commissioner, shall be annotated by the Register of Deeds
in the Transfer Certificate of Title or Condominium
Certificate of Title: Provided, further, That in cases of
transfer of property to a corporation, pursuant to a merger,
consolidation or reorganization, and where the law allows
deferred recognition of income in accordance with Section
40, the information as may be required by rules and
regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of Finance,
upon recommendation of the Commissioner, shall be
annotated by the Register of Deeds at the back of the
Transfer Certificate of Title or Condominium Certificate of
Title of the real property involved:Provided, finally, That
any violation of this provision by the Register of Deeds shall
be subject to the penalties imposed under Section 269 of
this Code.
SEC. 59. Tax on Profits Collectible from Owner or

Other Persons. - The tax imposed under this Title upon
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gains, profits, and income not falling under the foregoing
and not returned and paid by virtue of the foregoing or as
otherwise provided by law shall be assessed by personal
return under rules and regulations to be prescribed by the
Commissioner. The intent and purpose of the Title is that all
gains, profits and income of a taxable class, as defined in
this Title, shall be charged and assessed with the
corresponding tax prescribed by this Title, and said tax shall
be paid by the owners of such gains, profits and income, or
the proper person having the receipt, custody, control or
disposal of the same. For purposes of this Title, ownership
of such gains, profits and income or liability to pay the tax
shall be determined as of the year for which a return is
required to be rendered.
CHAPTER X
ESTATES AND TRUSTS
SEC. 60. Imposition of Tax. -
(A) Application of Tax. - The tax imposed by this Title

upon individuals shall apply to the income of estates or of
any kind of property held in trust, including:
(1) Income accumulated in trust for the

benefit of unborn or unascertained person
or personswith contingent interests, and
income accumulated or held for future
distribution under the terms of the will or
trust;
(2) Income which is to be distributed

currently by the fiduciary to the
beneficiaries, and income collected by a
guardian of an infant which is to be held or
distributed as the court may direct;
(3) Income received by estates of deceased

persons during the period of
administration orsettlement of the estate;
and
(4) Income which, in the discretion of the

fiduciary, may be either distributed to the
beneficiaries or accumulated.
(B) Exception. - The tax imposed by this Title shall not

apply to employee's trust which forms part of a pension,
stock bonus or profit-sharing plan of an employer for the
benefit of some or all of his employees (1) if contributions
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are made to the trust by such employer, or employees, or
both for the purpose of distributing to such employees the
earnings and principal of the fund accumulated by the trust
in accordance with such plan, and (2) if under the trust
instrument it is impossible, at any time prior to the
satisfaction of all liabilities with respect to employees under
the trust, for any part of the corpus or income to be (within
the taxable year or thereafter) used for, or diverted to,
purposes other than for the exclusive benefit of his
employees: Provided, That any amount actually distributed
to any employee or distributee shall be taxable to him in the
year in which so distributed to the extent that it exceeds the
amount contributed by such employee or distributee.
(C) Computation and Payment. -
(1) In General. - The tax shall be computed

upon the taxable income of the estate or
trust and shall be paid by the fiduciary,
except as provided in Section 63 (relating
to revocable trusts) and Section 64
(relating to income for the benefit of the
grantor).
(2) Consolidation of Income of Two or

More Trusts. - Where, in the case of two or
more trusts, the creator of the trust in each
instance is the same person, and the
beneficiary in each instance is the same,
the taxable income of all the trusts shall be
consolidated and the tax provided in this
Section computed on such consolidated
income, and such proportion of said tax
shall be assessed and collected from each
trustee which the taxable income of the
trust administered by him bears to the
consolidated income of the several trusts.
SEC. 61. Taxable Income. - The taxable income of the

estate or trust shall be computed in the same manner and
on the same basis as in the case of an individual, except
that:
(A) There shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the

taxable income of the estate or trust the amount of the
income of the estate or trust for the taxable year which is to
be distributed currently by the fiduciary to the beneficiaries,
and the amount of the income collected by a guardian of an
infant which is to be held or distributed as the court may
direct, but the amount so allowed as a deduction shall be
included in computing the taxable income of the
beneficiaries, whether distributed to them or not. Any
amount allowed as a deduction under this Subsection shall
not be allowed as a deduction under Subsection (B) of this
Section in the same or any succeeding taxable year.
(B) In the case of income received by estates of deceased
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persons during the period of administration or settlement of
the estate, and in the case of income which, in the discretion
of the fiduciary, may be either distributed to the beneficiary
or accumulated, there shall be allowed as an additional
deduction in computing the taxable income of the estate or
trust the amount of the income of the estate or trust for its
taxable year, which is properly paid or credited during such
year to any legatee, heir or beneficiary but the amount so
allowed as a deduction shall be included in computing the
taxable income of the legatee, heir or beneficiary.
(C) In the case of a trust administered in a foreign country,

the deductions mentioned in Subsections (A) and (B) of this
Section shall not be allowed: Provided, That the amount of
any income included in the return of said trust shall not be
included in computing the income of the beneficiaries.
SEC. 62. Exemption Allowed to Estates and Trusts.

- For the purpose of the tax provided for in this Title, there
shall be allowed an exemption of Twenty thousand pesos
(P20,000) from the income of the estate or trust.
SEC. 63. Revocable Trusts. - Where at any time the

power to revest in the grantor title to any part of the corpus
of the trust is vested (1) in the grantor either alone or in
conjunction with any person not having a substantial
adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the corpus
or the income therefrom, or (2) in any person not having a
substantial adverse interest in the disposition of such part
of the corpus or the income therefrom, the income of such
part of the trust shall be included in computing the taxable
income of the grantor.
SEC. 64. Income for Benefit of Grantor.-
(A) Where any part of the income of a trust (1) is, or in the
discretion of the grantor or of any person not having a
of the income may be held or accumulated for future
distribution to the grantor, or (2) may, or in the discretion
of the grantor or of any person not having a substantial
adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the
income, be distributed to the grantor, or (3) is, or in the
discretion of the grantor or of any person not having a
of the income may be applied to the payment of premiums
upon policies of insurance on the life of the grantor, such
part of the income of the trust shall be included in
computing the taxable income of the grantor.
(B) As used in this Section, the term 'in the discretion of the
grantor' means in the discretion of the grantor, either alone
or in conjunction with any person not having a substantial
adverse interest in the disposition of the part of the income
in question.
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SEC. 65. Fiduciary Returns. - Guardians, trustees,
executors, administrators, receivers, conservators and all
persons or corporations, acting in any fiduciary capacity,
shall render, in duplicate, a return of the income of the
person, trust or estate for whom or which they act, and be
subject to all the provisions of this Title, which apply to
individuals in case such person, estate or trust has a gross
income of Twenty thousand pesos (P20,000) or over during
the taxable year. Such fiduciary or person filing the return
for him or it, shall take oath that he has sufficient
knowledge of the affairs of such person, trust or estate to
enable him to make such return and that the same is, to the
best of his knowledge and belief, true and correct, and be
subject to all the provisions of this Title which apply to
individuals: Provided, That a return made by or for one or
two or more joint fiduciaries filed in the province where
such fiduciaries reside; under such rules and regulations as
the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the
Commissioner, shall prescribe, shall be a sufficient
compliance with the requirements of this Section.
SEC. 66. Fiduciaries Indemnified Against Claims

for Taxes Paid. - Trustees, executors, administrators and
other fiduciaries are indemnified against the claims or
demands of every beneficiary for all payments of taxes
which they shall be required to make under the provisions
of this Title, and they shall have credit for the amount of
such payments against the beneficiary or principal in any
accounting which they make as such trustees or other
fiduciaries.
CHAPTER XI
OTHER INCOME TAX REQUIREMENTS
SEC. 67. Collection of Foreign Payments. - All

persons, corporations, duly registered general co-
partnerships (companias colectivas) undertaking for profit
or otherwise the collection of foreign payments of interests
or dividends by means of coupons, checks or bills of
exchange shall obtain a license from the Commissioner, and
shall be subject to such rules and regulations enabling the
government to obtain the information required under this
Title, as the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of
the Commissioner, shall prescribe.
SEC. 68. Information at Source as to Income

Payments. - all persons, corporations or duly registered
co- partnerships (companias colectivas), in whatever
capacity acting, including lessees or mortgagors of real or
personal property, trustees, acting in any trust capacity,
executors, administrators, receivers, conservators and
employees making payment to another person, corporation
102 |
or duly registered general co-partnership (compania
colectiva), of interests, rents, salaries, wages, premiums,
annuities, compensations, remunerations, emoluments or
other fixed or determinable gains, profits and income, other
than payment described in Section 69, in any taxable year,
or in the case of such payments made by the Government of
the Philippines, the officers or employees of the
Government having information as to such payments and
required to make returns in regard thereto, are authorized
and required to render a true and accurate return to the
Commissioner, under such rules and regulations, and in
such form and manner as may be prescribed by the
Commissioner, setting forth the amount of such gains,
profits and income and the name and address of the
recipient of such payments: Provided, That such returns
shall be required, in the case of payments of interest upon
bonds and mortgages or deeds of trust or other similar
obligations of corporations, and in the case of collections of
items, not payable in the Philippines, of interest upon the
bonds of foreign countries and interest from the bonds and
dividends from the stock of foreign corporations by persons,
corporations or duly registered general co-partnerships
(companias colectivas), undertaking as a matter of business
or for profit or otherwise the collection of foreign payments
of such interests or dividends by means of coupons or bills
of exchange.
SEC. 69. Return of Information of Brokers. - Every

person, corporation or duly registered general co-
partnership (compania colectiva), doing business as a
broker in any exchange or board or other similar place of
business, shall, when required by the Commissioner, render
a correct return duly verified under oath under such rules
and regulations as the Secretary of Finance, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner, may prescribe,
showing the names of customers for whom such person,
corporation or duly registered general co-partnership
(compania colectiva) has transacted any business, with such
details as to the profits, losses or other information which
the Commissioner, may require as to each of such
customers as will enable the Commissioner to determine
whether all income tax due on profits or gains of such
customers has been paid.
SEC. 70. Returns of Foreign Corporations. -
(A) Requirements. - Under rules and

regulations prescribed by the Secretary of
finance, upon the recommendation of the
Commissioner, any attorney, accountant,
fiduciary, bank, trust company, financial
institution or other person, who aids,
assists, counsels or advises in, o with
respect to; the formation, organization or
reorganization of any foreign corporation,
shall, within thirty (30) days thereafter, file
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with the Commissioner a return.
(B) Form and Contents of Return. -

Such return shall be in such form and shall
set forth; under oath, in respect of each
such corporation, to the full extent of the
information within the possession or
knowledge or under the control of the
person required to file the return, such
information as the Secretary of Finance,
Commissioner, shall prescribe by rules and
regulations as necessary for carrying out
the provisions of this Title. Nothing in this
Section shall be construed to require the
divulging of privileged communications
between attorney and client.
SEC. 71. Disposition of Income Tax Returns,

Publication of Lists of Taxpayers and Filers. - After
the assessment shall have been made, as provided in this
Title, the returns, together with any corrections thereof
which may have been made by the Commissioner, shall be
filed in the Office of the Commissioner and shall constitute
public records and be open to inspection as such upon the
order of the President of the Philippines, under rules and
regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of Finance,
upon recommendation of the Commissioner.
The Commissioner may, in each year, cause to be prepared

and published in any newspaper the lists containing the
names and addresses of persons who have filed income tax
returns.
SEC. 72. Suit to Recover Tax Based on False or

Fraudulent Returns. - When an assessment is made in
case of any list, statement or return, which in the opinion of
the Commissioner was false or fraudulent or contained any
understatement or undervaluation, no tax collected under
such assessment shall be recovered by any suit, unless it is
proved that the said list, statement or return was not false
nor fraudulent and did not contain any understatement or
undervaluation; but this provision shall not apply to
statements or returns made or to be made in good faith
regarding annual depreciation of oil or gas wells and mines.
SEC. 73. Distribution of dividends or Assets by

Corporations. -
(A) Definition of Dividends. - The

term "dividends" when used in this Title
means any distribution made by a
corporation to its shareholders out of its
earnings or profits and payable to its
shareholders, whether in money or in other
property.
104 |
Where a corporation distributes all of its
assets in complete liquidation or
dissolution, the gain realized or loss
sustained by the stockholder, whether
individual or corporate, is a taxable income
or a deductible loss, as the case may be.
(B) Stock Dividend. - A stock dividend

representing the transfer of surplus to
capital account shall not be subject to tax.
However, if a corporation cancels or
redeems stock issued as a dividend at such
time and in such manner as to make the
distribution and cancellation or
redemption, in whole or in part, essentially
equivalent to the distribution of a taxable
dividend, the amount so distributed in
redemption or cancellation of the stock
shall be considered as taxable income to
the extent that it represents a distribution
of earnings or profits.
(C) Dividends Distributed are

Deemed Made from Most Recently
Accumulated Profits. - Any distribution
made to the shareholders or members of a
corporation shall be deemed to have been
made form the most recently accumulated
profits or surplus, and shall constitute a
part of the annual income of the distributee
for the year in which received.
(D) Net Income of a Partnership

Deemed Constructively Received by
Partners. -The taxable income declared
by a partnership for a taxable year which is
subject to tax under Section 27 (A) of this
Code, after deducting the corporate income
tax imposed therein, shall be deemed to
have been actually or constructively
received by the partners in the same
taxable year and shall be taxed to them in
their individual capacity, whether actually
distributed or not.
CHAPTER XII
QUARTERLY CORPORATE INCOME TAX, ANNUAL

DECLARATION
AND QUARTERLY PAYMENTS OF INCOME TAXES
SEC. 74. Declaration of Income Tax for
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Individuals. -
(A) In General. - Except as otherwise provided in this

Section, every individual subject to income tax under
Sections 24 and 25(A) of this Title, who is receiving self-
employment income, whether it constitutes the sole source
of his income or in combination with salaries, wages and
other fixed or determinable income, shall make and file a
declaration of his estimated income for the current taxable
year on or before April 15 of the same taxable year. In
general, self-employment income consists of the earnings
derived by the individual from the practice of profession or
conduct of trade or business carried on by him as a sole
proprietor or by a partnership of which he is a member.
Nonresident Filipino citizens, with respect to income from
without the Philippines, and nonresident aliens not engaged
in trade or business in the Philippines, are not required to
render a declaration of estimated income tax. The
declaration shall contain such pertinent information as the
Commissioner, may, by rules and regulations prescribe. An
individual may make amendments of a declaration filed
during the taxable year under the rules and regulations
(B) Return and Payment of Estimated Income Tax

by Individuals. - The amount of estimated income as
defined in Subsection (C) with respect to which a
declaration is required under Subsection (A) shall be paid in
four (4) installments. The first installment shall be paid at
the time of the declaration and the second and third shall be
paid on August 15 and November 15 of the current year,
respectively. The fourth installment shall be paid on or
before April 15 of the following calendar year when the final
adjusted income tax return is due to be filed.
(C) Definition of Estimated Tax. - In the case of an

individual, the term "estimated tax"means the amount
which the individual declared as income tax in his final
adjusted and annual income tax return for the preceding
taxable year minus the sum of the credits allowed under this
Title against the said tax. If, during the current taxable year,
the taxpayer reasonable expects to pay a bigger income tax,
he shall file an amended declaration during any interval of
installment payment dates.
SEC. 75. Declaration of Quarterly Corporate

Income Tax. - Every corporation shall file in duplicate a
quarterly summary declaration of its gross income and
deductions on a cumulative basis for the preceding quarter
or quarters upon which the income tax, as provided in Title
II of this Code, shall be levied, collected and paid. The tax so
computed shall be decreased by the amount of tax
previously paid or assessed during the preceding quarters
and shall be paid not later than sixty (60) days from the
106 |
close of each of the first three (3) quarters of the taxable
year, whether calendar or fiscal year.
SEC. 76. Final Adjustment Return. - Every

corporation liable to tax under Section 27 shall file a final
adjustment return covering the total taxable income for the
preceding calendar or fiscal year. If the sum of the quarterly
tax payments made during the said taxable year is not equal
to the total tax due on the entire taxable income of that year,
the corporation shall either:
(A) Pay the balance of tax still due; or
(B) Carry-over the excess credit; or
(C) Be credited or refunded with the excess

amount paid, as the case may be.
In case the corporation is entitled to a tax credit or refund of

the excess estimated quarterly income taxes paid, the excess
amount shown on its final adjustment return may be carried
over and credited against the estimated quarterly income
tax liabilities for the taxable quarters of the succeeding
taxable years. Once the option to carry-over and apply the
excess quarterly income tax against income tax due for the
taxable quarters of the succeeding taxable years has been
made, such option shall be considered irrevocable for that
taxable period and no application for cash refund or
issuance of a tax credit certificate shall be allowed therefor.
SEC. 77. Place and Time of Filing and Payment of

Quarterly Corporate Income Tax. -
(A) Place of Filing. - Except as the Commissioner other

wise permits, the quarterly income tax declaration required
in Section 75 and the final adjustment return required in
Section 76 shall be filed with the authorized agent banks or
Revenue District Officer or Collection Agent or duly
authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality having
jurisdiction over the location of the principal office of the
corporation filing the return or place where its main books
of accounts and other data from which the return is
prepared are kept.
(B) Time of Filing the Income Tax Return. - The

corporate quarterly declaration shall be filed within sixty
(60) days following the close of each of the first three (3)
quarters of the taxable year. The final adjustment return
shall be filed on or before the fifteenth (15th) day of April, or
on or before the fifteenth (15th) day of the fourth (4th) month
following the close of the fiscal year, as the case may be.
(C) Time of Payment of the Income Tax. - The income

tax due on the corporate quarterly returns and the final
adjustment income tax returns computed in accordance
with Sections 75 and 76 shall be paid at the time the
107 |
declaration or return is filed in a manner prescribed by the
Commissioner.
CHAPTER XIII
WITHHOLDING ON WAGES
SEC. 78. Definitions. - As used in this Chapter:
(A) Wages. - The term 'wages' means all remuneration

(other than fees paid to a public official) for services
performed by an employee for his employer, including the
cash value of all remuneration paid in any medium other
than cash, except that such term shall not include
remuneration paid:
(1) For agricultural labor paid entirely in

products of the farm where the labor is
performed, or
(2) For domestic service in a private home,

or
(3) For casual labor not in the course of the

employer's trade or business, or
(4) For services by a citizen or resident of

the Philippines for a foreign government or
aninternational organization.
If the remuneration paid by an employer to an employee for

services performed during one-half (1/2) or more of any
payroll period of not more than thirty-one (31) consecutive
days constitutes wages, all the remuneration paid by such
employer to such employee for such period shall be deemed
to be wages; but if the remuneration paid by an employer to
an employee for services performed during more than one -
half (1/2) of any such payroll period does not constitute
wages, then none of the remuneration paid by such
employer to such employee for such period shall be deemed
to be wages.
(B) Payroll Period. - The term 'payroll period' means a

period for which payment of wages is ordinarily made to the
employee by his employer, and the term "miscellaneous
payroll period"means a payroll period other than, a daily,
weekly, biweekly, semi-monthly, monthly, quarterly, semi-
annual, or annual period.
(C) Employee. - The term 'employee' refers to any

individual who is the recipient of wages and includes an
officer, employee or elected official of the Government of
the Philippines or any political subdivision, agency or
instrumentality thereof. The term "employee" also includes
an officer of a corporation.
108 |
(D) Employer. - The term "employer" means the person
for whom an individual performs or performed any service,
of whatever nature, as the employee of such person, except
that:
(1) If the person for whom the individual

performs or performed any service does
not have control of the payment of the
wages for such services, the
term "employer" (except for the purpose of
Subsection (A) means the person having
control of the payment of such wages; and
(2) In the case of a person paying wages on

behalf of a nonresident alien individual,
foreignpartnership or foreign corporation
not engaged in trade or business within the
Philippines, the term "employer" (except
for the purpose of Subsection (A) means
such person.
SEC. 79. Income Tax Collected at Source.-
(A) Requirement of Withholding. - Every employer

making payment of wages shall deduct and withhold upon
such wages a tax determined in accordance with the rules
and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of
Commissioner: Provided, however, That no withholding of
a tax shall be required where the total compensation income
of an individual does not exceed the statutory minimum
wage, or five thousand pesos (P5,000.00) per month,
whichever is higher.
(B) Tax Paid by Recipient. - If the employer, in

violation of the provisions of this Chapter, fails to deduct
and withhold the tax as required under this Chapter, and
thereafter the tax against which such tax may be credited is
paid, the tax so required to be deducted and withheld shall
not be collected from the employer; but this Subsection
shall in no case relieve the employer from liability for any
penalty or addition to the tax otherwise applicable in
respect of such failure to deduct and withhold.
(C) Refunds or Credits. -
(1) Employer. - When there has been an

overpayment of tax under this Section,
refund or credit shall be made to the
employer only to the extent that the
amount of such overpayment was not
deducted and withheld hereunder by the
employer.
(2) Employees. -The amount deducted and

withheld under this Chapter during any
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calendar year shall be allowed as a credit to
the recipient of such income against the tax
imposed under Section 24(A) of this Title.
Refunds and credits in cases of excessive
withholding shall be granted under rules
and regulations promulgated by the
Any excess of the taxes withheld over the tax due from the
taxpayer shall be returned or credited within three (3)
months from the fifteenth (15th) day of April. Refunds or
credits made after such time shall earn interest at the rate of
six percent (6%) per annum, starting after the lapse of the
three-month period to the date the refund of credit is made.
Refunds shall be made upon warrants drawn by the

Commissioner or by his duly authorized representative
without the necessity of counter-signature by the Chairman,
Commission on Audit or the latter's duly authorized
representative as an exception to the requirement
prescribed by Section 49, Chapter 8, Subtitle B, Title 1 of
Book V of Executive Order No. 292, otherwise known as the
Administrative Code of 1987.
(D) Personal Exemptions. -
(1) In General. - Unless otherwise

provided by this Chapter, the personal and
additional exemptions applicable under
this Chapter shall be determined in
accordance with the main provisions of this
Title.
(2) Exemption Certificate. -
(a) When to File. - On or before

the date of commencement of
employment with an employer,
the employee shall furnish the
employer with a signed
withholding exemption certificate
relating to the personal and
additional exemptions to which he
is entitled.
(b) Change of Status. - In case of

change of status of an employee as
a result of which he would be
entitled to a lesser or greater
amount of exemption, the
employee shall, within ten (10)
days from such change, file with
the employer a new withholding
exemption certificate reflecting
the change.
(c) Use of Certificates. - The

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certificates filed hereunder shall
be used by the employer in the
determination of the amount of
taxes to be withheld.
(d) Failure to Furnish Certificate.

- Where an employee, in violation
of this Chapter, either fails or
refuses to file a withholding
exemption certificate, the
employer shall withhold the taxes
prescribed under the schedule for
zero exemption of the withholding
tax table determined pursuant to
Subsection (A) hereof.
(E) Withholding on Basis of Average Wages. - The

Commissioner may, under rules and regulations
promulgated by the Secretary of Finance, authorize
employers to:
(1) estimate the wages which will be paid

to an employee in any quarter of the
calendar year;
(2) determine the amount to be deducted

and withheld upon each payment of wages
to such employee during such quarter as if
the appropriate average of the wages
so estimated constituted the actual wages
paid; and
(3) deduct and withhold upon any

payment of wages to such employee during
;such quartersuch amount as may be
required to be deducted and withheld
during such quarter without regard to this
Subsection.
(F) Husband and Wife. - When a husband and wife

each are recipients of wages, whether from the same or from
different employers, taxes to be withheld shall be
determined on the following bases:
(1) The husband shall be deemed the head

of the family and proper claimant of the
additionalexemption in respect to any
dependent children, unless he explicitly
waives his right in favor of his wife in the
withholding exemption certificate.
(2) Taxes shall be withheld from the wages

of the wife in accordance with the schedule
forzero exemption of the withholding tax
table prescribed in Subsection (D)(2)(d)
hereof.
(G) Nonresident Aliens. - Wages paid to nonresident

alien individuals engaged in trade or business in the
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Philippines shall be subject to the provisions of this
Chapter.
(H) Year-End Adjustment. - On or before the end of the

calendar year but prior to the payment of the compensation
for the last payroll period, the employer shall determine the
tax due from each employee on taxable compensation
income for the entire taxable year in accordance with
Section 24(A). The difference between the tax due from the
employee for the entire year and the sum of taxes withheld
from January to November shall either be withheld from his
salary in December of the current calendar year or refunded
to the employee not later than January 25 of the succeeding
year.
SEC. 80. Liability for Tax. -
(A) Employer. - The employer shall be liable for the

withholding and remittance of the correct amount of tax
required to be deducted and withheld under this Chapter. If
the employer fails to withhold and remit the correct amount
of tax as required to be withheld under the provision of this
Chapter, such tax shall be collected from the employer
together with the penalties or additions to the tax otherwise
applicable in respect to such failure to withhold and remit.
(B) Employee. - Where an employee fails or refuses to file

the withholding exemption certificate or willfully supplies
false or inaccurate information thereunder, the tax
otherwise required to be withheld by the employer shall be
collected from him including penalties or additions to the
tax from the due date of remittance until the date of
payment. On the other hand, excess taxes withheld made by
the employer due to:
(1) failure or refusal to file the withholding

exemption certificate; or
(2) false and inaccurate information shall

not be refunded to the employee but shall
be forfeited in favor of the Government.
SEC. 81. Filing of Return and Payment of Taxes

Withheld. - Except as the Commissioner otherwise
permits, taxes deducted and withheld by the employer on
wages of employees shall be covered by a return and paid to
an authorized agent bank; Collection Agent, or the duly
authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality where the
employer has his legal residence or principal place of
business, or in case the employer is a corporation, where the
principal office is located.
The return shall be filed and the payment made within

twenty-five (25) days from the close of each calendar
quarter: Provided, however, That the Commissioner may,
with the approval of the Secretary of Finance, require the
employers to pay or deposit the taxes deducted and
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withheld at more frequent intervals, in cases where such
requirement is deemed necessary to protect the interest of
the Government.
The taxes deducted and withheld by employers shall be held

in a special fund in trust for the Government until the same
are paid to the said collecting officers.
SEC. 82. Return and Payment in Case of

Government Employees. - If the employer is the
Government of the Philippines or any political subdivision,
agency or instrumentality thereof, the return of the amount
deducted and withheld upon any wage shall be made by the
officer or employee having control of the payment of such
wage, or by any officer or employee duly designated for the
purpose.
SEC. 83. Statements and Returns. -
(A) Requirements. - Every employer required to deduct

and withhold a tax shall furnish to each such employee in
respect of his employment during the calendar year, on or
before January thirty-first (31st) of the succeeding year, or if
his employment is terminated before the close of such
calendar year, on the same day of which the last payment of
wages is made, a written statement confirming the wages
paid by the employer to such employee during the calendar
year, and the amount of tax deducted and withheld under
this Chapter in respect of such wages. The statement
required to be furnished by this Section in respect of any
wage shall contain such other information, and shall be
furnished at such other time and in such form as the
Secretary of Finance, upon the recommendation of the
Commissioner, may, by rules and regulation, prescribe.
(B) Annual Information Returns. - Every employer

required to deduct and withhold the taxes in respect of the
wages of his employees shall, on or before January thirty-
first (31st) of the succeeding year, submit to the
Commissioner an annual information return containing a
list of employees, the total amount of compensation income
of each employee, the total amount of taxes withheld
therefrom during the year, accompanied by copies of the
statement referred to in the preceding paragraph, and such
other information as may be deemed necessary. This return,
if made and filed in accordance with rules and regulations
promulgated by the Secretary of Finance, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner, shall be sufficient
compliance with the requirements of Section 68 of this Title
in respect of such wages.
(C) Extension of time. - The Commissioner, under such

rules and regulations as may be promulgated by the
Secretary of Finance, may grant to any employer a
reasonable extension of time to furnish and submit the
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statements and returns required under this Section.
TITLE III
CHAPTER I
ESTATE TAX
SEC. 84. Rates of Estate Tax. - There shall be levied,

assessed, collected and paid upon the transfer of the net
estate as determined in accordance with Sections 85 and 86
of every decedent, whether resident or nonresident of the
Philippines, a tax based on the value of such net estate, as
computed in accordance with the following schedule:
If the net estate is:
OVER BUT NOT OVER THE TAX SHALL BE PLUS OF THE EXCESS
OVER
P 200,000 Exempt
P 200,000 550,000 0 5% P 200,000
500,000 2,000,000 P 15,000 8% 500,000
2,000,000 5,000,000 135,000 11% 2,000,000
5,000,000 10,000,000 465,000 15% 5,000,000
10,000,000 And Over 1,215,000 20% 10,000,000
SEC. 85. Gross Estate. - the value of the gross estate of

the decedent shall be determined by including the value at
the time of his death of all property, real or personal,
tangible or intangible, wherever situated: Provided,
however, that in the case of a nonresident decedent who at
the time of his death was not a citizen of the Philippines,
only that part of the entire gross estate which is situated in
the Philippines shall be included in his taxable estate.
(A) Decedent's Interest. - To the extent of the interest

therein of the decedent at the time of his death;
(B) Transfer in Contemplation of Death. - To the

extent of any interest therein of which the decedent has at
any time made a transfer, by trust or otherwise, in
contemplation of or intended to take effect in possession or
enjoyment at or after death, or of which he has at any time
made a transfer, by trust or otherwise, under which he has
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retained for his life or for any period which does not in fact
end before his death (1) the possession or enjoyment of, or
the right to the income from the property, or (2) the right,
either alone or in conjunction with any person, to designate
the person who shall possess or enjoy the property or the
income therefrom; except in case of a bonafide sale for an
adequate and full consideration in money or money's
worth.
(C) Revocable Transfer. -
(1) To the extent of any interest therein, of

which the decedent has at any time made a
transfer (except in case of a bona fide sale
for an adequate and full consideration in
money or money's worth) by trust or
otherwise, where the enjoyment thereof
was subject at the date of his death to any
change through the exercise of a power (in
whatever capacity exerciseable) by the
decedent alone or by the decedent in
conjunction with any other person (without
regard to when or from what source the
decedent acquired such power), t o alter,
amend, revoke, or terminate, or where any
such power is relinquished in
contemplation of the decedent's death.
(2) For the purpose of this Subsection, the

power to alter, amend or revoke shall be
considered to exist on the date of the
decedent's death even though the exercise
of the power is subject to a precedent
giving of notice or even though the
alteration, amendment or revocation takes
effect only on the expiration of a stated
period after the exercise of the power,
whether or not on or before the date of the
decedent's death notice has been given or
the power has been exercised. In such
cases, proper adjustment shall be made
representing the interests which would
have been excluded from the power if the
decedent had lived, and for such purpose if
the notice has not been given or the power
has not been exercised on or before the
date of his
death, such notice shall be considered to
have been given, or the power exercised, on
the date of his death.
(D) Property Passing Under General Power of

Appointment. - To the extent of any property passing
under a general power of appointment exercised by the
decedent: (1) by will, or (2) by deed executed in
contemplation of, or intended to take effect in possession or
enjoyment at, or after his death, or (3) by deed under which
he has retained for his life or any period not ascertainable
115 |
without reference to his death or for any period which does
not in fact end before his death (a) the possession or
enjoyment of, or the right to the income from, the property,
or (b) the right, either alone or in conjunction with any
person, to designate the persons who shall possess or enjoy
the property or the income therefrom; except in case of a
bona fide sale for an adequate and full consideration in
money or money's worth.
(E) Proceeds of Life Insurance. - To the extent of the

amount receivable by the estate of the deceased, his
executor, or administrator, as insurance under policies
taken out by the decedent upon his own life, irrespective of
whether or not the insured retained the power of
revocation, or to the extent of the amount receivable by any
beneficiary designated in the policy of insurance, except
when it is expressly stipulated that the designation of the
beneficiary is irrevocable.
(F) Prior Interests. - Except as otherwise specifically

provided therein, Subsections (B), (C) and (E) of this
Section shall apply to the transfers, trusts, estates, interests,
rights, powers and relinquishment of powers, as severally
enumerated and described therein, whether made, created,
arising, existing, exercised or relinquished before or after
the effectivity of this Code.
(G) Transfers of Insufficient Consideration. - If any

one of the transfers, trusts, interests, rights or powers
enumerated and described in Subsections (B), (C) and (D)
of this Section is made, created, exercised or relinquished
for a consideration in money or money's worth, but is not a
bona fide sale for an adequate and full consideration in
money or money's worth, there shall be included in the
gross estate only the excess of the fair market value, at the
time of death, of the property otherwise to be included on
account of such transaction, over the value of the
consideration received therefor by the decedent.
(H) Capital of the Surviving Spouse. - The capital of

the surviving spouse of a decedent shall not, for the purpose
of this Chapter, be deemed a part of his or her gross estate.
SEC. 86. Computation of Net Estate. - For the purpose

of the tax imposed in this Chapter, the value of the net
estate shall be determined:
(A) Deductions Allowed to the Estate of Citizen or a

Resident. - In the case of a citizen or resident of the
Philippines, by deducting from the value of the gross estate
-
(1) Expenses, Losses, Indebtedness, and

taxes. - Such amounts:
(a) For actual funeral expenses or

in an amount equal to five percent
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(5%) of the gross estate,
whichever is lower, but in no case
to exceed Two hundred thousand
pesos (P200,000);
(b) For judicial expenses of the

testamentary or intestate
proceedings;
(c) For claims against the

estate: Provided, That at the time
the indebtedness was incurred the
debt instrument was duly
notarized and, if the loan was
contracted within three (3) years
before the death of the decedent,
the administrator or executor
shall submit a statement showing
the disposition of the proceeds of
the loan;
(d) For claims of the deceased

against insolvent persons where
the value of decedent's interest
therein is included in the value of
the gross estate; and
(e) For unpaid mortgages upon, or

any indebtedness in respect to,
property where the value of
decedent's interest therein,
undiminished by such mortgage
or indebtedness, is included in the
value of the gross estate, but not
including any income tax upon
income received after the death of
the decedent, or property taxes
not accrued before his death, or
any estate tax. The deduction
herein allowed in the case of
claims against the estate, unpaid
mortgages or any indebtedness
shall, when founded upon a
promise or agreement, be limited
to the extent that they were
contracted bona fide and for an
adequate and full consideration in
money or money's worth. There
shall also be deducted losses
incurred during the settlement of
the estate arising from fires,
storms, shipwreck, or other
casualties, or from robbery, theft
or embezzlement, when such
losses are not compensated for by
insurance or otherwise, and if at
the time of the filing of the return
such losses have not been claimed
117 |
as a deduction for the income tax
purposes in an income tax return,
and provided that such losses
were incurred not later than the
last day for the payment of the
estate tax as prescribed in
Subsection (A) of Section 91.
(2) Property Previously Taxed. - An

amount equal to the value specified below
of any property forming a part of the gross
estate situated in the Philippines of any
person who died within five (5) years prior
to the death of the decedent, or transferred
to the decedent by gift within five (5) years
prior to his death, where such property can
be identified as having been received by the
decedent from the donor by gift, or from
such prior decedent by gift, bequest, devise
or inheritance, or which can be identified
as having been acquired in exchange for
property so received:
One hundred percent (100%) of the value,

if the prior decedent died within one (1)
year prior to the death of the decedent, or if
the property was transferred to him by gift
within the same period prior to his death;
Eighty percent (80%) of the value, if the

prior decedent died more than one (1) year
but not more than two (2) years prior to the
death of the decedent, or if the property
was transferred to him by gift within the
same period prior to his death;
Sixty percent (60%) of the value, if the

prior decedent died more than two (2)
years but not more than three (3) years
prior to the death of the decedent, or if the
property was transferred to him by gift
Forty percent (40%) of the value, if the

prior decedent died more than three (3)
years but not more than four (4) years prior
to the death of the decedent, or if the
Twenty percent (20%) of the value, if the

prior decedent died more than four (4)
years but not more than five (5) years prior
These deductions shall be allowed only
118 |
where a donor's tax or estate tax imposed
under this Title was finally determined and
paid by or on behalf of such donor, or the
estate of such prior decedent, as the case
may be, and only in the amount finally
determined as the value of such property in
determining the value of the gift, or the
gross estate of such prior decedent, and
only to the extent that the value of such
property is included in the decedent's gross
estate, and only if in determining the value
of the estate of the prior decedent, no
deduction was allowable under paragraph
(2) in respect of the property or properties
given in exchange therefor. Where a
deduction was allowed of any mortgage or
other lien in determining the donor's tax,
or the estate tax of the prior decedent,
which was paid in whole or in part prior to
the decedent's death, then the deduction
allowable under said Subsection shall be
reduced by the amount so paid. Such
deduction allowable shall be reduced by an
amount which bears the same ratio to the
amounts allowed as deductions under
paragraphs (1) and (3) of this Subsection as
the amount otherwise deductible under
said paragraph (2) bears to the value of the
decedent's estate. Where the property
referred to consists of two or more items,
the aggregate value of such items shall be
used for the purpose of computing the
deduction.
(3) Transfers for Public Use. - The amount

of all the bequests, legacies, devises or
transfers to or for the use of the
Government of the Republic of the
Philippines, or any political subdivision
thereof, for exclusively public purposes.
(4) The Family Home. - An amount

equivalent to the current fair market value
of the decedent's family home: Provided,
however, That if the said current fair
market value exceeds One million pesos
(P1,000,000), the excess shall be subject to
estate tax. As a sine qua noncondition for
the exemption or deduction, said family
home must have been the decedent's family
home as certified by the barangay captain
of the locality.
(5) Standard Deduction. - An amount

equivalent to One million pesos
(P1,000,000).
(6) Medical Expenses. - Medical Expenses
119 |
incurred by the decedent within one (1)
year prior to his death which shall be duly
substantiated with receipts: Provided, That
in no case shall the deductible medical
expenses exceed Five Hundred Thousand
Pesos (P500,000).
(7) Amount Received by Heirs Under

Republic Act No. 4917. - Any amount
received by the heirs from the decedent -
employee as a consequence of the death of
the decedent-employee in accordance with
Republic Act No. 4917: Provided, That such
amount is included in the gross estate of
the decedent.
(B) Deductions Allowed to Nonresident Estates. - In

the case of a nonresident not a citizen of the Philippines, by
deducting from the value of that part of his gross estate
which at the time of his death is situated in the Philippines:
(1) Expenses, Losses, Indebtedness and

Taxes. - That proportion of the deductions
specified in paragraph (1) of Subsection (A)
of this Section which the value of such part
bears to the value of his entire gross estate
wherever situated;
(2) Property Previously Taxed. - An

amount equal to the value specified below
of any property forming part of the gross
estate situated in the Philippines of any
person who died within five (5) years prior
to the death of the decedent, or transferred
to the decedent by gift within five (5) years
prior to his death, where such property can
be identified as having been received by the
decedent from the donor by gift, or from
such prior decedent by gift, bequest, devise
or inheritance, or which can be identified
as having been acquired in exchange for
property so received:
One hundred percent (100%) of the value if

the prior decedent died within one (1) year
property was transferred to him by gift,
Eighty percent (80%) of the value, if the

prior decedent died more than one (1) year
but not more than two (2) years prior to the
death of the decedent, or if the property
was transferred to him by gift within the
same period prior to his death;
Sixty percent (60%) of the value, if the

prior decedent died more than two (2)
120 |
years but not more than three (3) years
Forty percent (40%) of the value, if the

prior decedent died more than three (3)
years but not more than four (4) years prior
and
Twenty percent (20%) of the value, if the

prior decedent died more than four (4)
years but not more than five (5) years prior
within the same period prior to his death.
These deductions shall be allowed only

where a donor's tax, or estate tax imposed
under this Title is finally determined and
paid by or on behalf of such donor, or the
estate of such prior decedent, as the case
may be, and only in the amount finally
determined as the value of such property in
determining the value of the gift, or the
gross estate of such prior decedent, and
only to the extent that the value of such
property is included in that part of the
decedent's gross estate which at the time of
his death is situated in the Philippines; and
only if, in determining the value of the net
estate of the prior decedent, no deduction
is allowable under paragraph (2) of
Subsection (B) of this Section, in respect of
the property or properties given in
exchange therefore. Where a deduction was
allowed of any mortgage or other lien in
determining the donor's tax, or the estate
tax of the prior decedent, which was paid in
whole or in part prior to the decedent's
death, then the deduction allowable under
said paragraph shall be reduced by the
amount so paid. Such deduction allowable
shall be reduced by an amount which bears
the same ratio to the amounts allowed as
deductions under paragraphs (1) and (3) of
this Subsection as the amount otherwise
deductible under paragraph (2) bears to
the value of that part of the decedent's
gross estate which at the time of his death
is situated in the Philippines. Where the
property referred to consists of two (2) or
more items, the aggregate value of such
items shall be used for the purpose of
121 |
computing the deduction.
(3) Transfers for Public Use. - The amount

of all bequests, legacies, devises or
transfers to or for the use of the
Government of the Republic of the
Philippines or any political subdivision
thereof, for exclusively public purposes.
(C) Share in the Conjugal Property. - the net share of

the surviving spouse in the conjugal partnership property as
diminished by the obligations properly chargeable to such
property shall, for the purpose of this Section, be deducted
from the net estate of the decedent.
(D) Miscellaneous Provisions. - No deduction shall be

allowed in the case of a nonresident not a citizen of the
Philippines, unless the executor, administrator, or anyone
of the heirs, as the case may be, includes in the return
required to be filed under Section 90 the value at the time of
his death of that part of the gross estate of the nonresident
not situated in the Philippines.
(E) Tax Credit for Estate Taxes paid to a Foreign

Country. -
(1) In General. - The tax imposed by this

Title shall be credited with the amounts of
any estate tax imposed by the authority of a
foreign country.
(2) Limitations on Credit. - The amount of

the credit taken under this Section shall be
subject to each of the following limitations:
(a) The amount of the credit in

respect to the tax paid to any
country shall not exceed the same
proportion of the tax against
which such credit is taken, which
the decedent's net estate situated
within such country taxable under
this Title bears to his entire net
estate; and
(b) The total amount of the credit

shall not exceed the same
the decedent's net estate situated
outside the Philippines taxable
under this Title bears to his entire
net estate.
SEC. 87. Exemption of Certain Acquisitions and

Transmissions. - The following shall not be taxed:
(A) The merger of usufruct in the owner of
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the naked title;
(B) The transmission or delivery of the

inheritance or legacy by the fiduciary heir
or legatee to the fideicommissary;
(C) The transmission from the first heir,

legatee or donee in favor of another
beneficiary, in accordance with the desire
of the predecessor; and
(D) All bequests, devises, legacies or

transfers to social welfare, cultural and
charitable institutions, no part of the net
income of which insures to the benefit of
any individual:Provided, however, That
not more than thirty percent (30%) of the
said bequests, devises, legacies or transfers
shall be used by such institutions for
administration purposes.
SEC. 88. Determination of the Value of the Estate. -
(A) Usufruct. - To determine the value of the right of

usufruct, use or habitation, as well as that of annuity, there
shall be taken into account the probable life of the
beneficiary in accordance with the latest Basic Standard
Mortality Table, to be approved by the Secretary of Finance,
upon recommendation of the Insurance Commissioner.
(B) Properties. - The estate shall be appraised at its fair

market value as of the time of death. However, the
appraised value of real property as of the time of death shall
be, whichever is higher of:
(1) The fair market value as determined by

the Commissioner, or
(2) The fair market value as shown in the

schedule of values fixed by the Provincial
and City Assessors.
SEC. 89. Notice of Death to be Filed. - In all cases of

transfers subject to tax, or where, though exempt from tax,
the gross value of the estate exceeds Twenty thousand pesos
(P20,000), the executor, administrator or any of the legal
heirs, as the case may be, within two (2) months after the
decedent's death, or within a like period after qualifying as
such executor or administrator, shall give a written notice
thereof to the Commissioner.
SEC. 90. Estate Tax Returns. -
(A) Requirements. - In all cases of transfers subject to

the tax imposed herein, or where, though exempt from tax,
the gross value of the estate exceeds Two hundred thousand
pesos (P200,000), or regardless of the gross value of the
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estate, where the said estate consists of registered or
registrable property such as real property, motor vehicle,
shares of stock or other similar property for which a
clearance from the Bureau of Internal Revenue is required
as a condition precedent for the transfer of ownership
thereof in the name of the transferee, the executor, or the
administrator, or any of the legal heirs, as the case may be,
shall file a return under oath in duplicate, setting forth:
(1) The value of the gross estate of the

decedent at the time of his death, or in case
of a nonresident, not a citizen of the
Philippines, of that part of his gross estate
situated in the Philippines;
(2) The deductions allowed from gross

estate in determining the estate as defined
in Section 86; and
(3) Such part of such information as may at

the time be ascertainable and such
supplemental data as may be necessary to
establish the correct taxes.
Provided, however, That estate tax returns

showing a gross value exceeding Two
million pesos (P2,000,000) shall be
supported with a statement duly certified
to by a Certified Public Accountant
containing the following:
(a) Itemized assets of the decedent

with their corresponding gross
value at the time of his death, or
in the case of a nonresident, not a
citizen of the Philippines, of that
part of his gross estate situated in
the Philippines;
(b) Itemized deductions from

gross estate allowed in Section 86;
and
(c) The amount of tax due whether

paid or still due and outstanding.
(B) Time for Filing. - For the purpose of determining the

estate tax provided for in Section 84 of this Code, the estate
tax return required under the preceding Subsection (A)
shall be filed within six (6) months from the decedent's
death.
A certified copy of the schedule of partition and the order of

the court approving the same shall be furnished the
Commissioner within thirty (30) after the promulgation of
such order.
(C) Extension of Time. - The Commissioner shall have
124 |
authority to grant, in meritorious cases, a reasonable
extension not exceeding thirty (30) days for filing the
return.
(D) Place of Filing. - Except in cases where the

Commissioner otherwise permits, the return required under
Subsection (A) shall be filed with an authorized agent bank,
or Revenue District Officer, Collection Officer, or duly
authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality in which the
decedent was domiciled at the time of his death or if there
be no legal residence in the Philippines, with the Office of
the Commissioner.
SEC. 91. Payment of Tax. -
(A) Time of Payment. - The estate tax imposed by

Section 84 shall be paid at the time the return is filed by the
executor, administrator or the heirs.
(B) Extension of Time. - When the Commissioner finds

that the payment on the due date of the estate tax or of any
part thereof would impose undue hardship upon the estate
or any of the heirs, he may extend the time for payment of
such tax or any part thereof not to exceed five (5) years, in
case the estate is settled through the courts, or two (2) years
in case the estate is settled extrajudicially. In such case, the
amount in respect of which the extension is granted shall be
paid on or before the date of the expiration of the period of
the extension, and the running of the Statute of Limitations
for assessment as provided in Section 203 of this Code shall
be suspended for the period of any such extension.
Where the taxes are assessed by reason of negligence,

intentional disregard of rules and regulations, or fraud on
the part of the taxpayer, no extension will be granted by the
Commissioner.
If an extension is granted, the Commissioner may require

the executor, or administrator, or beneficiary, as the case
may be, to furnish a bond in such amount, not exceeding
double the amount of the tax and with such sureties as the
Commissioner deems necessary, conditioned upon the
payment of the said tax in accordance with the terms of the
extension.
(C) Liability for Payment. - The estate tax imposed by

Section 84 shall be paid by the executor or administrator
before delivery to any beneficiary of his distributive share of
the estate. Such beneficiary shall to the extent of his
distributive share of the estate, be subsidiarily liable for the
payment of such portion of the estate tax as his distributive
share bears to the value of the total net estate.
For the purpose of this Chapter, the

term "executor" or "administrator" means the executor or
administrator of the decedent, or if there is no executor or
administrator appointed, qualified, and acting within the
125 |
Philippines, then any person in actual or constructive
possession of any property of the decedent.
SEC. 92. Discharge of Executor or Administrator

from Personal Liability. - If the executor or
administrator makes a written application to the
Commissioner for determination of the amount of the estate
tax and discharge from personal liability therefore, the
Commissioner (as soon as possible, and in any event within
one (1) year after the making of such application, or if the
application is made before the return is filed, then within
one (1) year after the return is filed, but not after the
expiration of the period prescribed for the assessment of the
tax in Section 203 shall not notify the executor or
administrator of the amount of the tax. The executor or
administrator, upon payment of the amount of which he is
notified, shall be discharged from personal liability for any
deficiency in the tax thereafter found to be due and shall be
entitled to a receipt or writing showing such discharge.
SEC. 93. Definition of Deficiency. - As used in this

Chapter, the term "deficiency" means:
(a) The amount by which the tax imposed by this Chapter

exceeds the amount shown as the tax by the executor,
administrator or any of the heirs upon his return; but the
amounts so shown on the return shall first be increased by
the amounts previously assessed (or collected without
assessment) as a deficiency and decreased by the amount
previously abated, refunded or otherwise repaid in respect
of such tax; or
(b) If no amount is shown as the tax by the executor,

administrator or any of the heirs upon his return, or if no
return is made by the executor, administrator, or any heir,
then the amount by which the tax exceeds the amounts
previously assessed (or collected without assessment) as a
deficiency; but such amounts previously assessed or
collected without assessment shall first be decreased by the
amounts previously abated, refunded or otherwise repaid in
respect of such tax.
SEC. 94. Payment Before Delivery by Executor or

Administrator. - No judge shall authorize the executor or
judicial administrator to deliver a distributive share to any
party interested in the estate unless a certification from the
Commissioner that the estate tax has been paid is shown.
SEC. 95. Duties of Certain Officers and Debtors. -

Registers of Deeds shall not register in the Registry of
Property any document transferring real property or real
rights therein or any chattel mortgage, by way of gifts inter
vivos or mortis causa, legacy or inheritance, unless a
certification from the Commissioner that the tax fixed in
this Title and actually due thereon had been paid is show,
and they shall immediately notify the Commissioner,
126 |
Regional Director, Revenue District Officer, or Revenue
Collection Officer or Treasurer of the city or municipality
where their offices are located, of the non payment of the
tax discovered by them. Any lawyer, notary public, or any
government officer who, by reason of his official duties,
intervenes in the preparation or acknowledgment of
documents regarding partition or disposal of donation inter
vivos or mortis causa, legacy or inheritance, shall have the
duty of furnishing the Commissioner, Regional Director,
Revenue District Officer or Revenue Collection Officer of
the place where he may have his principal office, with copies
of such documents and any information whatsoever which
may facilitate the collection of the aforementioned tax.
Neither shall a debtor of the deceased pay his debts to the
heirs, legatee, executor or administrator of his creditor,
unless the certification of the Commissioner that the tax
fixed in this Chapter had been paid is shown; but he may
pay the executor or judicial administrator without said
certification if the credit is included in the inventory of the
estate of the deceased.
SEC. 96. Restitution of Tax Upon Satisfaction of

Outstanding Obligations. - If after the payment of the
estate tax, new obligations of the decedent shall appear, and
the persons interested shall have satisfied them by order of
the court, they shall have a right to the restitution of the
proportional part of the tax paid.
SEC. 97. Payment of Tax Antecedent to the

Transfer of Shares, Bonds or Rights. - There shall not
be transferred to any new owner in the books of any
corporation, sociedad anonima, partnership, business, or
industry organized or established in the Philippines any
share, obligation, bond or right by way of gift inter
vivos or mortis causa, legacy or inheritance, unless a
certification from the Commissioner that the taxes fixed in
this Title and due thereon have been paid is shown.
If a bank has knowledge of the death of a person, who

maintained a bank deposit account alone, or jointly with
another, it shall not allow any withdrawal from the said
deposit account, unless the Commissioner has certified that
the taxes imposed thereon by this Title have been
paid: Provided, however, That the administrator of the
estate or any one (1) of the heirs of the decedent may, upon
authorization by the Commissioner, withdraw an amount
not exceeding Twenty thousand pesos (P20,000) without
the said certification. For this purpose, all withdrawal slips
shall contain a statement to the effect that all of the joint
depositors are still living at the time of withdrawal by any
one of the joint depositors and such statement shall be
under oath by the said depositors.
CHAPTER II
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DONOR'S TAX
SEC. 98. Imposition of Tax. -
(A) There shall be levied, assessed,

collected and paid upon the transfer by any
person, resident or nonresident, of the
property by gift, a tax, computed as
provided in Section 99.
(B) The tax shall apply whether the

transfer is in trust or otherwise, whether
the gift is direct or indirect, and whether
the property is real or personal, tangible or
intangible.
SEC. 99. Rates of Tax Payable by Donor. -
(A) In General. - The tax for each calendar year shall be

computed on the basis of the total net gifts made during the
calendar year in accordance with the following schedule:
If the net gift is:
OVER BUT NOT OVER THE TAX SHALL BE PLUS OF THE EXCESS OVER
P 100,000 Exempt
P 100,000 200,000 0 2% P100,000
200,000 500,000 2,000 4% 200,000
500,000 1,000,000 14,000 6% 500,000
1,000,000 3,000,000 44,000 8% 1,000,000
3,000,000 5,000,000 204,000 10% 3,000,000
5,000,000 10,000,000 404,000 12% 5,000,000
10,000,000 1,004,000 15% 10,000,000
(B) Tax Payable by Donor if Donee is a Stranger. -

When the donee or beneficiary is stranger, the tax payable
by the donor shall be thirty percent (30%) of the net gifts.
For the purpose of this tax, a "stranger", is a person who is
not a:
(1) Brother, sister (whether by whole or

half-blood), spouse, ancestor and lineal
descendant; or
(2) Relative by consanguinity in the

collateral line within the fourth degree of
relationship.
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(C) Any contribution in cash or in kind to any candidate,
political party or coalition of parties for campaign purposes
shall be governed by the Election Code, as amended.
SEC. 100. Transfer for Less Than Adequate and

Full Consideration. - Where property, other than real
property referred to in Section 24(D), is transferred for less
than an adequate and full consideration in money or
money's worth, then the amount by which the fair market
value of the property exceeded the value of the
consideration shall, for the purpose of the tax imposed by
this Chapter, be deemed a gift, and shall be included in
computing the amount of gifts made during the calendar
year.
SEC. 101. Exemption of Certain Gifts. - The following

gifts or donations shall be exempt from the tax provided for
in this Chapter:
(A) In the Case of Gifts Made by a Resident. -
(1) Dowries or gifts made on account of

marriage and before its celebration or
within one year thereafter by parents to
each of their legitimate, recognized natural,
or adopted children to the extent of the
first Ten thousand pesos (P10,000):
(2) Gifts made to or for the use of the

National Government or any entity created
by any of its agencies which is not
conducted for profit, or to any political
subdivision of the said Government; and
(3) Gifts in favor of an educational and/or

charitable, religious, cultural or social
welfare corporation, institution, accredited
nongovernment organization, trust or
philanthropic organization or research
institution or organization: Provided,
however, That not more than thirty percent
(30%) of said gifts shall be used by such
donee for administration purposes. For the
purpose of the exemption, a 'non-profit
educational and/or charitable corporation,
institution, accredited nongovernment
organization, trust or philanthropic
organization and/or research institution or
organization' is a school, college or
university and/or charitable corporation,
accredited nongovernment organization,
trust or philanthropic organization and/or
research institution or organization,
incorporated as a nonstock entity, paying
no dividends, governed by trustees who
receive no compensation, and devoting all
its income, whether students' fees or gifts,
129 |
donation, subsidies or other forms of
philanthropy, to the accomplishment and
promotion of the purposes enumerated in
its Articles of Incorporation.
(B) In the Case of Gifts Made by a Nonresident Not

a Citizen of the Philippines. -
(1) Gifts made to or for the use of the

National Government or any entity created
by any of its agencies which is not
conducted for profit, or to any political
subdivision of the said Government.
(2) Gifts in favor of an educational and/or

charitable, religious, cultural or social
welfare corporation, institution,
foundation, trust or philanthropic
organization or research institution or
organization: Provided, however, That not
more than thirty percent (30%) of said gifts
shall be used by such donee for
administration purposes.
(C) Tax Credit for Donor's Taxes Paid to a Foreign

Country. -
(1) In General. - The tax imposed by this

Title upon a donor who was a citizen or a
resident at the time of donation shall be
credited with the amount of any donor's tax
of any character and description imposed
by the authority of a foreign country.
(2) Limitations on Credit. - The

amount of the credit taken under this
Section shall be subject to each of the
following limitations:
(a) The amount of the credit in

respect to the tax paid to any
country shall not exceed the same
the net gifts situated within such
country taxable under this Title
bears to his entire net gifts; and
(b) The total amount of the credit

shall not exceed the same
the donor's net gifts situated
outside the Philippines taxable
under this title bears to his entire
net gifts.
SEC. 102. Valuation of Gifts Made in Property. - If

the gift is made in property, the fair market value thereof at
130 |
the time of the gift shall be considered the amount of the
gift. In case of real property, the provisions of Section 88(B)
shall apply to the valuation thereof.
SEC. 103. Filing of Return and Payment of Tax. -
(A) Requirements. - any individual who makes any

transfer by gift (except those which, under Section 101, are
exempt from the tax provided for in this Chapter) shall, for
the purpose of the said tax, make a return under oath in
duplicate. The return shall se forth:
(1) Each gift made during the calendar

year which is to be included in computing
net gifts;
(2) The deductions claimed and allowable;
(3) Any previous net gifts made during the

same calendar year;
(4) The name of the donee; and
(5) Such further information as may be

required by rules and regulations made
pursuant to law.
(B) Time and Place of Filing and Payment. - The

return of the donor required in this Section shall be filed
within thirty (30) days after the date the gift is made and
the tax due thereon shall be paid at the time of filing. Except
in cases where the Commissioner otherwise permits, the
return shall be filed and the tax paid to an authorized agent
bank, the Revenue District Officer, Revenue Collection
Officer or duly authorized Treasurer of the city or
municipality where the donor was domiciled at the time of
the transfer, or if there be no legal residence in the
Philippines, with the Office of the Commissioner. In the
case of gifts made by a nonresident, the return may be filed
with the Philippine Embassy or Consulate in the country
where he is domiciled at the time of the transfer, or directly
with the Office of the Commissioner.
SEC. 104. Definitions. - For purposes of this Title, the

terms "gross estate" and "gifts" include real and personal
property, whether tangible or intangible, or mixed,
wherever situated: Provided, however, That where the
decedent or donor was a nonresident alien at the time of his
death or donation, as the case may be, his real and personal
property so transferred but which are situated outside the
Philippines shall not be included as part of his "gross
estate" or "gross gift": Provided, further, That franchise
which must be exercised in the Philippines; shares,
obligations or bonds issued by any corporation or sociedad
anonima organized or constituted in the Philippines in
accordance with its laws; shares, obligations or bonds by
any foreign corporation eighty-five percent (85%) of the
131 |
business of which is located in the Philippines; shares,
obligations or bonds issued by any foreign corporation if
such shares, obligations or bonds have acquired a business
situs in the Philippines; shares or rights in any partnership,
business or industry established in the Philippines, shall be
considered as situated in the Philippines: Provided, still
further, that no tax shall be collected under this Title in
respect of intangible personal property: (a) if the decedent
at the time of his death or the donor at the time of the
donation was a citizen and resident of a foreign country
which at the time of his death or donation did not impose a
transfer tax of any character, in respect of intangible
personal property of citizens of the Philippines not residing
in that foreign country, or (b) if the laws of the foreign
country of which the decedent or donor was a citizen and
resident at the time of his death or donation allows a similar
exemption from transfer or death taxes of every character or
description in respect of intangible personal property
owned by citizens of the Philippines not residing in that
foreign country.
The term "deficiency" means: (a) the amount by which tax

imposed by this Chapter exceeds the amount shown as the
tax by the donor upon his return; but the amount so shown
on the return shall first be increased by the amount
previously assessed (or collected without assessment) as a
deficiency, and decreased by the amounts previously
abated, refunded or otherwise repaid in respect of such tax,
or (b) if no amount is shown as the tax by the donor, then
the amount by which the tax exceeds the amounts
previously assessed, (or collected without assessment) as a
deficiency, but such amounts previously assessed, or
collected without assessment, shall first be decreased by the
amount previously abated, refunded or otherwise repaid in
respect of such tax.
TITLE IV
VALUE-ADDED TAX
CHAPTER I
IMPOSITION OF TAX
SEC. 105. Persons Liable. - Any person who, in the

course of trade or business, sells barters, exchanges, leases
goods or properties, renders services, and any person who
imports goods shall be subject to the value-added tax (VAT)
imposed in Sections 106 to 108 of this Code.
The value-added tax is an indirect tax and the amount of tax
132 |
may be shifted or passed on to the buyer, transferee or
lessee of the goods, properties or services. This rule shall
likewise apply to existing contracts of sale or lease of goods,
properties or services at the time of the effectivity of
Republic Act No. 7716.
The phrase "in the course of trade or business" means the

regular conduct or pursuit of a commercial or an economic
activity, including transactions incidental thereto, by any
person regardless of whether or not the person engaged
therein is a nonstock, nonprofit private organization
(irrespective of the disposition of its net income and
whether or not it sells exclusively to members or their
guests), or government entity.
The rule of regularity, to the contrary notwithstanding,

services as defined in this Code rendered in the Philippines
by nonresident foreign persons shall be considered as being
course of trade or business.
SEC. 106. Value-Added Tax on Sale of Goods or

Properties. -
(A) Rate and Base of Tax. - There shall be levied,

assessed and collected on every sale, barter or exchange of
goods or properties, value-added tax equivalent to ten
percent (10%) of the gross selling price or gross value in
money of the goods or properties sold, bartered or
exchanged, such tax to be paid by the seller or transferor.
(1) The term "goods" or "properties" shall

mean all tangible and intangible objects
which are capable of pecuniary estimation
and shall include:
(a) Real properties held primarily

for sale to customers or held for
lease in the ordinary course of
trade or business;
(b) The right or the privilege to

use patent, copyright, design or
model, plan, secret formula or
process, goodwill, trademark,
trade brand or other like property
or right;
(c) The right or the privilege to

use in the Philippines of any
industrial, commercial or
scientific equipment;
(d) The right or the privilege to

use motion picture films, tapes
and discs; and
(e) Radio, television, satellite
133 |
transmission and cable television
time.
The term "gross selling

price" means the total amount of
money or its equivalent which the
purchaser pays or is obligated to
pay to the seller in consideration
of the sale, barter or exchange of
the goods or properties, excluding
the value-added tax. The excise
tax, if any, on such goods or
properties shall form part of the
gross selling price.
(2) The following sales by VAT-registered

persons shall be subject to zero percent
(0%) rate:
(a) Export Sales. - The

term "export sales" means:
(1) The sale and actual

shipment of goods from
the Philippines to a
foreign country,
irrespective of any
shipping arrangement
that may be agreed upon
which may influence or
determine the transfer of
ownership of the goods
so exported and paid for
in acceptable foreign
currency or its equivalent
in goods or services, and
accounted for in
accordance with the rules
and regulations of the
Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas (BSP);
(2) Sale of raw materials

or packaging materials to
a nonresident buyer for
delivery to a resident
local export-oriented
enterprise to be used in
manufacturing,
processing, packing or
repacking in the
Philippines of the said
buyer's goods and paid
for in acceptable foreign
currency and accounted
for in accordance with
the rules and regulations
of the Bangko Sentral ng
134 |
Pilipinas (BSP);
(3) Sale of raw materials

or packaging materials to
export-oriented
enterprise whose export
sales exceed seventy
percent (70%) of total
annual production;
(4) Sale of gold to the

Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas (BSP); and
(5) Those considered

export sales under
Executive Order NO.
226, otherwise known as
the Omnibus Investment
Code of 1987, and other
special laws.
(b) Foreign Currency

Denominated Sale. - The
phrase "foreign currency
denominated sale" means sale to
a nonresident of goods, except
those mentioned in Sections 149
and 150, assembled or
manufactured in the Philippines
for delivery to a resident in the
Philippines, paid for in acceptable
foreign currency and accounted
for in accordance with the rules
and regulations of the Bangko
Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP).
(c) Sales to persons or entities

whose exemption under special
laws or international agreements
to which the Philippines is a
signatory effectively subjects such
sales to zero rate.
(B) Transactions Deemed Sale. - The following

transactions shall be deemed sale:
(1) Transfer, use or consumption not in the

course of business of goods or properties
originally intended for sale or for use in the
course of business;
(2) Distribution or transfer to:
(a) Shareholders or investors as

share in the profits of the VAT-
registered persons; or
135 |
(b) Creditors in payment of debt;
(3) Consignment of goods if actual sale is

not made within sixty (60) days following
the date such goods were consigned; and
(4) Retirement from or cessation of

business, with respect to inventories of
taxable goods existing as of such retirement
or cessation.
(C) Changes in or Cessation of Status of a VAT-

registered Person. - The tax imposed in Subsection (A)
of this Section shall also apply to goods disposed of or
existing as of a certain date if under circumstances to be
prescribed in rules and regulations to be promulgated by
Commissioner, the status of a person as a VAT-registered
person changes or is terminated.
(D) Determination of the Tax. -
(1) The tax shall be computed by

multiplying the total amount indicated in
the invoice by one-eleventh (1/11).
(2) Sales Returns, Allowances and Sales

Discounts. - The value of goods or
properties sold and subsequently returned
or for which allowances were granted by a
VAT-registered person may be deducted
from the gross sales or receipts for the
quarter in which a refund is made or a
credit memorandum or refund is issued.
Sales discount granted and indicated in the
invoice at the time of sale and the grant of
which does not depend upon the happening
of a future event may be excluded from the
gross sales within the same quarter it was
given.
(3) Authority of the Commissioner to

Determine the Appropriate Tax Base. -
The Commissioner shall, by rules and
regulations prescribed by the Secretary of
Finance, determine the appropriate tax
base in cases where a transaction is
deemed a sale, barter or exchange of goods
or properties under Subsection (B) hereof,
or where the gross selling price is
unreasonably lower than the actual market
value.
SEC. 107. Value-Added Tax on Importation of

Goods. -
(A) In General. - There shall be levied, assessed and

collected on every importation of goods a value-added tax
136 |
equivalent to ten percent (10%) based on the total value
used by the Bureau of Customs in determining tariff and
customs duties plus customs duties, excise taxes, if any, and
other charges, such tax to be paid by the importer prior to
the release of such goods from customs custody: Provided,
That where the customs duties are determined on the basis
of the quantity or volume of the goods, the value-added tax
shall be based on the landed cost plus excise taxes, If any.
(B) Transfer of Goods by Tax-Exempt Persons. - In

the case of tax-free importation of goods into the
Philippines by persons, entities or agencies exempt from tax
where such goods are subsequently sold, transferred or
exchanged in the Philippines to non-exempt persons or
entities, the purchasers, transferees or recipients shall be
considered the importers thereof, who shall be liable for any
internal revenue tax on such importation. The tax due on
such importation shall constitute a lien on the goods
superior to all charges or liens on the goods, irrespective of
the possessor thereof.
SEC. 108. Value-added Tax on Sale of Services and

Use or Lease of Properties. -
(A) Rate and Base of Tax. - There shall be levied,

assessed and collected, a value-added tax equivalent to ten
percent (10%) of gross receipts derived from the sale or
exchange of services, including the use or lease of
properties.
The phrase "sale or exchange of services" means the

performance of all kinds or services in the Philippines for
others for a fee, remuneration or consideration, including
those performed or rendered by construction and service
contractors; stock, real estate, commercial, customs and
immigration brokers; lessors of property, whether personal
or real; warehousing services; lessors or distributors of
cinematographic films; persons engaged in milling
processing, manufacturing or repacking goods for others;
proprietors, operators or keepers of hotels, motels,
resthouses, pension houses, inns, resorts; proprietors or
operators of restaurants, refreshment parlors, cafes and
other eating places, including clubs and caterers; dealers in
securities; lending investors; transportation contractors on
their transport of goods or cargoes, including persons who
transport goods or cargoes for hire another domestic
common carriers by land, air and water relative to their
transport of goods or cargoes; services of franchise grantees
of telephone and telegraph, radio and television
broadcasting and all other franchise grantees except those
under Section 119 of this Code; services of banks, non-bank
financial intermediaries and finance companies; and non-
life insurance companies (except their crop insurances),
including surety, fidelity, indemnity and bonding
companies; and similar services regardless of whether or
not the performance thereof calls for the exercise or use of
the physical or mental faculties. The phrase 'sale or
137 |
exchange of services' shall likewise include:
(1) The lease or the use of or the right or

privilege to use any copyright, patent,
design or model, plan secret formula or
process, goodwill, trademark, trade brand
or other like property or right;
(2) The lease of the use of, or the right to

use of any industrial, commercial or
scientific equipment;
(3) The supply of scientific, technical,

industrial or commercial knowledge or
information;
(4) The supply of any assistance that is

ancillary and subsidiary to and is furnished
as a means of enabling the application or
enjoyment of any such property, or right as
is mentioned in subparagraph (2) or any
such knowledge or information as is
mentioned in subparagraph (3);
(5) The supply of services by a nonresident

person or his employee in connection with
the use of property or rights belonging to,
or the installation or operation of any
brand, machinery or other apparatus
purchased from such nonresident person.
(6) The supply of technical advice,

assistance or services rendered in
connection with technical management or
administration of any scientific, industrial
or commercial undertaking, venture,
project or scheme;
(7) The lease of motion picture films, films,

tapes and discs; and
(8) The lease or the use of or the right to

use radio, television, satellite transmission
and cable television time.
Lease of properties shall be subject to the tax herein

imposed irrespective of the place where the contract of lease
or licensing agreement was executed if the property is
leased or used in the Philippines.
The term "gross receipts" means the total amount of money

or its equivalent representing the contract price,
compensation, service fee, rental or royalty, including the
amount charged for materials supplied with the services
and deposits and advanced payments actually or
constructively received during the taxable quarter for the
services performed or to be performed for another person,
excluding value-added tax.
138 |
(B) Transactions Subject to Zero Percent (0%)
Rate. - The following services performed in the Philippines
by VAT- registered persons shall be subject to zero percent
(0%) rate.
(1) Processing, manufacturing or repacking

goods for other persons doing business
outside the Philippines which goods are
subsequently exported, where the services
are paid for in acceptable foreign currency
and accounted for in accordance with the
rules and regulations of the Bangko Sentral
ng Pilipinas (BSP);
(2) Services other than those mentioned in

the preceding paragraph, the consideration
for which is paid for in acceptable foreign
currency and accounted for in accordance
with the rules and regulations of the
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP);
(3) Services rendered to persons or entities

whose exemption under special laws or
international agreements to which the
Philippines is a signatory effectively
subjects the supply of such services to zero
percent (0%) rate;
(4) Services rendered to vessels engaged

exclusively in international shipping; and
(5) Services performed by subcontractors

and/or contractors in processing,
converting, of manufacturing goods for an
enterprise whose export sales exceed
seventy percent (70%) of total annual
production.
(C) Determination of the Tax. - The tax shall be

computed by multiplying the total amount indicated in the
official receipt by one-eleventh (1/11).
SEC. 109. Exempt Transactions. - The following shall

be exempt from the value-added tax:
(a) Sale of nonfood agricultural products;

marine and forest products in their original
state by the primary producer or the owner
of the land where the same are produced;
(b) Sale of cotton seeds in their original

state; and copra;
(c) Sale or importation of agricultural and

marine food products in their original
state, livestock and poultry of or king
generally used as, or yielding or producing
139 |
foods for human consumption; and
breeding stock and genetic materials
therefor.
Products classified under this paragraph

and paragraph (a) shall be considered in
their original state even if they have
undergone the simple processes of
preparation or preservation for the market,
such as freezing, drying, salting, broiling,
roasting, smoking or stripping.
Polished and/or husked rice, corn grits,

raw cane sugar and molasses, and ordinary
salt shall be considered in their original
state;
(d) Sale or importation of fertilizers; seeds,

seedlings and fingerlings; fish, prawn,
livestock and poultry feeds, including
ingredients, whether locally produced or
imported, used in the manufacture of
finished feeds (except specialty feeds for
race horses, fighting cocks, aquarium fish,
zoo animals and other animals generally
considered as pets);
(e) Sale or importation of coal and natural

gas, in whatever form or state, and
petroleum products (except lubricating oil,
processed gas, grease, wax and petrolatum)
subject to excise tax imposed under Title
VI;
(f) Sale or importation of raw materials to

be used by the buyer or importer himself in
the manufacture of petroleum products
subject to excise tax, except lubricating oil,
processed gas, grease, wax and petrolatum;
(g) Importation of passenger and/or cargo

vessels of more than five thousand tons
(5,000) whether coastwise or ocean-going,
including engine and spare parts of said
vessel to be used by the importer himself as
operator thereof;
(h) Importation of personal and household

effects belonging to the residents of the
Philippines returning from abroad and
nonresident citizens coming to resettle in
the Philippines:Provided, That such goods
are exempt from customs duties under the
Tariff and Customs Code of the
Philippines;
(i) Importation of professional

instruments and implements, wearing
140 |
apparel, domestic animals, and personal
household effects (except any vehicle,
vessel, aircraft, machinery other goods for
use in the manufacture and merchandise of
any kind in commercial quantity)
belonging to persons coming to settle in the
Philippines, for their own use and not for
sale, barter or exchange, accompanying
such persons, or arriving within ninety (90)
days before or after their arrival, upon the
production of evidence satisfactory to the
Commissioner, that such persons are
actually coming to settle in the Philippines
and that the change of residence is bona
fide;
(j) Services subject to percentage tax under

Title V;
(k) Services by agricultural contract

growers and milling for others of palay into
rice, corn into grits and sugar cane into raw
sugar;
(l) Medical, dental, hospital and veterinary

services subject to the provisions of Section
17 of Republic Act No. 7716, as amended:
(m) Educational services rendered by

private educational institutions, duly
accredited by the Department of
Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) and
the Commission on Higher Education
(CHED), and those rendered by
government educational institutions;
(n) Sale by the artist himself of his works

of art, literary works, musical compositions
and similar creations, or his services
performed for the production of such
works;
(o) Services rendered by individuals

pursuant to an employer-employee
relationship;
(p) Services rendered by regional or area

headquarters established in the Philippines
by multinational corporations which act as
supervisory, communications and
coordinating centers for their affiliates,
subsidiaries or branches in the Asia-Pacific
Region and do not earn or derive income
from the Philippines;
(q) Transactions which are exempt under

international agreements to which the
Philippines is a signatory or under special
141 |
laws, except those under Presidential
Decree Nos. 66, 529 and 1590;
(r) Sales by agricultural cooperatives duly

registered with the Cooperative
Development Authority to their members
as well as sale of their produce, whether in
its original state or processed form, to non-
members; their importation of direct farm
inputs, machineries and equipment,
including spare parts thereof, to be used
directly and exclusively in the production
and/or processing of their produce;
(s) Sales by electric cooperatives duly

registered with the Cooperative
Development authority or National
Electrification Administration, relative to
the generation and distribution of
electricity as well as their importation of
machineries and equipment, including
spare parts, which shall be directly used in
the generation and distribution of
electricity;
(t) Gross receipts from lending activities

by credit or multi-purpose cooperatives
duly registered with the Cooperative
Development Authority whose lending
operation is limited to their members;
(u) Sales by non-agricultural, non- electric

and non-credit cooperatives duly registered
with the Cooperative Development
Authority: Provided, That the share capital
contribution of each member does not
exceed Fifteen thousand pesos (P15,000)
and regardless of the aggregate capital and
net surplus ratably distributed among the
members;
(v) Export sales by persons who are not

VAT-registered;
(w) Sale of real properties not primarily

held for sale to customers or held for lease
in the ordinary course of trade or business
or real property utilized for low-cost and
socialized housing as defined by Republic
Act No. 7279, otherwise known as the
Urban Development and Housing Act of
1992, and other related laws, house and lot
and other residential dwellings valued at
One million pesos (P1,000,000) and
below: Provided, That not later than
January 31st of the calendar year
subsequent to the effectivity of this Act and
each calendar year thereafter, the amount
142 |
of One million pesos (P1,000,000) shall be
adjusted to its present value using the
Consumer Price Index, as published by the
national Statistics Office (NSO);
(x) Lease of a residential unit with a

monthly rental not exceeding Eight
thousand pesos (P8,000); Provided, That
not later than January 31st of the calendar
year subsequent to the effectivity of
Republic Act No. 8241 and each calendar
year thereafter, the amount of Eight
thousand pesos (P8,000) shall be adjusted
to its present value using the Consumer
Price Index as published by the National
Statistics Office (NS0);
(y) Sale, importation, printing or

publication of books and any newspaper,
magazine review or bulletin which appears
at regular intervals with fixed prices for
subscription and sale and which is not
devoted principally to the publication of
paid advertisements; and
(z) Sale or lease of goods or properties or

the performance of services other than the
transactions mentioned in the preceding
paragraphs, the gross annual sales and/or
receipts do not exceed the amount of Five
hundred fifty thousand pesos
(P550,000): Provided, That not later than
January 31st of the calendar year
subsequent to the effectivity of Republic
Act No. 8241 and each calendar year
thereafter, the amount of Five hundred fifty
thousand pesos (550,000) shall be adjusted
to its present value using the Consumer
Price Index, as published by the National
Statistics Office (NSO).
The foregoing exemptions to the contrary notwithstanding,

any person whose sale of goods or properties or services
which are otherwise not subject to VAT, but who issues a
VAT invoice or receipt therefor shall, in addition to his
liability to other applicable percentage tax, if any, be liable
to the tax imposed in Section 106 or 108 without the benefit
of input tax credit, and such tax shall also be recognized as
input tax credit to the purchaser under Section 110, all of
this Code.
SEC. 110. Tax Credits. -
(A) Creditable Input Tax. -
(1) Any input tax evidenced by a VAT

invoice or official receipt issued in
accordance with Section 113 hereof on the
143 |
following transactions shall be creditable
against the output tax:
(a) Purchase or importation of

goods:
(i) For sale; or

(ii) For conversion into
or intended to form part
of a finished product for
sale including packaging
materials; or
(iii) For use as supplies
in the course of business;
or
(iv) For use as materials
supplied in the sale of
service; or
(v) For use in trade or
business for which
deduction for
depreciation or
amortization is allowed
under this Code, except
automobiles, aircraft and
yachts.
(b) Purchase of services on which

a value-added tax has been
actually paid.
(2) The input tax on domestic purchase of

goods or properties shall be creditable:
(a) To the purchaser upon

consummation of sale and on
importation of goods or
properties; and
(b) To the importer upon

payment of the value-added tax
prior to the release of the goods
from the custody of the Bureau of
Customs.
However, in the case of purchase

of services, lease or use of
properties, the input tax shall be
creditable to the purchaser, lessee
or licensee upon payment of the
compensation, rental, royalty or
fee.
(3) A VAT-registered person who is also

engaged in transactions not subject to the
value-added tax shall be allowed tax credit
as follows:
(a) Total input tax which can be

144 |
directly attributed to transactions
subject to value-added tax; and
(b) A ratable portion of any input

tax which cannot be directly
attributed to either activity.
The term "input tax" means the value-

added tax due from or paid by a VAT-
registered person in the course of his trade
or business on importation of goods or
local purchase of goods or services,
including lease or use of property, from a
VAT-registered person. It shall also include
the transitional input tax determined in
accordance with Section 111 of this Code.
The term "output tax" means the value-

added tax due on the sale or lease of
taxable goods or properties or services by
any person registered or required to
register under Section 236 of this Code.
(B) Excess Output or Input Tax. - If at the end of any

taxable quarter the output tax exceeds the input tax, the
excess shall be paid by the VAT-registered person. If the
input tax exceeds the output tax, the excess shall be carried
over to the succeeding quarter or quarters. any input tax
attributable to the purchase of capital goods or to zero-rated
sales by a VAT-registered person may at his option be
refunded or credited against other internal revenue taxes,
subject to the provisions of Section 112.
(C) Determination of Creditable Input Tax. - The

sum of the excess input tax carried over from the preceding
month or quarter and the input tax creditable to a VAT-
registered person during the taxable month or quarter shall
be reduced by the amount of claim for refund or tax credit
for value-added tax and other adjustments, such as
purchase returns or allowances and input tax attributable to
exempt sale.
The claim for tax credit referred to in the foregoing

paragraph shall include not only those filed with the Bureau
of Internal Revenue but also those filed with other
government agencies, such as the Board of Investments the
Bureau of Customs.
SEC. 111. Transitional/Presumptive Input Tax

Credits. -
(A) Transitional Input Tax Credits. - A person who

becomes liable to value-added tax or any person who elects
to be a VAT-registered person shall, subject to the filing of
an inventory according to rules and regulations prescribed
by the Secretary of finance, upon recommendation of the
Commissioner, be allowed input tax on his beginning
145 |
inventory of goods, materials and supplies equivalent for
eight percent (8%) of the value of such inventory or the
actual value-added tax paid on such goods, materials and
supplies, whichever is higher, which shall be creditable
against the output tax.
(B) Presumptive Input Tax Credits. -
(1) Persons or firms engaged in the

processing of sardines, mackerel and milk,
and in manufacturing refined sugar and
cooking oil, shall be allowed a presumptive
input tax, creditable against the output tax,
equivalent to one and one-half percent (1
1/2%) of the gross value in money of their
purchases of primary agricultural products
which are used as inputs to their
production.
As used in this Subsection, the

term "processing" shall mean
pasteurization, canning and activities
which through physical or chemical process
alter the exterior texture or form or inner
substance of a product in such manner as
to prepare it for special use to which it
could not have been put in its original form
or condition.
(2) Public works contractors shall be

allowed a presumptive input tax equivalent
to one and one-half percent (1 1/2%) of the
contract price with respect to government
contracts only in lieu of actual input taxes
therefrom.
SEC. 112. Refunds or Tax Credits of Input Tax. -
(A) Zero-Rated or Effectively Zero-Rated Sales. -

any VAT-registered person, whose sales are zero-rated or
effectively zero-rated may, within two (2) years after the
close of the taxable quarter when the sales were made, apply
for the issuance of a tax credit certificate or refund of
creditable input tax due or paid attributable to such sales,
except transitional input tax, to the extent that such input
tax has not been applied against output tax: Provided,
however, That in the case of zero-rated sales under Section
106(A)(2)(a)(1), (2) and (B) and Section 108 (B)(1) and (2),
the acceptable foreign currency exchange proceeds thereof
had been duly accounted for in accordance with the rules
and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP):
Provided, further, That where the taxpayer is engaged in
zero-rated or effectively zero-rated sale and also in taxable
or exempt sale of goods of properties or services, and the
amount of creditable input tax due or paid cannot be
directly and entirely attributed to any one of the
transactions, it shall be allocated proportionately on the
146 |
basis of the volume of sales.
(B) Capital Goods. - A VAT-registered person may apply

for the issuance of a tax credit certificate or refund of input
taxes paid on capital goods imported or locally purchased,
to the extent that such input taxes have not been applied
against output taxes. The application may be made only
within two (2) years after the close of the taxable quarter
when the importation or purchase was made.
(C) Cancellation of VAT Registration. - A person

whose registration has been cancelled due to retirement
from or cessation of business, or due to changes in or
cessation of status under Section 106(C) of this Code may,
within two (2) years from the date of cancellation, apply for
the issuance of a tax credit certificate for any unused input
tax which may be used in payment of his other internal
revenue taxes.
(D) Period Within Which Refund or Tax Credit of

Input Taxes Shall be Made. - In proper cases, the
Commissioner shall grant a refund or issue the tax credit
certificate for creditable input taxes within one hundred
twenty (120) days from the date of submission of compete
documents in support of the application filed in accordance
with Subsections (A) and (B) hereof.
In case of full or partial denial of the claim for tax refund or

tax credit, or the failure on the part of the Commissioner to
act on the application within the period prescribed above,
the taxpayer affected may, within thirty (30) days from the
receipt of the decision denying the claim or after the
expiration of the one hundred twenty day-period, appeal the
decision or the unacted claim with the Court of Tax
Appeals.-
(E) Manner of Giving Refund. - Refunds shall be made

upon warrants drawn by the Commissioner or by his duly
authorized representative without the necessity of being
countersigned by the Chairman, Commission on audit, the
provisions of the Administrative Code of 1987 to the
contrary notwithstanding: Provided, That refunds under
this paragraph shall be subject to post audit by the
Commission on Audit.
CHAPTER II
COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
SEC. 113. Invoicing and Accounting Requirements

for VAT-Registered Persons. -
147 |
(A) Invoicing Requirements. - A VAT-registered person
shall, for every sale, issue an invoice or receipt. In addition
to the information required under Section 237, the
following information shall be indicated in the invoice or
receipt:
(1) A statement that the seller is a VAT-

registered person, followed by his
taxpayer's identification number (TIN);
and
(2) The total amount which the purchaser

pays or is obligated to pay to the seller with
the indication that such amount includes
the value-added tax.
(B) Accounting Requirements. - Notwithstanding the

provisions of Section 233, all persons subject to the value-
added tax under Sections 106 and 108 shall, in addition to
the regular accounting records required, maintain a
subsidiary sales journal and subsidiary purchase journal on
which the daily sales and purchases are recorded. The
subsidiary journals shall contain such information as may
be required by the Secretary of Finance.
SEC. 114. Return and Payment of Value-Added Tax.

-
(A) In General. - Every person liable to pay the value-

added tax imposed under this Title shall file a quarterly
return of the amount of his gross sales or receipts within
twenty-five (25) days following the close of each taxable
quarter prescribed for each taxpayer: Provided,
however, That VAT-registered persons shall pay the value-
added tax on a monthly basis.
Any person, whose registration has been cancelled in

accordance with Section 236, shall file a return and pay the
tax due thereon within twenty-five (25) days from the date
of cancellation of registration: Provided, That only one
consolidated return shall be filed by the taxpayer for his
principal place of business or head office and all branches.
(B) Where to File the Return and Pay the Tax. -

Except as the Commissioner otherwise permits, the return
shall be filed with and the tax paid to an authorized agent
bank, Revenue Collection Officer or duly authorized city or
municipal Treasurer in the Philippines located within the
revenue district where the taxpayer is registered or required
to register.
(C) Withholding of Creditable Value-Added Tax. -

The Government or any of its political subdivisions,
instrumentalities or agencies, including government-owned
or -controlled corporations (GOCCs) shall, before making
payment on account of each purchase of goods from sellers
148 |
and services rendered by contractors which are subject to
the value-added tax imposed in Sections 106 and 108 of this
Code, deduct and withhold the value-added tax due at the
rate of three percent (3%) of the gross payment for the
purchase of goods and six percent (6%) on gross receipts for
services rendered by contractors on every sale or
installment payment which shall be creditable against the
value-added tax liability of the seller or
contractor: Provided, however, That in the case of
government public works contractors, the withholding rate
shall be eight and one-half percent (8.5%): Provided,
further, That the payment for lease or use of properties or
property rights to nonresident owners shall be subject to ten
percent (10%) withholding tax at the time of payment. For
this purpose, the payor or person in control of the payment
shall be considered as the withholding agent.
The value-added tax withheld under this Section shall be

remitted within ten (10) days following the end of the
month the withholding was made.
SEC. 115. Power of the Commissioner to Suspend

the Business Operations of a Taxpayer. - The
Commissioner or his authorized representative is hereby
empowered to suspend the business operations and
temporarily close the business establishment of any person
for any of the following violations:
(a) In the case of a VAT-registered Person.

-
(1) Failure to issue receipts or

invoices;
(2) Failure to file a value-added

tax return as required under
Section 114; or
(3) Understatement of taxable

sales or receipts by thirty percent
(30%) or more of his correct
taxable sales or receipts for the
taxable quarter.
(b) Failure of any Person to Register as

Required under Section 236. -
The temporary closure of the establishment shall be for the

duration of not less than five (5) days and shall be lifted
only upon compliance with whatever requirements
prescribed by the Commissioner in the closure order.
149 |
TITLE V
OTHER PERCENTAGE TAXES
SEC. 116. Tax on Persons Exempt From Value-

Added Tax (VAT). - Any person whose sales or receipts
are exempt under Section 109(z) of this Code from the
payment of value-added tax and who is not a VAT-
registered person shall pay a tax equivalent to three percent
(3%) of his gross quarterly sales or receipts: Provided, That
cooperatives shall be exempt from the three percent
(3%)gross receipts tax herein imposed.
SEC. 117. Percentage Tax on Domestic Carriers and

Keepers of Garages. - Cars for rent or hire driven by the
lessee, transportation contractors, including persons who
transport passengers for hire, and other domestic carriers
by land, air or water, for the transport of passengers, except
owners of bancas and owner of animal-drawn two wheeled
vehicle, and keepers of garages shall pay a tax equivalent to
three percent (3%) of their quarterly gross receipts.
The gross receipts of common carriers derived from their

incoming and outgoing freight shall not be subjected to the
local taxes imposed under Republic Act No. 7160, otherwise
known as the Local Government Code of 1991.
In computing the percentage tax provided in this Section,

the following shall be considered the minimum quarterly
gross receipts in each particular case:
Jeepney for hire -
1. Manila and other

cities P
2,400
2.
Provincial
1,200
Public utility bus -
Not exceeding 30
passengers
3,600
Exceeding 30 but not exceeding
50 passengers 6,000
Exceeding 50
passengers
7,200
Taxis -
150 |
1. Manila and other
cities P
3,600
2.
Provincial
2,400
Car for hire (with

chauffer)
3,000
Car for hire (without
chauffer)
1,800
SEC. 118. Percentage Tax on International

Carriers. -
(A) International air carriers doing business in the

Philippines shall pay a tax of three percent (3%) of their
quarterly gross receipts.
(B) International shipping carriers doing business in the

Philippines shall pay a tax equivalent to three percent (3%)
of their quarterly gross receipts.
SEC. 119. Tax on Franchises. - Any provision of general

or special law to the contrary notwithstanding, there shall
be levied, assessed and collected in respect to all franchises
on radio and/or television broadcasting companies whose
annual gross receipts of the preceding year does not exceed
Ten million pesos (P10,000.00), subject to Section 236 of
this Code, a tax of three percent (3%) and on electric, gas
and water utilities, a tax of two percent (2%) on the gross
receipts derived from the business covered by the law
granting the franchise: Provided, however, That radio and
television broadcasting companies referred to in this
Section shall have an option to be registered as a value-
added taxpayer and pay the tax due thereon: Provided,
further, That once the option is exercised, it shall not be
revoked.
The grantee shall file the return with, and pay the tax due
thereon to the Commissioner or his duly authorized
representative, in accordance with the provisions of Section
128 of this Code, and the return shall be subject to audit by
the Bureau of Internal Revenue, any provision of any
existing law to the contrary notwithstanding.
SEC. 120. Tax on Overseas Dispatch, Message or

Conversation Originating from the Philippines. -
(A) Persons Liable. - There shall be collected upon every

overseas dispatch, message or conversation transmitted
from the Philippines by telephone, telegraph, telewriter
exchange, wireless and other communication equipment
151 |
service, a tax of ten percent (10%) on the amount paid for
such services. The tax imposed in this Section shall be
payable by the person paying for the services rendered and
shall be paid to the person rendering the services who is
required to collect and pay the tax within twenty (20) days
after the end of each quarter.
(B) Exemptions. - The tax imposed by this Section shall

not apply to:
(1) Government. - Amounts paid for

messages transmitted by the Government
of the Republic of the Philippines or any of
its political subdivisions or
instrumentalities;
(2) Diplomatic Services. - Amounts paid

for messages transmitted by any embassy
and consular offices of a foreign
government;
(3) International Organizations. -

Amounts paid for messages transmitted by
a public international organization or any
of its agencies based in the Philippines
enjoying privileges, exemptions and
immunities which the Government of the
Philippines is committed to recognize
pursuant to an international agreement;
and
(4) News Services. - Amounts paid for

messages from any newspaper, press
association, radio or television newspaper,
broadcasting agency, or newstickers
services, to any other newspaper, press
association, radio or television newspaper
broadcasting agency, or newsticker service
or to a bona fide correspondent, which
messages deal exclusively with the
collection of news items for, or the
dissemination of news item through, public
press, radio or television broadcasting or a
newsticker service furnishing a general
news service similar to that of the public
press.
SEC. 121. Tax on Banks and Non-Bank Financial

Intermediaries. - There shall be a collected tax on gross
receipts derived from sources within the Philippines by all
banks and non-bank financial intermediaries in accordance
with the following schedule:
(a) On interest, commissions and discounts

from lending activities as well as income
from financial leasing, on the basis of
remaining maturities of instruments from
152 |
which such receipts are derived:
Short-term maturity (non in excess of two

(2) years) 5%
Medium-term maturity (over two (2) years

but
not exceeding four (4)
years) 3%
Long-term maturity -
(1) Over four (4) years but not exceeding
seven (7) years 1%
(2) Over seven (7)
years
0%
(b) On
dividends
0%
(c) On royalties, rentals of property, real or

personal, profits,
from exchange and all other items treated
as gross income
under Section 32 of this
Code
5%
Provided, however, That in case the maturity period

referred to in paragraph (a) is shortened thru
pretermination, then the maturity period shall be reckoned
to end as of the date of pretermination for purposes of
classifying the transaction as short, medium or long-term
and the correct rate of tax shall be applied accordingly.
Nothing in this Code shall preclude the Commissioner from

imposing the same tax herein provided on persons
performing similar banking activities.
SEC. 122. Tax on Finance Companies. - There shall be

collected a tax of five percent (5%) on the gross receipts
derived by all finance companies, as well as by other
financial intermediaries not performing quasi-banking
functions dong business in the Philippines, from interest,
discounts and all other items treated as gross income under
this Code: Provided, That interests, commissions and
discounts from lending activities, as well as income from
financial leasing, shall be taxed on the basis of the
remaining maturities of the instruments from which such
receipts are derived, in accordance with the following
schedule:
Short-term maturity (non in excess of two

(2) years) 5%
Medium-term maturity (over two (2) years

153 |
but not exceeding four (4)
years) 3%
Long-term maturity -
(1) Over four (4) years but not exceeding
seven (7) 1%
(2) Over seven (7)
years
0%
Provided, however, That in case the maturity period is

shortened thru pretermination, then the maturity period
shall be reckoned to end as of the date of pretermination for
purposes of classifying the transaction as short, medium or
long-term and the correct rate of tax shall be applied
accordingly.
Nothing in this Code shall preclude the Commissioner from

imposing the same tax herein provided on persons
performing similar financing activities.
SEC. 123. Tax on Life Insurance Premiums. - There

shall be collected from every person, company or
corporation (except purely cooperative companies or
associations) doing life insurance business of any sort in the
Philippines a tax of five percent (5%) of the total premium
collected, whether such premiums are paid in money, notes,
credits or any substitute for money; but premiums refunded
within six (6) months after payment on account of rejection
of risk or returned for other reason to a person insured shall
not be included in the taxable receipts; nor shall any tax be
paid upon reinsurance by a company that has already paid
the tax; nor upon doing business outside the Philippines on
account of any life insurance of the insured who is a
nonresident, if any tax on such premium is imposed by the
foreign country where the branch is established nor upon
premiums collected or received on account of any
reinsurance , if the insured, in case of personal insurance,
resides outside the Philippines, if any tax on such premiums
is imposed by the foreign country where the original
insurance has been issued or perfected; nor upon that
portion of the premiums collected or received by the
insurance companies on variable contracts (as defined in
section 232(2) of Presidential Decree No. 612), in excess of
the amounts necessary to insure the lives of the variable
contract workers.
Cooperative companies or associations are such as are

conducted by the members thereof with the money collected
from among themselves and solely for their own protection
and not for profit.
SEC. 124. Tax on Agents of Foreign Insurance

Companies. - Every fire, marine or miscellaneous
insurance agent authorized under the Insurance Code to
procure policies of insurance as he may have previously
been legally authorized to transact on risks located in the
154 |
Philippines for companies not authorized to transact
business in the Philippines shall pay a tax equal to twice the
tax imposed in Section 123: Provided, That the provision of
this Section shall not apply to reinsurance: Provided,
however, That the provisions of this Section shall not affect
the right of an owner of property to apply for and obtain for
himself policies in foreign companies in cases where said
owner does not make use of the services of any agent,
company or corporation residing or doing business in the
Philippines. In all cases where owners of property obtain
insurance directly with foreign companies, it shall be the
duty of said owners to report to the Insurance
Commissioner and to the Commissioner each case where
insurance has been so effected, and shall pay the tax of five
percent (5%) on premiums paid, in the manner required by
Section 123.
SEC. 125. Amusement Taxes. - There shall be collected

from the proprietor, lessee or operator of cockpits, cabarets,
night or day clubs, boxing exhibitions, professional
basketball games, Jai-Alai and racetracks, a tax equivalent
to:
(a) Eighteen percent (18%) in the case of

cockpits;
(b) Eighteen percent (18%) in the case of

cabarets, night or day clubs;
(c) Ten percent (10%) in the case of boxing

exhibitions: Provided, however, That
boxing exhibitions wherein World or
Oriental Championships in any division is
at stake shall be exempt from amusement
tax: Provided, further, That at least one of
the contenders for World or Oriental
Championship is a citizen of the
Philippines and said exhibitions are
promoted by a citizen/s of the Philippines
or by a corporation or association at least
sixty percent (60%) of the capital of which
is owned by such citizens;
(d) Fifteen percent (15%) in the case of

professional basketball games as
envisioned in Presidential Decree No.
871: Provided, however, That the tax
herein shall be in lieu of all other
percentage taxes of whatever nature and
description; and
(e) Thirty percent (30%) in the case of Jai-

Alai and racetracks of their gross receipts,
irrespective, of whether or not any amount
is charged for admission.
For the purpose of the amusement tax, the term "gross

receipts" embraces all the receipts of the proprietor, lessee
155 |
or operator of the amusement place. Said gross receipts also
include income from television, radio and motion picture
rights, if any. A person or entity or association conducting
any activity subject to the tax herein imposed shall be
similarly liable for said tax with respect to such portion of
the receipts derived by him or it.
The taxes imposed herein shall be payable at the end of each

quarter and it shall be the duty of the proprietor, lessee or
operator concerned, as well as any party liable, within
twenty (20) days after the end of each quarter, to make a
true and complete return of the amount of the gross receipts
derived during the preceding quarter and pay the tax due
thereon.
SEC. 126. Tax on Winnings. - Every person who wins in

horse races shall pay a tax equivalent to ten percent (10%)
of his winnings or 'dividends', the tax to be based on the
actual amount paid to him for every winning ticket after
deducting the cost of the ticket: Provided, That in the case
of winnings from double, forecast/quinella and trifecta bets,
the tax shall be four percent (4%). In the case of owners of
winning race horses, the tax shall be ten percent (10%) of
the prizes.
The tax herein prescribed shall be deducted from the

'dividends' corresponding to each winning ticket or
the "prize" of each winning race horse owner and withheld
by the operator, manager or person in charge of the horse
races before paying the dividends or prizes to the persons
entitled thereto.
The operator, manager or person in charge of horse races

shall, within twenty (20) days from the date the tax was
deducted and withheld in accordance with the second
paragraph hereof, file a true and correct return with the
Commissioner in the manner or form to be prescribed by
the Secretary of Finance, and pay within the same period
the total amount of tax so deducted and withheld.
SEC. 127. Tax on Sale, Barter or Exchange of

Shares of Stock Listed and Traded Through the
Local Stock Exchange or Through Initial Public
Offering. -
(A) Tax on Sale, Barter or Exchange of Shares of

Stock Listed and Traded Through the Local Stock
Exchange. - There shall be levied, assessed and collected
on every sale, barter, exchange, or other disposition of
shares of stock listed and traded through the local stock
exchange other than the sale by a dealer in securities, a tax
at the rate of one-half of one percent (1/2 of 1%) of the gross
selling price or gross value in money of the shares of stock
sold, bartered, exchanged or otherwise disposed which shall
be paid by the seller or transferor.
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(B) Tax on Shares of Stock Sold or Exchanged
Through Initial Public Offering. - There shall be
levied, assessed and collected on every sale, barter,
exchange or other disposition through initial public offering
of shares of stock in closely held corporations, as defined
herein, a tax at the rates provided hereunder based on the
gross selling price or gross value in money of the shares of
stock sold, bartered, exchanged or otherwise disposed in
accordance with the proportion of shares of stock sold,
bartered, exchanged or otherwise disposed to the total
outstanding shares of stock after the listing in the local
stock exchange:
Up to twenty-five percent
(25%) 4%
Over twenty-five percent (25%) but not

over thirty-three
and one third percent (33
1/3%) 2%
Over thirty-three and one third percent (33

1/3%) 1%
The tax herein imposed shall be paid by the issuing

corporation in primary offering or by the seller in secondary
offering.
For purposes of this Section, the term "closely held

corporation" means any corporation at least fifty percent
(50%) in value of outstanding capital stock or at least fifty
percent (505) of the total combined voting power of all
classes of stock entitled to vote is owned directly or
indirectly by or for not more than twenty (20) individuals.
For purposes of determining whether the corporation is a

closely held corporation, insofar as such determination is
based on stock ownership, the following rules shall be
applied:
(1) Stock Not Owned by Individuals. -

Stock owned directly or indirectly by or for
a corporation, partnership, estate or trust
shall be considered as being owned
proportionately by its shareholders,
partners or beneficiaries.
(2) Family and Partnership Ownerships. -

An individual shall be considered as
owning the stock owned, directly or
indirectly, by or for his family, or by or for
his partner. For purposes of the paragraph,
the 'family of an individual' includes only
his brothers and sisters (whether by whole
or half-blood), spouse, ancestors and lineal
descendants.
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(3) Option. - If any person has an option
acquire stock, such stock shall be
considered as owned by such person. For
purposes of this paragraph, an option to
acquire such an option and each one of a
series of options shall be considered as an
option to acquire such stock.
(4) Constructive Ownership as Actual

Ownership. - Stock constructively owned
by reason of the application of paragraph
(1) or (3) hereof shall, for purposes of
applying paragraph (1) or (2), be treated as
actually owned by such person; but stock
constructively owned by the individual by
reason of the application of paragraph (2)
hereof shall not be treated as owned by him
for purposes of again applying such
paragraph in order to make another the
constructive owner of such stock.
(C) Return on Capital Gains Realized from Sale of

Shares of Stocks. -
(1) Return on Capital Gains Realized from

Sale of Shares of Stock Listed and Traded
in the Local Stock Exchange. - It shall be
the duty of every stock broker who effected
the sale subject to the tax imposed herein
to collect the tax and remit the same to the
Bureau of Internal Revenue within five (5)
banking days from the date of collection
thereof and to submit on Mondays of each
week to the secretary of the stock exchange,
of which he is a member, a true and
complete return which shall contain a
declaration of all the transactions effected
through him during the preceding week
and of taxes collected by him and turned
over to the Bureau Of Internal Revenue.
(2) Return on Public Offerings of Share

Stock. - In case of primary offering, the
corporate issuer shall file the return and
pay the corresponding tax within thirty
(30) days from the date of listing of the
shares of stock in the local stock exchange.
In the case of secondary offering, the
provision of Subsection (C)(1) of this
Section shall apply as to the time and
manner of the payment of the tax.
(D) Common Provisions. - Any gain derived from the

sale, barter, exchange or other disposition of shares of stock
under this Section shall be exempt from the tax imposed in
Sections 24(C), 27(D)(2), 28(A)(8)(c), and 28(B)(5)(c) of
this Code and from the regular individual or corporate
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income tax. Tax paid under this Section shall not be
deductible for income tax purposes.
SEC. 128. Returns and Payment of Percentage

Taxes. -
(A) Returns of Gross Sales, Receipts or Earnings

and Payment of Tax. -
(1) Persons Liable to Pay Percentage

Taxes. - Every person subject to the
percentage taxes imposed under this Title
shall file a quarterly return of the amount
of his gross sales, receipts or earnings and
pay the tax due thereon within twenty-five
(25) days after the end of each taxable
quarter: Provided, That in the case of a
person whose VAT registration is cancelled
and who becomes liable to the tax imposed
in Section 116 of this Code, the tax shall
accrue from the date of cancellation and
shall be paid in accordance with the
provisions of this Section.
(2) Person Retiring from Business. - Any

person retiring from a business subject to
percentage tax shall notify the nearest
internal revenue officer, file his return and
pay the tax due thereon within twenty (20)
days after closing his business.
(3) Exceptions. - The Commissioner may,

by rules and regulations, prescribe:
(a) The time for filing the return

at intervals other than the time
prescribed in the preceding
paragraphs for a particular class
or classes of taxpayers after
considering such factors as
volume of sales, financial
condition, adequate measures of
security, and such other relevant
information required to be
submitted under the pertinent
provisions of this Code; and
(b) The manner and time of

payment of percentage taxes other
than as hereinabove prescribed,
including a scheme of tax
prepayment.
(4) Determination of Correct Sales or

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Receipts. - When it is found that a person
has failed to issue receipts or invoices, or
when no return is filed, or when there is
reason to believe that the books of accounts
or other records do not correctly reflect the
declarations made or to be made in a
return required to be filed under the
provisions of this Code, the Commissioner,
after taking into account the sales, receipts
or other taxable base of other persons
engaged in similar businesses under
similar situations or circumstances, or after
considering other relevant information
may prescribe a minimum amount of such
gross receipts, sales and taxable base and
such amount so prescribed shall be prima
facie correct for purposes of determining
the internal revenue tax liabilities of such
person.
(B) Where to File. - Except as the Commissioner

otherwise permits, every person liable to the percentage tax
under this Title may, at his option, file a separate return for
each branch or place of business, or a consolidated return
for all branches or places of business with the authorized
agent bank, Revenue District Officer, Collection Agent or
duly authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality where
said business or principal place of business is located, as the
case may be.
TITLE VI
EXCISE TAXES ON CERTAIN GOODS
CHAPTER I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
SEC. 129. Goods Subject to Excise Taxes. - Excise

taxes apply to goods manufactured or produced in the
Philippines for domestic sales or consumption or for any
other disposition and to things imported. The excise tax
imposed herein shall be in addition to the value-added tax
imposed under Title IV.
For purposes of this Title, excise taxes herein imposed and

based on weight or volume capacity or any other physical
unit or measurement shall be referred to as "specific
tax" and an excise tax herein imposed and based on selling
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price or other specified value of the good shall be referred to
as"ad valorem tax".
SEC. 130. Filing of Return and Payment of Excise

Tax on Domestic Products. -
(A) Persons Liable to File a Return, Filing of

Return on Removal and Payment of Tax. -
(1) Persons Liable to File a Return. - Every

person liable to pay excise tax imposed
under this Title shall file a separate return
for each place of production setting forth,
among others, the description and quantity
or volume of products to be removed, the
applicable tax base and the amount of tax
due thereon: Provided, however, That in
the case of indigenous petroleum, natural
gas or liquefied natural gas, the excise tax
shall be paid by the first buyer, purchaser
or transferee for local sale, barter or
transfer, while the excise tax on exported
products shall be paid by the owner, lessee,
concessionaire or operator of the mining
claim.
Should domestic products be removed

from the place of production without the
payment of the tax, the owner or person
having possession thereof shall be liable for
the tax due thereon.
(2) Time for Filing of Return and Payment

of the Tax. - Unless otherwise specifically
allowed, the return shall be filed and the
excise tax paid by the manufacturer or
producer before removal of domestic
products form place of
production: Provided, That the excise tax
on locally manufactured petroleum
products and indigenous petroleum levied
under Sections 148 and 151(A)(4),
respectively, of this Title shall be paid
within ten (10) days from the date of
removal of such products for the period
from January 1, 1998 to June 30, 1998;
within five (5) days from the date of
removal of such products for the period
from July 1, 1998 to December 31, 1998;
and, before removal from the place of
production of such products from January
1, 1999 and thereafter: Provided,
further, That the excise tax on nonmetallic
mineral or mineral products, or quarry
resources shall be due and payable upon
removal of such products from the locality
where mined or extracted, but with respect
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to the excise tax on locally produced or
extracted metallic mineral or mineral
products, the person liable shall file a
return and pay the tax within fifteen (15)
days after the end of the calendar quarter
when such products were removed subject
to such conditions as may be prescribed by
rules and regulations to be promulgated by
the Secretary of Finance, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner. For
this purpose, the taxpayer shall file a bond
in an amount which approximates the
amount of excise tax due on the removals
for the said quarter. The foregoing rules
notwithstanding, for imported mineral or
mineral products, whether metallic or
nonmetallic, the excise tax due thereon
shall be paid before their removal from
customs custody.
(3) Place of Filing of Return and Payment

of the Tax. - Except as the Commissioner
otherwise permits, the return shall be filed
with and the tax paid to any authorized
agent bank or Revenue Collection Officer,
or duly authorized City or Municipal
Treasurer in the Philippines.
(4) Exceptions. - The Secretary of Finance,

Commissioner may, by rules and
regulations, prescribe:
(a) The time for filing the return

at intervals other than the time
prescribed in the preceding
paragraphs for a particular class
or classes of taxpayers after
considering factors such as
volume of removals, adequate
measures of security and such
other relevant information
required to be submitted under
the pertinent provisions of this
Code; and
(b) The manner and time of

payment of excise taxes other than
as herein prescribed, under a tax
prepayment, advance deposit or
similar schemes. In the case of
locally produced of extracted
minerals and mineral products or
quarry resources where the mine
site or place of extraction is not
the same as the place of
processing or production, the
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return shall be filed with and the
tax paid to the Revenue District
Office having jurisdiction over the
locality where the same are
mined, extracted or
quarried: Provided,
however, That for metallic
minerals processed abroad, the
return shall be filed and the tax
due thereon paid to the Revenue
District Office having jurisdiction
over the locality where the same
are mined, extracted or quarried.
(B) Determination of Gross Selling Price of Goods

Subject to Ad Valorem Tax. - Unless otherwise
provided, the price, excluding the value-added tax, at which
the goods are sold at wholesale in the place of production or
through their sales agents to the public shall constitute the
gross selling price. If the manufacturer also sells or allows
such goods to be sold at wholesale in another establishment
of which he is the owner or in the profits of which he has an
interest, the wholesale price in such establishment shall
constitute the gross selling price. Should such price be less
than the cost of manufacture plus expenses incurred until
the goods are finally sold, then a proportionate margin of
profit, not less than ten percent (10%) of such
manufacturing cost and expenses, shall be added to
constitute the gross selling price.
(C) Manufacturer's or Producer's Sworn

Statement. - Every manufacturer or producer of goods or
products subject to excise taxes shall file with the
Commissioner on the date or dates designated by the latter,
and as often as may be required, a sworn statement
showing, among other information, the different goods or
products manufactured or produced and their
corresponding gross selling price or market value, together
with the cost of manufacture or production plus expenses
incurred or to be incurred until the goods or products are
finally sold.
(D) Credit for Excise Tax on Goods Actually

Exported. - When goods locally produced or manufactured
are removed and actually exported without returning to the
Philippines, whether so exported in their original state or as
ingredients or parts of any manufactured goods or products,
any excise tax paid thereon shall be credited or refunded
upon submission of the proof of actual exportation and
upon receipt of the corresponding foreign exchange
payment: Provided, That the excise tax on mineral
products, except coal and coke, imposed under Section 151
shall not be creditable or refundable even if the mineral
products are actually exported.
SEC. 131. Payment of Excise Taxes on Importer
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Articles. -
(A) Persons Liable. - Excise taxes on

imported articles shall be paid by the
owner or importer to the Customs Officers,
conformably with the regulations of the
Department of Finance and before the
release of such articles from the customs
house, or by the person who is found in
possession of articles which are exempt
from excise taxes other than those legally
entitled to exemption.
In the case of tax-free articles brought or

imported into the Philippines by persons,
entitles, or agencies exempt from tax which
are subsequently sold, transferred or
exchanged in the Philippines to non-
exempt persons or entitles, the purchasers
or recipients shall be considered the
importers thereof, and shall be liable for
the duty and internal revenue tax due on
such importation.
The provision of any special or general law

to the contrary notwithstanding, the
importation of cigars and cigarettes,
distilled spirits and wines into the
Philippines, even if destined for tax and
duty free shops, shall be subject to all
applicable taxes, duties, charges, including
excise taxes due thereon: Provided,
however, That this shall not apply to cigars
and cigarettes, distilled spirits and wines
brought directly into the duly chartered or
legislated freeports of the Subic Special
Economic and Freeport Zone, crated under
Republic Act No. 7227; the Cagayan Special
Economic Zone and Freeport, created
under Republic Act No. 7922; and the
Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone,
created under Republic Act No. 7903, and
are not transshipped to any other port in
the Philippines: Provided, further, That
importations of cigars and cigarettes,
distilled spirits and wines by a government-
owned and operated duty-free shop, like
the Duty-Free Philippines (DFP), shall be
exempted from all applicable taxes, duties,
charges, including excise tax due
thereon: Provided, still further, That if
such articles directly imported by a
government-owned and operated duty-free
shop like the Duty-Free Philippines, shall
be labeled "tax and duty-free" and "not for
resale": Provided, still further,That is such
articles brought into the duly chartered or
164 |
legislated freeports under Republic Acts
No. 7227, 7922 and 7903 are subsequently
introduced into the Philippine customs
territory, then such articles shall, upon
such introduction, be deemed imported
into the Philippines and shall be subject to
all imposts and excise taxes provided
herein and other statutes: Provided,
finally, That the removal and transfer of
tax and duty-free goods, products,
machinery, equipment and other similar
articles, from one freeport to another
freeport, shall not be deemed an
introduction into the Philippine customs
territory.
Articles confiscated shall be disposed of in

accordance with the rules and regulations
to be promulgated by the Secretary of
Commissioner of Customs and Internal
Revenue, upon consultation with the
Secretary of Tourism and the General
manager of the Philippine Tourism
Authority.
The tax due on any such goods, products,

machinery, equipment or other similar
articles shall constitute a lien on the article
itself, and such lien shall be superior to all
other charges or liens, irrespective of the
possessor thereof.
(B) Rate and Basis of the Excise Tax on Imported

Articles. - Unless otherwise specified imported articles
shall be subject to the same rates and basis of excise taxes
applicable to locally manufactured articles.
SEC. 132. Mode of Computing Contents of Cask or

Package. - Every fractional part of a proof liter equal to or
greater than a half liter in a cask or package containing
more than one liter shall be taxed as a liter, and any smaller
fractional part shall be exempt; but any package of spirits,
the total content of which are less than a proof liter, shall be
taxed as one liter.
CHAPTER II
EXEMPTION OR CONDITIONAL TAX-FREE

REMOVAL OF CERTAIN ARTICLES
SEC. 133. Removal of Wines and Distilled Spirits

for Treatment of Tobacco Leaf. - Upon issuance of a
165 |
permit from the Commissioner and subject to the rules and
regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Finance,
manufacturers of cigars and cigarettes may withdraw from
bond, free of excise local and imported wines and distilled
spirits in specific quantities and grades for use in the
treatment of tobacco leaf to be used in the manufacture of
cigars and cigarettes; but such wines and distilled spirits
must first be suitably denatured.
SEC. 134. Domestic Denatured Alcohol. - Domestic

alcohol of not less than one hundred eighty degrees (180O)
proof (ninety percent [90%] absolute alcohol) shall, when
suitably denatured and rendered unfit for oral intake, be
exempt from the excise tax prescribed in Section
141:Provided, however, That such denatured alcohol shall
be subject to tax under Section 106(A) of this
Code: Provided, further, That if such alcohol is to be used
for automotive power, it shall be taxed under Section 148(d)
of this Code: Provided, finally, That any alcohol, previously
rendered unfit for oral intake after denaturing but
subsequently rendered fit for oral intake after undergoing
fermentation, dilution, purification, mixture or any other
similar process shall be taxed under Section 141 of this Code
and such tax shall be paid by the person in possession of
such reprocessed spirits.
SEC. 135. Petroleum Products Sold to International

Carriers and Exempt Entities or Agencies. -
Petroleum products sold to the following are exempt from
excise tax:
(a) International carriers of Philippine or

foreign registry on their use or
consumption outside the
Philippines: Provided, That the petroleum
products sold to these international
carriers shall be stored in a bonded storage
tank and may be disposed of only in
accordance with the rules and regulations
to be prescribed by the Secretary of
Commissioner;
(b) Exempt entities or agencies covered by

tax treaties, conventions and other
international agreements for their use or
consumption: Provided, however, That the
country of said foreign international carrier
or exempt entities or agencies exempts
from similar taxes petroleum products sold
to Philippine carriers, entities or agencies;
and
(c) Entities which are by law exempt from

direct and indirect taxes.
SEC. 136. Denaturation, Withdrawal and Use of

Denatured Alcohol. - Any person who produces,
166 |
withdraws, sells, transports or knowingly uses, or is in
possession of denatured alcohol, or articles containing
denatured alcohol in violation of laws or regulations now or
hereafter in force pertaining thereto shall be required to pay
the corresponding tax, in addition to the penalties provided
for under Title X of this Code.
SEC. 137. Removal of Spirits Under Bond for

Rectification.- Spirits requiring rectification may be
removed from the place of production to another
establishment for the purpose of rectification without
prepayment of the excise tax: Provided, That the distiller
removing such spirits and the rectifier receiving them shall
file with the Commissioner their joint bond conditioned
upon the payment by the rectifier of the excise tax due on
the rectified alcohol:Provided, further, That in cases where
alcohol has already been rectified either by original and
continuous distillation or by redistillation, no loss for
rectification and handling shall be allowed and the rectifier
thereof shall pay the excise tax due on such
losses: Provided, finally, That where a rectifier makes use of
spirits upon which the excise tax has not been paid, he shall
be liable for the payment of the tax otherwise due thereon.
SEC. 138. Removal of Fermented Liquors to

Bonded Warehouse. - Any brewer may remove or
transport from his brewery or other place of manufacture to
a bonded warehouse used by him exclusively for the storage
or sale in bulk of fermented liquors of his own manufacture,
any quantity of such fermented liquors, not less than one
thousand (1,000) liters at one removal, without prepayment
of the tax thereon under a permit which shall be granted by
the Commissioner. Such permit shall be affixed to every
package so removed and shall be cancelled or destroyed in
such manner as the Commissioner may prescribe.
Thereafter, the manufacturer of such fermented liquors
shall pay the tax in the same manner and under the same
penalty and liability as when paid at the brewery.
SEC. 139. Removal of Damaged Liquors Free of

Tax. - When any fermented liquor has become sour or
otherwise damaged so as to be unfit for use as such, brewers
may sell and after securing a special permit from the
Commissioner, under such conditions as may be prescribed
in the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of
Finance, remove the same without the payment of tax
thereon in cask or other packages, distinct from those
ordinarily used for fermented liquors, each containing not
less than one hundred seventy-five (175) liters with a note of
their contents permanently affixed thereon.
SEC. 140. Removal of Tobacco Products Without

Prepayment of Tax. - Products of tobacco entirely unfit
for chewing or smoking may be removed free of tax for
agricultural or industrial use, under such conditions as may
be prescribed in the rules and regulations prescribed by the
Secretary of Finance. Stemmed leaf tobacco, fine-cut shorts,
167 |
the refuse of fine-cut chewing tobacco, scraps, cuttings,
clippings, stems, or midribs, and sweepings of tobacco may
be sold in bulk as raw material by one manufacturer directly
to another without payment of the tax, under such
conditions as may be prescribed in the rules and regulations
prescribed by the Secretary of Finance.
"Stemmed leaf tobacco", as herein used, means leaf tobacco

which has had the stem or midrib removed. The term does
not include broken leaf tobacco.
CHAPTER III
EXCISE TAX ON ALCOHOL PRODUCTS
SEC. 141. Distilled Spirits. - On distilled spirits, there

shall be collected, subject to the provisions of Section 133 of
this Code, excise taxes as follows:
(a) If produced from the sap of nipa,

coconut, cassava, camote, or buri palm or
from the juice,syrup or sugar of the cane,
provided such materials are produced
commercially in thecountry where they are
processed into distilled spirits, per proof
liter, Eight pesos (P8.00):Provided, That if
produced in a pot still or other similar
primary distilling apparatus by adistiller
producing not more than one hundred
(100) liters a day, containing not more
thanfifty percent (50%) of alcohol by
volume, per proof liter, Four pesos (P4.00);
(b) If produced from raw materials other

than those enumerated in the preceding
paragraph,the tax shall be in accordance
with the net retail price per bottle of seven
hundred fiftymilliliter (750 ml.) volume
capacity (excluding the excise tax and the
value-added tax) as follows:
(1) Less than Two hundred and

fifty pesos (P250) - Seventy-five
pesos (P75), per proof liter;
(2) Two hundred and fifty pesos

(P250) up to Six hundred and
Seventy-Five pesos (P675) - One
hundred and fifty pesos (P150),
per proof liter; and
(3) More than Six hundred and

seventy-five pesos (P675) - Three
hundred pesos (P300),per proof
168 |
liter.
(c) Medicinal preparations, flavoring

extracts, and all other preparations, except
toiletpreparations, of which, excluding
water, distilled spirits for the chief
ingredient, shall besubject to the same tax
as such chief ingredient.
This tax shall be proportionally increased for any strength

of the spirits taxed over proof spirits, and the tax shall
attach to this substance as soon as it is in existence as such,
whether it be subsequently separated as pure or impure
spirits, or transformed into any other substance either in
the process of original production or by any subsequent
process.
"Spirits or distilled spirits" is the substance known as ethyl

alcohol, ethanol or spirits of wine, including all dilutions,
purifications and mixtures thereof, from whatever source,
by whatever process produced, and shall include whisky,
brandy, rum, gin and vodka, and other similar products or
mixtures.
"Proof spirits" is liquor containing one-half (1/2) of its

volume of alcohol of a specific gravity of seven thousand
nine hundred and thirty-nine thousandths (0.7939) at
fifteen degrees centigrade (15O C). A "proof liter" means a
liter of proof spirits.
The rates of tax imposed under this Section shall be

increased by twelve percent (12%) on January 1, 2000.
New brands shall be classified according to their

current "net retail price".
For the above purpose, "net retail price" shall mean the
price at which the distilled spirit is sold on retail in ten (10)
major supermarkets in Metro Manila, excluding the amount
intended to cover the applicable excise tax and the value-
added tax as of October 1, 1996.
The classification of each brand of distilled spirits based on

the average net retail price as of October 1, 1996, as set forth
in Annex "A", shall remain in force until revised by
Congress.
SEC. 142. Wines. - On wines, there shall be collected per

liter of volume capacity, the following taxes:
(a) Sparkling wines/champagnes

regardless of proof, if the net retail price
per bottle(excluding the excise tax and
value-added tax) is:
(1) Five hundred pesos (P500) or
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less - One hundred pesos (P100);
and
(2) More than Five hundred pesos
(P500) - Three hundred pesos
(P300).
(b) Still wines containing fourteen percent

(14%) of alcohol by volume or less,
Twelve pesos (P12.00); and
(c) Still wines containing more than

fourteen percent (14%) but not more than
twenty-fivepercent (25%) of alcohol by
volume, Twenty-four pesos (P24.00).
Fortified wines containing more than twenty-five percent of

alcohol by volume shall be taxed as distilled
spirits. "Fortified wines" shall mean natural wines to which
distilled spirits are added to increase their alcoholic
strength.
The rates of tax imposed under this Section shall be

increased by twelve percent (12%) on January 1, 2000.
New brands shall be classified according to their current net

retail price.
price at which wine is sold on retail in ten (10) major
supermarkets in Metro Manila, excluding the amount
added tax as of October 1, 1996.
The classification of each brand of wines based on its

average net retail price as of October 1, 1996, as set forth in
Annex "B", shall remain in force until revised by Congress.
SEC. 143. Fermented Liquor. - There shall be levied,

assessed and collected an excise tax on beer, lager beer, ale,
porter and other fermented liquors except tuba, basi, tapuy
and similar domestic fermented liquors in accordance with
the following schedule:
(a) If the net retail price (excluding the

excise tax and value-added tax) per liter of
volumecapacity is less than Fourteen pesos
and fifty centavos (P14.50), the tax shall be
Six pesos and fifteen centavos (P6.15) per
liter;
(b) If the net retail price (excluding the

excise tax and the value-added tax) the per
liter ofvolume capacity is Fourteen pesos
and fifty centavos (P14.50) up to Twenty-
two pesos(P22.00), the tax shall be Nine
pesos and fifteen centavos (P9.15) per liter;
170 |
(c) If the net retail price (excluding the
excise tax and the value-added tax) per liter
of volumecapacity is more than Twenty-
two pesos (P22.00), the tax shall be Twelve
pesos and fifteen centavos (P12.15) per
liter.
Variants of existing brands which are introduced in the

domestic market after the effectivity of Republic Act No.
8240 shall be taxed under the highest classification of any
variant of that brand.
Fermented liquor which are brewed and sold at micro-

breweries or small establishments such as pubs and
restaurants shall be subject to the rate in paragraph (c)
hereof.
The excise tax from any brand of fermented liquor within

the next three (3) years from the effectivity of Republic Act
No. 8240 shall not be lower than the tax which was due
from each brand on October 1, 1996.
The rates of excise tax on fermented liquor under

paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) hereof shall be increased by
twelve percent (12%) on January 1, 2000.

retail price.
price at which the fermented liquor is sold on retail in
twenty (20) major supermarkets in Metro Manila (for
brands of fermented liquor marketed nationally) excluding
the amount intended to cover the applicable excise tax and
the value-added tax. For brands which are marketed only
outside Metro Manila, the "net retail price"shall mean the
price at the which the fermented liquor is sold in five (5)
major supermarkets in the region excluding the amount
added tax.
The classification of each brand of fermented liquor based

on its average net retail price as of October 1, 1996, as set
forth in Annex "C", shall remain in force until revised by
Congress.
"A variant of brand" shall refer to a brand on which a

modifier is prefixed and/or suffixed to the root name of the
brand and/or a different brand which carries the same logo
or design of the existing brand.
Every brewer or importer of fermented liquor shall, within

thirty (30) days from the effectivity of R. A. No. 8240, and
within the first five (5) days of every month thereafter,
submit to the Commissioner a sworn statement of the
volume of sales for each particular brand of fermented
171 |
liquor sold at his establishment for the three-month period
immediately preceding.
Any brewer or importer who, in violation of this Section,

knowingly misdeclares or misrepresents in his or its sworn
statement herein required any pertinent data or
information shall be penalized by a summary cancellation
or withdrawal of his or its permit to engage in business as
brewer or importer of fermented liquor.
Any corporation, association or partnership liable for any of

the acts or omissions in violation of this Section shall be
fined treble the amount of deficiency taxes, surcharge, and
interest which may be assessed pursuant to this Section.
Any person liable for any of the acts or omissions prohibited

under this Section shall be criminally liable and penalized
under Section 254 of this Code. Any person who willfully
aids or abets in the commission of any such act or omission
shall be criminally liable in the same manner as the
principal.
If the offender is not a citizen of the Philippines, he shall be

deported immediately after serving the sentence, without
further proceedings for deportation.
CHAPTER IV
EXCISE TAX ON TOBACCO PRODUCTS
SEC. 144. Tobacco Products. - There shall be collected

a tax of seventy-five centavos (P0.75) on each kilogram of
the following products of tobacco:
(a) Tobacco twisted by hand or reduced

into a condition to be consumed in any
manner other than the ordinary mode of
drying and curing;
(b) Tobacco prepared or partially prepared

with or without the use of any machine
orinstruments or without being pressed or
sweetened; and
(c) Fine-cut shorts and refuse, scraps,

clippings, cuttings, stems and sweepings of
tobacco.
Fine-cut shorts and refuse, scraps, clippings, cuttings, stems

and sweepings of tobacco resulting from the handling or
stripping of whole leaf tobacco may be transferred, disposed
172 |
of, or otherwise sold, without prepayment of the excise tax
herein provided for under such conditions as may be
prescribed in the rules and regulations promulgated by the
Commissioner, if the same are to be exported or to be used
in the manufacture of other tobacco products on which the
excise tax will eventually be paid on the finished product.
On tobacco specially prepared for chewing so as to be

unsuitable for use in any other manner, on each kilogram,
Sixty centavos (P0.60).
SEC. 145. Cigars and Cigarettes. -
(A) Cigars. - There shall be levied, assessed and collected

on cigars a tax of One peso (P1.00) per cigar.
(B) Cigarettes Packed by Hand. - There shall be levied,

assessed and collected on cigarettes packed by hand a tax of
Forty centavos (P0.40) per pack.
(C) Cigarettes Packed by Machine. - There shall be

levied, assessed and collected on cigarettes packed by
machine a tax at the rates prescribed below:
(1) If the net retail price (excluding the

excise tax and the value-added tax) is above
Ten
pesos (P10.00) per pack, the tax shall be
Twelve pesos (P12.00) per pack;

excise tax and the value-added tax) exceeds
Six
pesos and fifty centavos (P6.50) but does
not exceed Ten pesos (P10.00) per pack,
the tax shall be Eight pesos (8.00) per
pack;

excise tax and the value-added tax) is Five
pesos
(P5.00) but does not exceed Six pesos
and fifty centavos (P6.50) per pack, the tax
shall be Five pesos (P5.00) per pack;

excise tax and the value-added tax is below
Five
pesos (P5.00) per pack, the tax shall be
One peso (P1.00) per pack;
Variants of existing brands of cigarettes which are

introduced in the domestic market after the effectivity of
R.A. No. 8240 shall be taxed under the highest classification
173 |
of any variant of that brand.
The excise tax from any brand of cigarettes within the next
three (3) years from the effectivity of R. A. No. 8240 shall
not be lower than the tax, which is due from each brand on
October 1, 1996:Provided, however, That in cases where the
excise tax rates imposed in paragraphs (1), (2), (3) and (4)
hereinabove will result in an increase in excise tax of more
than seventy percent (70%); for a brand of cigarette, the
increase shall take effect in two tranches: fifty percent
(50%) of the increase shall be effective in 1997 and one
hundred percent (100%) of the increase shall be effective in
1998.
Duly registered or existing brands of cigarettes or new

brands thereof packed by machine shall only be packed in
twenties.
The rates of excise tax on cigars and cigarettes under

paragraphs (1), (2), (3) and (4) hereof, shall be increased by
twelve percent (12%) on January 1, 2000.

retail price.
price at which the cigarette is sold on retail in twenty (20)
major supermarkets in Metro Manila (for brands of
cigarettes marketed nationally), excluding the amount
added tax. For brands which are marketed only outside
Metro Manila, the "net retail price" shall mean the price at
which the cigarette is sold in five (5) major supermarkets in
the region excluding the amount intended to cover the
applicable excise tax and the value-added tax.
The classification of each brand of cigarettes based on its

average net retail price as of October 1, 1996, as set forth in
Annex "D", shall remain in force until revised by Congress.
"Variant of a brand" shall refer to a brand on which a

modifier is prefixed and/or suffixed to the root name of the
brand and/or a different brand which carries the same logo
or design of the existing brand.
Manufactures and importers of cigars and cigarettes shall,

within thirty (30) days from the effectivity of R. A. No. 8240
and within the first five (5) days of every month thereafter
submit to the Commissioner a sworn statement of the
volume of sales for each particular brand of cigars and/or
cigarettes sold at his establishment for the three-month
period immediately preceding.
Any manufacturer or importer who, in violation of this

Section, knowingly misdeclares or misrepresents in his or
174 |
its sworn statement herein required any pertinent data or
information shall, upon discovery, be penalized by a
summary cancellation or withdrawal of his or its permit to
engage in business as manufacturer or importer of cigars or
cigarettes.
Any corporation, association or partnership liable for any of

the acts or omissions in violation of this Section shall be
fined treble the amount of deficiency taxes, surcharges and
interest which may be assessed pursuant to this Section.
Any person liable for any of the acts or omissions prohibited

under this Section shall be criminally liable and penalized
under Section 254 of this Code. Any person who willfully
aids or abets in the commission of any such act or omission
shall be criminally liable in the same manner as the
principal.
If the offender is not a citizen of the Philippines, he shall be

deported immediately after serving the sentence without
further proceedings for deportation.
SEC. 146. Inspection Fee. - For inspection made in

accordance with this Chapter, there shall be collected a fee
of Fifty centavos (P0.50) for each thousand cigars or
fraction thereof; Ten centavos (P0.10) for each thousand
cigarettes of fraction thereof; Two centavos (P0.02) for each
kilogram of leaf tobacco or fraction thereof; and Three
centavos (P0.03) for each kilogram or fraction thereof, of
scrap and other manufactured tobacco.
The inspection fee on leaf tobacco, scrap, cigars, cigarettes

and other tobacco products as defined in Section 147 of this
Code shall be paid by the wholesaler, manufacturer,
producer, owner or operator of redrying plant, as the case
may be, immediately before removal there of from the
establishment of the wholesaler, manufacturer, owner or
operator of the redrying plant. In case of imported leaf
tobacco and products thereof, the inspection fee shall be
paid by the importer before removal from customs' custody.
Fifty percent (50%) of the tobacco inspection fee shall

accrue to the Tobacco Inspection Fund created by Section
12 of Act No. 2613, as amended by Act No. 3179, and fifty
percent (50%) shall accrue to the Cultural Center of the
Philippines.
SEC. 147. Definition of Terms. - When used herein and

in statements or official forms prescribed hereunder, the
following terms shall have the meaning indicated:
(a) "Cigars" mean all rolls of tobacco or

any substitute thereof, wrapped in leaf
tobacco.
(b) "Cigarettes" mean all rolls of finely-cut
175 |
leaf tobacco, or any substitute therefor,
wrapped in paper or in any other material.
(c) "Wholesale price" shall mean the

amount of money or price paid for cigars or
cigarettespurchased for the purpose of
resale, regardless of quantity.
(d) "Retail price" shall mean the amount of

money or price which an ultimate
consumer orend-user pays for cigars or
cigarettes purchased.
CHAPTER V
EXCISE TAX ON PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
SEC. 148. Manufactured Oils and Other Fuels. -

There shall be collected on refined and manufactured
mineral oils and motor fuels, the following excise taxes
which shall attach to the goods hereunder enumerated as
soon as they are in existence as such:
(a) Lubricating oils and greases, including

but not limited to, base stock for lube oils
and greases, high vacuum distillates,
aromatic extracts, and other similar
preparations, and additives for lubricating
oils and greases, whether such additives are
petroleum based or not, per liter and
kilogram respectively, of volume capacity
or weight, Four pesos and fifty centavos
(P4.50): Provided, however, That the
excise taxes paid on the purchased
feedstock (bunker) used in the
manufacture of excisable articles and
forming part thereof shall be credited
against the excise tax due
therefrom: Provided, further, That
lubricating oils and greases produced from
base stocks and additives on which the
excise tax has already been paid shall no
longer be subject to excise tax: Provided,
finally, That locally produced or imported
oils previously taxed as such but are
subsequently reprocessed, rerefined or
recycled shall likewise be subject to the tax
imposed under this Section.
(b) Processed gas, per liter of volume

capacity, Five centavos (P0.05);
(c) Waxes and petrolatum, per kilogram,
176 |
Three pesos and fifty centavos (P3.50);
(d) On denatured alcohol to be used for

motive power, per liter of volume capacity,
Five centavos (P0.05): Provided, That
unless otherwise provided by special laws,
if the denatured alcohol is mixed with
gasoline, the excise tax on which has
already been paid, only the alcohol content
shall be subject to the tax herein
prescribed. For purposes of this
Subsection, the removal of denatured
alcohol of not less than one hundred eighty
degrees (180o ) proof (ninety percent (90%)
absolute alcohol) shall be deemed to have
been removed for motive power, unless
shown otherwise;
(e) Naphtha, regular gasoline and other

similar products of distillation, per liter of
volume capacity, Four pesos and eighty
centavos (P4.80): Provided, however, That
naphtha, when used as a raw material in
the production of petrochemical products
or as replacement fuel for natural-gas-
fired-combined cycle power plant, in lieu of
locally-extracted natural gas during the
non-availability thereof, subject to the rules
and regulations to be promulgated by the
Secretary of Energy, in consultation with
the Secretary of Finance, per liter of
volume capacity, Zero (P0.00): Provided,
further, That the by-product including fuel
oil, diesel fuel, kerosene, pyrolysis gasoline,
liquefied petroleum gases and similar oils
having more or less the same generating
power, which are produced in the
processing of naphtha into petrochemical
products shall be subject to the applicable
excise tax specified in this Section, except
when such by-products are transferred to
any of the local oil refineries through sale,
barter or exchange, for the purpose of
further processing or blending into finished
products which are subject to excise tax
under this Section;
(f) Leaded premium gasoline, per liter of

volume capacity, Five pesos and thirty-five
centavos (P5.35); unleaded premium
gasoline, per liter of volume capacity, Four
pesos and thirty-five centavos (P4.35);
(g) Aviation turbo jet fuel, per liter of

volume capacity, Three pesos and sixty-
seven centavos (P3.67);
(h) Kerosene, per liter of volume capacity,
177 |
Sixty centavos (0.60): Provided, That
kerosene, when used as aviation fuel, shall
be subject to the same tax on aviation turbo
jet fuel under the preceding paragraph (g),
such tax to be assessed on the user thereof;
(i) Diesel fuel oil, an on similar fuel oils

power, per liter of volume capacity, One
peso and sixty-three centavos (P1.63);
(j) Liquefied petroleum gas, per liter, Zero

(P0.00): Provided, That liquefied
petroleum gas used for motive power shall
be taxed at the equivalent rate as the excise
tax on diesel fuel oil;
(k) Asphalts, per kilogram, Fifty-six

centavos (P0.56); and
(l) Bunker fuel oil, and on similar fuel oils

power, per liter of volume capacity, Thirty
centavos (P0.30).
CHAPTER VI
EXCISE TAX ON MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES
SEC. 149. Automobiles. - There shall be levied, assessed

and collected an ad valorem tax on automobiles based on
the manufacturers or importers selling price, net of excise
and value-added tax, in accordance with the following
schedule:
ENGINE DISPLACEMENT [in cc.]
GASOLINE DIESEL TAX RATE

Up to 1600 Up to 1800 15%
1601 to 2000 1801 to 2300 35%
2001 to 2700 2301 to 3000 50%
2701 or over 3001 to over 100%
Provided, That in the case of imported automobiles not for

sale, the tax imposed herein shall be based on the total
value used by the Bureau of Customs in determining tariff
and customs duties, including customs duty and all other
178 |
charges, plus ten percent (10%) of the total thereof.
Automobiles acquired for use by persons or entities

operating within the freeport zone shall be exempt from
excise tax: Provided, That utility vehicles of registered zone
enterprises, which are indispensable in the conduct and
operations of their business, such as delivery trucks and
cargo vans with gross vehicle weight above three (3) metric
tons may be allowed unrestricted use outside the freeport
zone: Provided, further, That vehicles owned by tourist-
oriented enterprises, such as tourist buses and cars with
yellow plates, color-coded, and utilized exclusively for the
purpose of transporting tourists in tourism-related
activities, and service vehicles of freeport registered
enterprises and executives, such as company service cars
and expatriates and investors automobiles brought in the
name of such enterprises, may be used outside the freeport
zone for such periods as may be prescribed by the
Departments of Finance, and Trade and Industry, the
Bureau of Customs and the Freeport authorities concerned,
which in no case shall exceed fourteen (14) days per month.
In case such tourist buses and cars, service vehicles of

registered freeport enterprises and company service cars are
used for more than an aggregate period of fourteen (14)
days per month outside of the freeport zone, the owner or
importer shall pay the corresponding customs duties, taxes
and charges.
In the case of personally-owned vehicles of residents,

including leaseholders of residences inside the freeport
zone, the use of such vehicles outside of the freeport zone
shall be deemed an introduction into the Philippine customs
territory, and such introduction shall be deemed an
importation into the Philippines and shall subject such
vehicles to Customs duties taxes and charges, including
excise tax due on such vehicle.
The Secretaries of Finance, and Trade and Industry,

together with the Commissioner of Customs and the
administrators of the freeports concerned, shall promulgate
rules and regulations for the proper identification and
control of said automobiles.
SEC. 150. Non-Essential Goods. - There shall be levied,

assessed and collected a tax equivalent to twenty percent
(20%) based on the wholesale price or the value of
importation used by the Bureau of Customs in determining
tariff and customs duties, net of excise tax and value-added
tax, of the following goods:
(a) All goods commonly or commercially

known as jewelry, whether real or
imitation, pearls, precious and semi-
precious stones and imitations thereof;
goods made of, or ornamented, mounted or
179 |
fitted with, precious metals or imitations
thereof or ivory (not including surgical and
dental instruments, silver-plated wares,
frames or mountings for spectacles or
eyeglasses, and dental gold or gold alloys
and other precious metals used in filling,
mounting or fitting the teeth); opera
glasses and lorgnettes. The term "precious
metals" shall include platinum, gold, silver
and other metals of similar or greater
value. The term imitations thereof shall
include platings and alloys of such metals;
(b) Perfumes and toilet waters;
(c) Yachts and other vessels intended for

pleasure or sports.
CHAPTER VII
EXCISE TAX ON MINERAL PRODUCTS
SEC. 151. Mineral Products. -
(A) Rates of Tax. - There shall be levied, assessed and

collected on minerals, mineral products and quarry
resources, excise tax as follows:
(1) On coal and coke, a tax of Ten pesos

(P10.00) per metric ton;
(2) On all nonmetallic minerals and quarry

resources, a tax of two percent (2%) based
on
the actual market value of the gross
output thereof at the time of removal, in
the case
of those locally extracted or produced; or
the value used by the Bureau of Customs in
determining tariff and customs duties,
net of excise tax and value-added tax, in the
case
of importation.
Notwithstanding the provision of

paragraph (4) of Subsection (A) of Section
151, locally extracted natural gas and
liquefied natural gas shall be taxed at the
rate of two percent (2%);
(3) On all metallic minerals, a tax based on

the actual market value of the gross output
thereof
at the time of removal, in the case of
180 |
those locally extracted or produced; or the
value used
by the Bureau of Customs in
determining tariff and customs duties, net
of excise tax and
value-added tax, in the case of
importation, in accordance with the
following schedule:
(a) Copper and other metallic

minerals;
(i) On the first three (3)

years upon the effectivity
of Republic Act No.
7729,
one percent (1%);
(ii) On the fourth and the

fifth years, one and a half
percent (1 %); and
(iii) On the sixth year

and thereafter, two
percent (2%);
(b) Gold and chromite, two

percent (2%).
(4) On indigenous petroleum, a tax of three

percent (3%) of the fair international
market price
thereof, on the first taxable sale, barter,
exchange or such similar transaction, such
tax
to be paid by the buyer or purchaser
before removal from the place of
production. The
phrase "first taxable sale, barter,
exchange or similar transaction" means
the transfer
of indigenous petroleum in its original
state to a first taxable transferee. The fair
international market price shall be
determined in consultation with an
appropriate
government agency.
For the purpose of this

Subsection, "indigenous petroleum" shall
include locally-extracted mineral oil,
hydrocarbon gas, bitumen, crude asphalt,
mineral gas and all other similar or
naturally associated substances with the
exception of coal, peat, bituminous shale
and/or stratified mineral deposits.
181 |
(B) For Purposes of This Section, the Term:
(1) "Gross output" shall be interpreted as

the actual market value of minerals or
mineral products or of bullion from each
mine or mineral land operated as a
separate entity, without any deduction
from mining, milling, refining (including
all expenses incurred to prepare the said
minerals or mineral products in a
marketable state), as well as transporting,
handling, marketing or any other
expenses: Provided, That if the minerals or
mineral products are sold or consigned
abroad by the lessee or owner of the mine
under C.I.F. terms, the actual cost of ocean
freight and insurance shall be
deducted: Provided, however, That in the
case of mineral concentrate, not traded in
commodity exchanges in the Philippines or
abroad, such as copper concentrate, the
actual market value shall be the world price
quotations of the refined mineral products
content thereof prevailing in the said
commodity exchanges, after deducting the
smelting, refining and other charges
incurred in the process of converting the
mineral concentrates into refined metal
traded in those commodity exchanges.
(2) "Minerals" shall mean all naturally

occurring inorganic substances (found in
nature) whether in solid, liquid, gaseous or
any intermediate state.
(3) "Mineral products" shall mean things produced and

prepared in a marketable state by simple treatment
processes such as washing or drying, but without
undergoing any chemical change or process or
manufacturing by the lessee, concessionaire or owner of
mineral lands.
(4) "Quarry resources" shall mean any common stone or

other common mineral substances as the Director of the
Bureau of Mines and Geo-Sciences may declare to be quarry
resources such as, but not restricted to, marl, marble,
granite, volcanic cinders, basalt, tuff and rock
phosphate: Provided, That they contain no metal or other
valuable minerals in economically workable quantities.
CHAPTER VIII
ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS REGULATING

BUSINESS
OR PERSONS DEALING IN ARTICLES SUBJECT

182 |
TO EXCISE TAX
SEC. 152. Extent of Supervision Over

Establishments Producing Taxable Output. - The
Bureau of Internal Revenue has authority to supervise
establishments where articles subject to excise tax are made
or kept. The Secretary of Finance shall prescribe rules and
regulations as to the mode in which the process of
production shall be conducted insofar as may be necessary
to secure a sanitary output and to safeguard the revenue.
SEC. 153. Records to be Kept by Manufacturers;

Assessment Based Thereon. - Manufacturers of articles
subject to excise tax shall keep such records as required by
rules and regulations recommended by the Commissioner
and approved by the Secretary of Finance, and such records,
whether of raw materials received into the factory or of
articles produced therein, shall be deemed public and
official documents for all purposes.
The records of raw materials kept by such manufacturers

may be used as evidence by which to determine the amount
of excise taxes due from them, and whenever the amounts
of raw material received into any factory exceeds the
amount of manufactured or partially manufactured
products on hand and lawfully removed from the factory,
plus waste removed or destroyed, and a reasonable
allowance for unavoidable loss in manufacture, the
Commissioner may assess and collect the tax due on the
products which should have been produced from the excess.
The excise tax due on the products as determined and

assessed in accordance with this Section shall be payable
upon demand or within the period specified therein.
SEC. 154. Premises Subject to Approval by

Commissioner. - No person shall engage in business as a
manufacturer of or dealer in articles subject to excise tax
unless the premises upon which the business is to
conducted shall have been approved by the Commissioner.
SEC. 155. Manufacturers to Provide Themselves

with Counting or Metering Devices to Determine
Production. - Manufacturers of cigarettes, alcoholic
products, oil products and other articles subject to excise
tax that can be similarly measured shall provide themselves
with such necessary number of suitable counting or
metering devices to determine as accurately as possible the
volume, quantity or number of the articles produced by
them under rules and regulations promulgated by the
Commissioner.
This requirement shall be complied with before

commencement of operations.
183 |
SEC. 156. Labels and Form of Packages. - All articles
of domestic manufacture subject to excise tax and all leaf
tobacco shall be put up and prepared by the manufacturer
or producer, when removed for sale or consumption, in
such packages only and bearing such marks or brand as
shall be prescribed in the rules and regulations promulgated
by the Secretary of Finance; and goods of similar character
imported into the Philippines shall likewise be packed and
marked in such a manner as may be required.
SEC. 157. Removal of Articles After the Payment of

Tax. - When the tax has been paid on articles or products
subject to excise tax, the same shall not thereafter be stored
or permitted to remain in the distillery, distillery
warehouse, bonded warehouse, or other factory or place
where produced. However, upon prior permit from the
Commissioner, oil refineries and/or companies may store or
deposit tax-paid petroleum products and commingle the
same with its own manufactured products not yet subjected
to excise tax. Imported petroleum products may be allowed
to be withdrawn from customs custody without the
prepayment of excise tax, which products may be
commingled with the tax-paid or bonded products of the
importer himself after securing a prior permit from the
Commissioner: Provided, That withdrawals shall be taxed
and accounted for on a "first-in, first-out" basis.
SEC. 158. Storage of Goods in Internal-Revenue

Bonded Warehouses. - An internal-revenue bonded
warehouse may be maintained in any port of entry for the
storing of imported or manufactured goods which are
subject to excise tax. The taxes on such goods shall be
payable only upon removal from such warehouse and a
reasonable charge shall be made for their storage therein.
The Commissioner, may, in his discretion, exact a bond to
secure the payment of the tax on any goods so stored.
SEC. 159. Proof of Exportation; Exporter's Bond. -

Exporters of goods that would be subject to excise tax, if
sold or removed for consumption in the Philippines, shall
submit proof of exportation satisfactory to the
Commissioner and, when the same is deemed necessary,
shall be required to give a bond prior to the removal of the
goods for shipment, conditioned upon the exportation of
the same in good faith.
SEC. 160. Manufacturers' and Importers' Bond. -

Manufacturers and importers of articles subject to excise
tax shall post a bond subject to the following conditions:
(A) Initial Bond. - In case of initial bond, the amount

shall be equal to One Hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000): Provided, That if after six (6) months of
operation, the amount of initial bond is less than the
amount of the total excise tax paid during the period, the
amount of the bond shall be adjusted to twice the tax
184 |
actually paid for the period.
(B) Bond for the Succeeding Years of Operation. -

The bonds for the succeeding years of operation shall be
based on the actual total excise tax paid during the period
the year immediately preceding the year of operation.
Such bond shall be conditioned upon faithful compliance,

during the time such business is followed, with laws and
rules and regulations relating to such business and for the
satisfaction of all fines and penalties imposed by this Code.
SEC. 161. Records to be Kept by Wholesale

Dealers. - Wholesale dealers shall keep records of their
purchases and sales or deliveries of articles subject to excise
tax, in such form as shall be prescribed in the rules and
regulations by the Secretary of Finance. These records and
the entire stock of goods subject to tax shall be subject at all
times to inspection of internal revenue officers.
SEC. 162. Records to be Kept by Dealers in Leaf

Tobacco. - Dealers in leaf tobacco shall keep records of the
products sold or delivered by them to other persons in such
manner as may be prescribed in the rules and regulations by
the Secretary of Finance, such records to be at all times
subject to inspection of internal revenue officers.
SEC. 163. Preservation of Invoices and Stamps. - All

dealers whosoever shall preserve, for the period prescribed
in Section 235, all official invoices received by them from
other dealers or from manufacturers, together with the
fractional parts of stamps affixed thereto, if any, and upon
demand, shall deliver or transmit the same to any interval
revenue officer.
SEC. 164. Information to be Given by

Manufacturers, Importers, Indentors, and
Wholesalers of any Apparatus or Mechanical
Contrivance Specially for the Manufacture of
Articles Subject to Excise Tax and Importers,
Indentors, Manufacturers or Sellers of Cigarette
Paper in Bobbins, Cigarette Tipping Paper or
Cigarette Filter Tips. - Manufacturers, indentors,
wholesalers and importers of any apparatus or mechanical
contrivance specially for the manufacture of articles subject
to tax shall, before any such apparatus or mechanical
contrivance is removed from the place of manufacture or
from the customs house, give written information to the
Commissioner as to the nature and capacity of the same, the
time when it is to be removed, and the place for which it is
destined, as well as the name of the person by whom it is to
be used; and such apparatus or mechanical contrivance
shall not be set up nor dismantled or transferred without a
permit in writing from the Commissioner.
A written permit from the Commissioner for importing,
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manufacturing or selling of cigarette paper in bobbins or
rolls, cigarette tipping paper or cigarette filter tips is
required before any person shall engage in the importation,
manufacture or sale of the said articles. No permit to sell
said articles shall be granted unless the name and address of
the prospective buyer is first submitted to the
Commissioner and approved by him. Records, showing the
stock of the said articles and the disposal thereof by sale of
persons with their respective addresses as approved by the
Commissioner, shall be kept by the seller, and records,
showing stock of said articles and consumption thereof,
shall be kept by the buyer, subject to inspection by internal
revenue officers.
SEC. 165. Establishment of Distillery Warehouse. -

Every distiller, when so required by the Commissioner,
shall provide at his own expense a warehouse, and shall be
situated in and constitute a part of his distillery premises
and to be used only for the storage of distilled spirits of his
own manufacture until the tax thereon shall have been paid;
but no dwelling house shall be used for such purpose. Such
warehouse, when approved by the Commissioner, is
declared to be a bonded warehouse, and shall be known as a
distillery warehouse.
SEC. 166. Custody of Distillery or Distillery

Warehouse. - Every distillery or distillery warehouse shall
be in the joint custody of the revenue inspector, if one is
assigned thereto, and of the proprietor thereof. It shall be
kept securely locked, and shall at no time be unlocked or
opened or remain unlocked or opened unless in the
presence of such revenue inspector or other person who
may be designated to act for him as provided by law.
SEC. 167. Limitation on Quantity of Spirits

Removed from Warehouse. - No distilled spirits shall
be removed from any distillery, distillery warehouse, or
bonded warehouse in quantities of less than fifteen (15)
gauge liters at any one time, except bottled goods, which
may be removed by the case of not less than twelve (12)
bottles.
SEC. 168. Denaturing Within Premises. - For

purposes of this Title, the process of denaturing alcohol
shall be effected only within the distillery premises where
the alcohol to be denatured is produced in accordance with
formulas duly approved by the Bureau of Internal Revenue
and only in the presence of duly designated representatives
of said Bureau.
SEC. 169. Recovery of Alcohol for Use in Arts and

Industries. - Manufacturers employing processes in which
denatured alcohol used in arts and industries is expressed
or evaporated from the articles manufactured may, under
rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of
Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner, be
permitted to recover the alcohol so used and restore it again
186 |
to a condition suitable solely for use in manufacturing
processes.
SEC. 170. Requirements Governing Rectification

and Compounding of Liquors. -Persons engaged in the
rectification or compounding of liquors shall, as to the mode
of conducting their business and supervision over the same,
be subject to all the requirements of law applicable to
distilleries: Provided, That where a rectifier makes use of
spirits upon which the excise tax has been paid, no further
tax shall be collected on any rectified spirits produced
exclusively therefrom:Provided, further, That compounders
in the manufacture of any intoxicating beverage whatever,
shall not be allowed to make use of spirits upon which the
excise tax has not been previously paid.
SEC. 171. Authority of Internal Revenue Officer in

Searching for Taxable Articles. -Any internal revenue
officer may, in the discharge of his official duties, enter any
house, building or place where articles subject to tax under
this Title are produced or kept, or are believed by him upon
reasonable grounds to be produced or kept, so far as may be
necessary to examine, discover or seize the same.
He may also stop and search any vehicle or other means of

transportation when upon reasonable grounds he believes
that the same carries any article on which the excise tax has
not been paid.
SEC. 172. Detention of Package Containing Taxable

Articles. - Any revenue officer may detain any package
containing or supposed to contain articles subject to excise
tax when he has good reason to believe that the lawful tax
has not been paid or that the package has been or is being
removed in violation of law, and every such package shall be
held by such officer in a safe place until it shall be
determined whether the property so detained is liable by
law to be proceeded against for forfeiture; but such
summary detention shall not continue in any case longer
than seven (7) days without due process of law or
intervention of the officer to whom such detention is to be
reported.
TITLE VII
DOCUMENTARY STAMP TAX
SEC. 173. Stamp Taxes Upon Documents, Loan

Agreements, Instruments and Papers.- Upon
documents, instruments, loan agreements and papers, and
upon acceptances, assignments, sales and transfers of the
obligation, right or property incident thereto, there shall be
levied, collected and paid for, and in respect of the
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transaction so had or accomplished, the corresponding
documentary stamp taxes prescribed in the following
Sections of this Title, by the person making, signing,
issuing, accepting, or transferring the same wherever the
document is made, signed, issued, accepted or transferred
when the obligation or right arises from Philippine sources
or the property is situated in the Philippines, and the same
time such act is done or transaction had:Provided, That
whenever one party to the taxable document enjoys
exemption from the tax herein imposed, the other party
who is not exempt shall be the one directly liable for the
tax.
SEC. 174. Stamp Tax on Debentures and

Certificates of Indebtedness. - On all debentures and
certificates of indebtedness issued by any association,
company or corporation, there shall be collected a
documentary stamp tax of One peso and fifty centavos
(P1.50) on each Two hundred pesos (P200), or fractional
part thereof, of the face value of such documents.
SEC. 175. Stamp Tax on Original Issue of Shares of

Stock. - On every original issue, whether on organization,
reorganization or for any lawful purpose, of shares of stock
by any association, company or corporation, there shall be
collected a documentary stamp tax of Two pesos (P2.00) on
each Two hundred pesos (P200), or fractional part thereof,
of the par value, of such shares of stock: Provided, That in
the case of the original issue of shares of stock without par
value the amount of the documentary stamp tax herein
prescribed shall be based upon the actual consideration for
the issuance of such shares of stock: Provided, further, That
in the case of stock dividends, on the actual value
represented by each share.
SEC. 176. Stamp Tax on Sales, Agreements to Sell,

Memoranda of Sales, Deliveries or Transfer of
Due-bills, Certificates of Obligation, or Shares of
Certificates of Stock. -On all sales, or agreements to sell,
or memoranda of sale, or deliveries, or transfer of due-bills,
certificates of obligation, or shares of certificates of stock in
any association, company, or corporation, or transfer of
such securities by assignment in blank, or by delivery, or by
any paper or agreement, or memorandum or other
evidences of transfer or sale whether entitling the holder in
any manner to the benefit of such due-bills, certificates of
obligation or stock, or to secure the future payment of
money, or for the future transfer of any due-bill, certificate
of obligation or stock, there shall be collected a
documentary stamp tax of One peso and fifty centavos
(P1.50) on each Two hundred pesos (P200) or fractional
part thereof, of the par value of such due-bill, certificate of
obligation or stock; Provided, That only one tax shall be
collected on each sale or transfer of stock or securities from
one person to another, regardless of whether or not a
certificate of stock or obligation is issued, indorsed, or
delivered in pursuance of such sale or transfer:
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and, Provided, further, That in the case of stock without
par value the amount of documentary stamp tax herein
prescribed shall be equivalent to twenty-five percent (25%)
of the documentary stamp tax paid upon the original issue
of said stock.
SEC. 177. Stamp Tax on Bonds, Debentures,

Certificate of Stock or Indebtedness Issued in
Foreign Countries. - On all bonds, debentures,
certificates of stock, or certificates of indebtedness issued in
any foreign country, there shall be collected from the person
selling or transferring the same in the Philippines, such as
tax as is required by law on similar instruments when
issued, sold or transferred in the Philippines.
SEC. 178. Stamp Tax on Certificates of Profits or

Interest in Property or Accumulations. - On all
certificates of profits, or any certificate or memorandum
showing interest in the property or accumulations of any
association, company or corporation, and on all transfers of
such certificates or memoranda, there shall be collected a
documentary stamp tax of Fifty centavos (P0.50) on each
Two hundred pesos (P200), or fractional part thereof, of the
face value of such certificate or memorandum.
SEC. 179. Stamp Tax on Bank Checks, Drafts,

Certificates of Deposit not Bearing Interest, and
Other Instruments. - On each bank check, draft, or
certificate of deposit not drawing interest, or order for the
payment of any sum of money drawn upon or issued by any
bank, trust company, or any person or persons, companies
or corporations, at sight or on demand, there shall be
collected a documentary stamp tax of One peso and fifty
centavos (P1.50).
SEC. 180. Stamp Tax on All Bonds, Loan

Agreements, promissory Notes, Bills of Exchange,
Drafts, Instruments and Securities Issued by the
Government or Any of its Instrumentalities,
Deposit Substitute Debt Instruments, Certificates
of Deposits Bearing Interest and Others Not
Payable on Sight or Demand. - On all bonds, loan
agreements, including those signed abroad, wherein the
object of the contract is located or used in the Philippines,
bills of exchange (between points within the Philippines),
drafts, instruments and securities issued by the Government
or any of its instrumentalities, deposit substitute debt
instruments, certificates of deposits drawing interest, orders
for the payment of any sum of money otherwise than at
sight or on demand, on all promissory notes, whether
negotiable or non-negotiable, except bank notes issued for
circulation, and on each renewal of any such note, there
shall be collected a documentary stamp tax of Thirty
centavos (P0.30) on each Two hundred pesos (P200), or
fractional part thereof, of the face value of any such
agreement, bill of exchange, draft, certificate of deposit, or
note: Provided, That only one documentary stamp tax shall
189 |
be imposed on either loan agreement, or promissory notes
issued to secure such loan, whichever will yield a higher
tax: Provided, however, That loan agreements or
promissory notes the aggregate of which does not exceed
Two hundred fifty thousand pesos (P250,000) executed by
an individual for his purchase on installment for his
personal use or that of his family and not for business,
resale, barter or hire of a house, lot, motor vehicle,
appliance or furniture shall be exempt from the payment of
the documentary stamp tax provided under this Section.
SEC. 181. Stamp Tax Upon Acceptance of Bills of

Exchange and Others. - Upon any acceptance or
payment of any bill of exchange or order for the payment of
money purporting to be drawn in a foreign country but
payable in the Philippines, there shall be collected a
documentary stamp tax of Thirty centavos (P0.30) on each
Two hundred pesos (P200), or fractional part thereof, of the
face value of any such bill of exchange, or order, or the
Philippine equivalent to such value, if expressed in foreign
currency.
SEC. 182. Stamp Tax on Foreign Bills of Exchange

and Letters of Credit. - On all foreign bills of exchange
and letters of credit (including orders, by telegraph or
otherwise, for the payment of money issued by express or
steamship companies or by any person or persons) drawn in
but payable out of the Philippines in a set of three (3) or
more according to the custom of merchants and bankers,
there shall be collected a documentary stamp tax of Thirty
fractional part thereof, of the face value of any such bill of
exchange or letter of credit, or the Philippine equivalent of
such face value, if expressed in foreign currency.
SEC. 183. Stamp Tax on Life Insurance Policies. -

On all policies of insurance or other instruments by
whatever name the same may be called, whereby any
insurance shall be made or renewed upon any life or lives,
there shall be collected a documentary stamp tax of Fifty
fractional part thereof, of the amount insured by any such
policy.
SEC. 184. Stamp Tax on Policies of Insurance Upon

Property. - On all policies of insurance or other
instruments by whatever name the same may be called, by
which insurance shall be made or renewed upon property of
any description, including rents or profits, against peril by
sea or on inland waters, or by fire or lightning, there shall be
collected a documentary stamp tax of Fifty centavos (P0.50)
on each Four pesos (P4.00), or fractional part thereof, of the
amount of premium charged: Provided, however, That no
documentary stamp tax shall be collected on reinsurance
contracts or on any instrument by which cession or
acceptance of insurance risks under any reinsurance
agreement is effected or recorded.
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SEC. 185. Stamp Tax on Fidelity Bonds and Other
Insurance Policies. - On all policies of insurance or
bonds or obligations of the nature of indemnity for loss,
damage or liability made or renewed by any person,
association, company or corporation transacting the
business of accident, fidelity, employers liability, plate,
glass, steam, boiler, burglar, elevator, automatic sprinkler,
or other branch of insurance (except life, marine, inland,
and fire insurance), and all bonds, undertakings, or
recognizances, conditioned for the performance of the
duties of any office or position, for the doing or not doing of
anything therein specified, and on all obligations
guaranteeing the validity or legality of any bond or other
obligations issued by any province, city, municipality, or
other public body or organization, and on all obligations
guaranteeing the title to any real estate, or guaranteeing any
mercantile credits, which may be made or renewed by any
such person, company or corporation, there shall be
collected a documentary stamp tax of Fifty centavos (P0.50)
on each Four pesos (P4.00), or fractional part thereof, of the
premium charged.
SEC. 186. Stamp Tax on Policies of Annuities and

Pre-Need Plans. - On all policies of annuities, or other
instruments by whatever name the same may be called,
whereby an annuity may be made, transferred or redeemed,
there shall be collected a documentary stamp tax of One
peso and fifty centavos (P1.50) on each Two hundred pesos
(P200) or fractional part thereof, of the capital of the
annuity, or should this be unknown, then on each Two
hundred (P200) pesos, or fractional part thereof, of thirty-
three and one-third (33 1/3) times the annual income. On
pre-need plans, the documentary stamp tax shall be Fifty
centavos (P0.50) on each Five hundred pesos (P500), or
fractional part thereof, of the value or amount of the plan.
SEC. 187. Stamp Tax on Indemnity Bonds. - On all

bonds for indemnifying any person, firm or corporation
who shall become bound or engaged as surety for the
payment of any sum of money or for the due execution or
performance of the duties of any office or position or to
account for money received by virtue thereof, and on all
other bonds of any description, except such as may be
required in legal proceedings, or are otherwise provided for
herein, there shall be collected a documentary stamp tax of
Thirty centavos (P0.30) on each Four pesos (P4.00), or
fractional part thereof, of the premium charged.
SEC. 188. Stamp Tax on Certificates. - On each

certificate of damages or otherwise, and on every certificate
or document issued by any customs officer, marine
surveyor, or other person acting as such, and on each
certificate issued by a notary public, and on each certificate
of any description required by law or by rules or regulations
of a public office, or which is issued for the purpose of
giving information, or establishing proof of a fact, and not
191 |
otherwise specified herein, there shall be collected a
documentary stamp tax of Fifteen pesos (P15.00).
SEC. 189. Stamp Tax on Warehouse Receipts. - On

each warehouse receipt for property held in storage in a
public or private warehouse or yard for any person other
than the proprietor of such warehouse or yard, there shall
be collected a documentary stamp tax of Fifteen pesos
(P15.00):Provided, That no tax shall be collected on each
warehouse receipt issued to any one person in any one
calendar month covering property the value of which does
not exceed Two hundred pesos (P200).
SEC. 190. Stamp Tax on Jai-Alai, Horse Racing

Tickets, lotto or Other Authorized Numbers
Games. - On each jai-alai, horse race ticket, lotto, or other
authorized number games, there shall be collected a
documentary stamp tax of Ten centavos
(P0.10): Provided, That if the cost of the ticket exceeds One
peso (P1.00), an additional tax of Ten centavos (P0.10) on
every One peso (P1.00, or fractional part thereof, shall be
collected.
SEC. 191. Stamp Tax on Bills of Lading or

Receipts. - On each set of bills of lading or receipts (except
charter party) for any goods, merchandise or effects shipped
from one port or place in the Philippines to another port or
place in the Philippines (except on ferries across rivers), or
to any foreign port, there shall be collected documentary
stamp tax of One peso (P1.00), if the value of such goods
exceeds One hundred pesos (P100) and does not exceed
One Thousand pesos (P1,000); Ten pesos (P10), if the value
exceeds One thousand pesos (P1,000): Provided,
however, That freight tickets covering goods, merchandise
or effects carried as accompanied baggage of passengers on
land and water carriers primarily engaged in the
transportation of passengers are hereby exempt.
SEC. 192. Stamp Tax on Proxies. - On each proxy for

voting at any election for officers of any company or
association, or for any other purpose, except proxies issued
affecting the affairs of associations or corporations
organized for religious, charitable or literary purposes, there
shall be collected a documentary stamp tax of Fifteen pesos
(P15.00).
SEC. 193. Stamp Tax on Powers of Attorney. - On

each power of attorney to perform any act whatsoever,
except acts connected with the collection of claims due from
or accruing to the Government of the Republic of the
Philippines, or the government of any province, city or
municipality, there shall be collected a documentary stamp
tax of Five pesos (P5.00).
SEC. 194. Stamp Tax on Leases and Other Hiring

Agreements. - On each lease, agreement, memorandum,
or contract for hire, use or rent of any lands or tenements,
192 |
or portions thereof, there shall be collected a documentary
stamp tax of Three pesos (P3.00) for the first Two thousand
pesos (P2,000), or fractional part thereof, and an additional
One peso (P1.00) for every One Thousand pesos (P1,000) or
fractional part thereof, in excess of the first Two thousand
pesos (P2,000) for each year of the term of said contract or
agreement.
SEC. 195. Stamp Tax on Mortgages, Pledges and

Deeds of Trust. - On every mortgage or pledge of lands,
estate, or property, real or personal, heritable or movable,
whatsoever, where the same shall be made as a security for
the payment of any definite and certain sum of money lent
at the time or previously due and owing of forborne to be
paid, being payable and on any conveyance of land, estate,
or property whatsoever, in trust or to be sold, or otherwise
converted into money which shall be and intended only as
security, either by express stipulation or otherwise, there
shall be collected a documentary stamp tax at the following
rates:
(a) When the amount secured does not

exceed Five thousand pesos (P5,000),
Twenty pesos (P20.00).
(b) On each Five thousand pesos (P5,000),

or fractional part thereof in excess of
Five thousand pesos (P5,000), an
additional tax of Ten pesos (P10.00).
On any mortgage, pledge, or deed of trust, where the same

shall be made as a security for the payment of a fluctuating
account or future advances without fixed limit, the
documentary stamp tax on such mortgage, pledge or deed of
trust shall be computed on the amount actually loaned or
given at the time of the execution of the mortgage, pledge or
deed of trust, additional documentary stamp tax shall be
paid which shall be computed on the basis of the amount
advanced or loaned at the rates specified above: Provided,
however, That if the full amount of the loan or credit,
granted under the mortgage, pledge or deed of trust shall be
computed on the amount actually loaned or given at the
time of the execution of the mortgage, pledge or deed of
trust. However, if subsequent advances are made on such
mortgage, pledge or deed of trust, additional documentary
stamp tax shall be paid which shall be computed on the
basis of the amount advanced or loaned at the rates
specified above: Provided, however, That if the full amount
of the loan or credit, granted under the mortgage, pledge or
deed of trust is specified in such mortgage, pledge or deed of
trust, the documentary stamp tax prescribed in this Section
shall be paid and computed on the full amount of the loan
or credit granted.
SEC. 196. Stamp tax on Deeds of Sale and

Conveyances of Real Property. - On all conveyances,
deeds, instruments, or writings, other than grants, patents
193 |
or original certificates of adjudication issued by the
Government, whereby any land, tenement, or other realty
sold shall be granted, assigned, transferred or otherwise
conveyed to the purchaser, or purchasers, or to any other
person or persons designated by such purchaser or
purchasers, there shall be collected a documentary stamp
tax, at the rates herein below prescribed, based on the
consideration contracted to be paid for such realty or on its
fair market value determined in accordance with Section
6(E) of this Code, whichever is higher: Provided, That when
one of the contracting parties is the Government the tax
herein imposed shall be based on the actual consideration.
(a) When the consideration, or value

received or contracted to be paid for such
realty aftermaking proper allowance of any
encumbrance, does not exceed One
thousand pesos (P1,000) fifteen pesos
(P15.00).
(b) For each additional One thousand

Pesos (P1,000), or fractional part thereof in
excess of One thousand pesos (P1,000) of
such consideration or value, Fifteen pesos
(P15.00).
When it appears that the amount of the documentary stamp

tax payable hereunder has been reduced by an incorrect
statement of the consideration in any conveyance, deed,
instrument or writing subject to such tax the Commissioner,
provincial or city Treasurer, or other revenue officer shall,
from the assessment rolls or other reliable source of
information, assess the property of its true market value
and collect the proper tax thereon.
SEC. 197. Stamp Tax on Charter Parties and

Similar Instruments. - On every charter party, contract
or agreement for the charter of any ship, vessel or steamer,
or any letter or memorandum or other writing between the
captain, master or owner, or other person acting as agent of
any ship, vessel or steamer, and any other person or persons
for or relating to the charter of any such ship, vessel or
steamer, and on any renewal or transfer of such charter,
contract, agreement, letter or memorandum, there shall be
collected a documentary stamp tax at the following rates:
(a) If the registered gross tonnage of the

ship, vessel or steamer does not exceed
one thousand (1,000) tons, and the
duration of the charter or contract does not
exceed six (6) months, Five hundred pesos
(P500); and for each month or fraction of a
month in excess of six (6) months, an
additional tax of Fifty pesos (P50.00) shall
be paid.
(b) If the registered gross tonnage exceeds

one thousand (1,000) tons and does not
194 |
exceed ten thousand (10,000) tons, and the
exceed six (6) months, One thousand pesos
(P1,000); and for each month or fraction of
a month in excess of six (6) months, an
additional tax of One hundred pesos (P100)
shall be paid.
(c) If the registered gross tonnage exceeds

ten thousand (10,000) tons and the
exceed six (6) months, One thousand five
hundred pesos (P1,500); and for each
month or fraction of a month in excess of
six (6) months, an additional tax of One
hundred fifty pesos (P150) shall be paid.
SEC. 198. Stamp Tax on Assignments and

Renewals of Certain Instruments. - Upon each and
every assignment or transfer of any mortgage, lease or
policy of insurance, or the renewal or continuance of any
agreement, contract, charter, or any evidence of obligation
or indebtedness by altering or otherwise, there shall be
levied, collected and paid a documentary stamp tax, at the
same rate as that imposed on the original instrument.
SEC. 199. Documents and Papers Not Subject to

Stamp Tax. - The provisions of Section 173 to the contrary
notwithstanding, the following instruments, documents and
papers shall be exempt from the documentary stamp tax:
(a) Policies of insurance or annuities made

or granted by a fraternal or beneficiary
society,order, association or cooperative
company, operated on the lodge system or
local cooperation plan and organized and
conducted solely by the members thereof
for the exclusive benefit of each member
and not for profit.
(b) Certificates of oaths administered to

any government official in his official
capacity or of acknowledgment by any
government official in the performance of
his official duties, written appearance in
any court by any government official, in his
official capacity; certificates of the
administration of oaths to any person as to
the authenticity of any paper required to be
filed in court by any person or party
thereto, whether the proceedings be civil or
criminal; papers and documents filed in
courts by or for the national,
provincial, city or municipal governments;
affidavits of poor persons for the purpose
of proving poverty; statements and other
compulsory information required of
persons or corporations by the rules and
195 |
regulations of the national, provincial, city
or municipal governments exclusively for
statistical purposes and which are wholly
for the use of the bureau or office in which
they are filed, and not at the instance or for
the use or benefit of the person filing them;
certified copies and other certificates
placed upon documents, instruments and
papers for the national, provincial, city, or
municipal governments, made at
the instance and for the sole use of some
other branch of the national, provincial,
city or municipal governments; and
certificates of the assessed value of lands,
not exceeding Two hundred pesos (P200)
in value assessed, furnished by the
provincial, city ormunicipal Treasurer to
applicants for registration of title to land.
SEC. 200. Payment of Documentary Stamp Tax. -
(A) In General. - The provisions of Presidential Decree

No. 1045 notwithstanding, any person liable to pay
documentary stamp tax upon any document subject to tax
under Title VII of this Code shall file a tax return and pay
the tax in accordance with the rules and regulations to be
(B) Time for Filing and Payment of the Tax. - Except

as provided by rules and regulations promulgated by the
Commissioner, the tax return prescribed in this Section
shall be filed within ten (10) days after the close of the
month when the taxable document was made, signed,
issued, accepted, or transferred, and the tax thereon shall be
paid at the same time the aforesaid return is filed.
(C) Where to File. - Except in cases where the

Commissioner otherwise permits, the aforesaid tax return
shall be filed with and the tax due shall be paid through the
authorized agent bank within the territorial jurisdiction of
the Revenue District Office which has jurisdiction over the
residence or principal place of business of the taxpayer. In
places where there is no authorized agent bank, the return
shall be filed with the Revenue District Officer, collection
agent, or duly authorized Treasurer of the city or
municipality in which the taxpayer has his legal residence or
principal place of business.
(D) Exception. - In lieu of the foregoing provisions of this

Section, the tax may be paid either through purchase and
actual affixture; or by imprinting the stamps through a
documentary stamp metering machine, on the taxable
document, in the manner as may be prescribed by rules and
regulations to be promulgated by the Secretary of Finance,
upon recommendation of the Commissioner.
196 |
SEC. 201. Effect of Failure to Stamp Taxable
Document. - An instrument, document or paper which is
required by law to be stamped and which has been signed,
issued, accepted or transferred without being duly stamped,
shall not be recorded, nor shall it or any copy thereof or any
record of transfer of the same be admitted or used in
evidence in any court until the requisite stamp or stamps
are affixed thereto and cancelled.
TITLE VIII
REMEDIES
CHAPTER I
REMEDIES IN GENERAL
SEC. 202. Final Deed to Purchaser. - In case the

taxpayer shall not redeem the property as herein provided
the Revenue District Officer shall, as grantor, execute a deed
conveying to the purchaser so much of the property as has
been sold, free from all liens of any kind whatsoever, and
the deed shall succintly recite all the proceedings upon
which the validity of the sale depends.
SEC. 203. Period of Limitation Upon Assessment

and Collection. - Except as provided in Section 222,
internal revenue taxes shall be assessed within three (3)
years after the last day prescribed by law for the filing of the
return, and no proceeding in court without assessment for
the collection of such taxes shall be begun after the
expiration of such period: Provided, That in a case where a
return is filed beyond the period prescribed by law, the
three (3)-year period shall be counted from the day the
return was filed. For purposes of this Section, a return filed
before the last day prescribed by law for the filing thereof
shall be considered as filed on such last day.
SEC. 204. Authority of the Commissioner to

Compromise, Abate and Refund or Credit Taxes. -
The Commissioner may -
(A) Compromise the Payment of any Internal

Revenue Tax, when:
(1) A reasonable doubt as to the validity of

the claim against the taxpayer exists; or
(2) The financial position of the taxpayer

demonstrates a clear inability to pay the
assessed tax.
197 |
The compromise settlement of any tax
liability shall be subject to the following
minimum amounts:
For cases of financial incapacity, a

minimum compromise rate
equivalent to ten percent (10%) of
the basic assessed tax; and
For other cases, a minimum

compromise rate equivalent to
forty percent (40%) of the basic
assessed tax.
Where the basic tax involved exceeds One million pesos

(P1,000.000) or where the settlement offered is less than
the prescribed minimum rates, the compromise shall be
subject to the approval of the Evaluation Board which shall
be composed of the Commissioner and the four (4) Deputy
Commissioners.
(B) Abate or Cancel a Tax Liability, when:
(1) The tax or any portion thereof appears

to be unjustly or excessively assessed; or
(2) The administration and collection costs

involved do not justify the collection of the
amount due.
All criminal violations may be

compromised except: (a) those already
filed in court, or (b) those involving fraud.
(C) Credit or refund taxes erroneously or illegally received

or penalties imposed without authority, refund the value of
internal revenue stamps when they are returned in good
condition by the purchaser, and, in his discretion, redeem
or change unused stamps that have been rendered unfit for
use and refund their value upon proof of destruction. No
credit or refund of taxes or penalties shall be allowed unless
the taxpayer files in writing with the Commissioner a claim
for credit or refund within two (2) years after the payment
of the tax or penalty: Provided, however, That a return filed
showing an overpayment shall be considered as a written
claim for credit or refund.
A Tax Credit Certificate validly issued under the provisions

of this Code may be applied against any internal revenue
tax, excluding withholding taxes, for which the taxpayer is
directly liable. Any request for conversion into refund of
unutilized tax credits may be allowed, subject to the
provisions of Section 230 of this Code: Provided, That the
original copy of the Tax Credit Certificate showing a
creditable balance is surrendered to the appropriate
revenue officer for verification and cancellation: Provided,
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further, That in no case shall a tax refund be given resulting
from availment of incentives granted pursuant to special
laws for which no actual payment was made.
The Commissioner shall submit to the Chairmen of the

Committee on Ways and Means of both the Senate and
House of Representatives, every six (6) months, a report on
the exercise of his powers under this Section, stating therein
the following facts and information, among others: names
and addresses of taxpayers whose cases have been the
subject of abatement or compromise; amount involved;
amount compromised or abated; and reasons for the
exercise of power: Provided, That the said report shall be
presented to the Oversight Committee in Congress that shall
be constituted to determine that said powers are reasonably
exercised and that the government is not unduly deprived of
revenues.
CHAPTER II
CIVIL REMEDIES FOR COLLECTION OF TAXES
SEC. 205. Remedies for the Collection of

Delinquent Taxes. - The civil remedies for the collection
of internal revenue taxes, fees or charges, and any
increment thereto resulting from delinquency shall be:
(a) By distraint of goods, chattels, or

effects, and other personal property of
whatever character, including stocks and
other securities, debts, credits, bank
accounts and interest in and rights to
personal property, and by levy upon real
property and interest in rights to real
property; and
(b) By civil or criminal action.
Either of these remedies or both

simultaneously may be pursued in the
discretion of the authorities charged with
the collection of such taxes: Provided,
however, That the remedies of distraint
and levy shall not be availed of where the
amount of tax involve is not more than One
hundred pesos (P100).
The judgment in the criminal case shall not

only impose the penalty but shall also order
payment of the taxes subject of the criminal
case as finally decided by the
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Commissioner.
The Bureau of Internal Revenue shall

advance the amounts needed to defray
costs of collection by means of civil or
criminal action, including the preservation
or transportation of personal property
distrained and the advertisement and sale
thereof, as well as of real property and
improvements thereon.
SEC. 206. Constructive Distraint of the Property of

a Taxpayer. - To safeguard the interest of the
Government, the Commissioner may place under
constructive distraint the property of a delinquent taxpayer
or any taxpayer who, in his opinion, is retiring from any
business subject to tax, or is intending to leave the
Philippines or to remove his property therefrom or to hide
or conceal his property or to perform any act tending to
obstruct the proceedings for collecting the tax due or which
may be due from him.
The constructive distraint of personal property shall be

affected by requiring the taxpayer or any person having
possession or control of such property to sign a receipt
covering the property distrained and obligate himself to
preserve the same intact and unaltered and not to dispose of
the same ;in any manner whatever, without the express
authority of the Commissioner.
In case the taxpayer or the person having the possession

and control of the property sought to be placed under
constructive distraint refuses or fails to sign the receipt
herein referred to, the revenue officer effecting the
constructive distraint shall proceed to prepare a list of such
property and, in the presence of two (2) witnessed, leave a
copy thereof in the premises where the property distrained
is located, after which the said property shall be deemed to
have been placed under constructive distraint.
SEC. 207. Summary Remedies. -
(A) Distraint of Personal Property. - Upon the failure

of the person owing any delinquent tax or delinquent
revenue to pay the same at the time required, the
Commissioner or his duly authorized representative, if the
amount involved is in excess of One million pesos
(P1,000,000), or the Revenue District Officer, if the amount
involved is One million pesos (P1,000,000) or less, shall
seize and distraint any goods, chattels or effects, and the
personal property, including stocks and other securities,
debts, credits, bank accounts, and interests in and rights to
personal property of such persons ;in sufficient quantity to
satisfy the tax, or charge, together with any increment
thereto incident to delinquency, and the expenses of the
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distraint and the cost of the subsequent sale.
A report on the distraint shall, within ten (10) days from

receipt of the warrant, be submitted by the distraining
officer to the Revenue District Officer, and to the Revenue
Regional Director:Provided, That the Commissioner or his
duly authorized representative shall, subject to rules and
regulations promulgated by the Secretary of Finance, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner, have the power to
lift such order of distraint: Provided, further, That a
consolidated report by the Revenue Regional Director may
be required by the Commissioner as often as necessary.
(B) Levy on Real Property. - After the expiration of the

time required to pay the delinquent tax or delinquent
revenue as prescribed in this Section, real property may be
levied upon, before simultaneously or after the distraint of
personal property belonging to the delinquent. To this end,
any internal revenue officer designated by the
Commissioner or his duly authorized representative shall
prepare a duly authenticated certificate showing the name
of the taxpayer and the amounts of the tax and penalty due
from him. Said certificate shall operate with the force of a
legal execution throughout the Philippines.
Levy shall be affected by writing upon said certificate a

description of the property upon which levy is made. At the
same time, written notice of the levy shall be mailed to or
served upon the Register of Deeds for the province or city
where the property is located and upon the delinquent
taxpayer, or if he be absent from the Philippines, to his
agent or the manager of the business in respect to which the
liability arose, or if there be none, to the occupant of the
property in question.
In case the warrant of levy on real property is not issued

before or simultaneously with the warrant of distraint on
personal property, and the personal property of the
taxpayer is not sufficient to satisfy his tax delinquency, the
Commissioner or his duly authorized representative shall,
within thirty (30) days after execution of the distraint,
proceed with the levy on the taxpayer's real property.
Within ten (10) days after receipt of the warrant, a report on

any levy shall be submitted by the levying officer to the
Commissioner or his duly authorized
representative: Provided, however, That a consolidated
report by the Revenue Regional Director may be required by
the Commissioner as often as necessary: Provided, further,
That the Commissioner or his duly authorized
representative, subject to rules and regulations promulgated
by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the
Commissioner, shall have the authority to lift warrants of
levy issued in accordance with the provisions hereof.
SEC. 208. Procedure for Distraint and
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Garnishment. - The officer serving the warrant of
distraint shall make or cause to be made an account of the
goods, chattels, effects or other personal property
distrained, a copy of which, signed by himself, shall be left
either with the owner or person from whose possession such
goods, chattels, or effects or other personal property were
taken, or at the dwelling or place of business of such person
and with someone of suitable age and discretion, to which
list shall be added a statement of the sum demanded and
note of the time and place of sale.
Stocks and other securities shall be distrained by serving a

copy of the warrant of distraint upon the taxpayer and upon
the president, manager, treasurer or other responsible
officer of the corporation, company or association, which
issued the said stocks or securities.
Debts and credits shall be distrained by leaving with the

person owing the debts or having in his possession or under
his control such credits, or with his agent, a copy of the
warrant of distraint. The warrant of distraint shall be
sufficient authority to the person owning the debts or
having in his possession or under his control any credits
belonging to the taxpayer to pay to the Commissioner the
amount of such debts or credits.
Bank accounts shall be garnished by serving a warrant of

garnishment upon the taxpayer and upon the president,
manager, treasurer or other responsible officer of the bank.
Upon receipt of the warrant of garnishment, the bank shall
tun over to the Commissioner so much of the bank accounts
as may be sufficient to satisfy the claim of the Government.
SEC. 209. Sale of Property Distrained and

Disposition of Proceeds. - The Revenue District Officer
or his duly authorized representative, other than the officer
referred to in Section 208 of this Code shall, according to
Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner,
forthwith cause a notification to be exhibited in not less
than two (2) public places in the municipality or city where
the distraint is made, specifying; the time and place of sale
and the articles distrained. The time of sale shall not be less
than twenty (20) days after notice. One place for the posting
of such notice shall be at the Office of the Mayor of the city
or municipality in which the property is distrained.
At the time and place fixed in such notice, the said revenue
officer shall sell the goods, chattels, or effects, or other
personal property, including stocks and other securities so
distrained, at public auction, to the highest bidder for cash,
or with the approval of the Commissioner, through duly
licensed commodity or stock exchanges.
In the case of Stocks and other securities, the officer making

the sale shall execute a bill of sale which he shall deliver to
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the buyer, and a copy thereof furnished the corporation,
company or association which issued the stocks or other
securities. Upon receipt of the copy of the bill of sale, the
corporation, company or association shall make the
corresponding entry in its books, transfer the stocks or
other securities sold in the name of the buyer, and issue, if
required to do so, the corresponding certificates of stock or
other securities.
Any residue over and above what is required to pay the

entire claim, including expenses, shall be returned to the
owner of the property sold. The expenses chargeable upon
each seizure and sale shall embrace only the actual expenses
of seizure and preservation of the property pending ;the
sale, and no charge shall be imposed for the services of the
local internal revenue officer or his deputy.
SEC. 210. Release of Distrained Property Upon

Payment Prior to Sale. - If at any time prior to the
consummation of the sale all proper charges are paid to the
officer conducting the sale, the goods or effects distrained
shall be restored to the owner.
SEC. 211. Report of Sale to Bureau of Internal

Revenue. - Within two (2) days after the sale, the officer
making the same shall make a report of his proceedings in
writing to the Commissioner and shall himself preserve a
copy of such report as an official record.
SEC. 212. Purchase by Government at Sale Upon

Distraint. - When the amount bid for the property under
distraint is not equal to the amount of the tax or is very
much less than the actual market value of the articles
offered for sale, the Commissioner or his deputy may
purchase the same in behalf of the national Government for
the amount of taxes, penalties and costs due thereon.
Property so purchased may be resold by the Commissioner

or his deputy, subject to the rules and regulations
prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, the net proceeds
therefrom shall be remitted to the National Treasury and
accounted for as internal revenue.
SEC. 213. Advertisement and Sale. - Within twenty

(20) days after levy, the officer conducting the proceedings
shall proceed to advertise the property or a usable portion
thereof as may be necessary to satisfy the claim and cost of
sale; and such advertisement shall cover a period of a least
thirty (30) days. It shall be effectuated by posting a notice at
the main entrance of the municipal building or city hall and
in public and conspicuous place in the barrio or district in
which the real estate lies and ;by publication once a week
for three (3) weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in
the municipality or city where the property is located. The
advertisement shall contain a statement of the amount of
taxes and penalties so due and the time and place of sale,
the name of the taxpayer against whom taxes are levied, and
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a short description of the property to be sold. At any time
before the day fixed for the sale, the taxpayer may
discontinue all proceedings by paying the taxes, penalties
and interest. If he does not do so, the sale shall proceed and
shall be held either at the main entrance of the municipal
building or city hall, or on the premises to be sold, as the
officer conducting the proceedings shall determine and as
the notice of sale shall specify.
Within five (5) days after the sale, a return by the

distraining or levying officer of the proceedings shall be
entered upon the records of the Revenue Collection Officer,
the Revenue District officer and the Revenue Regional
Director. The Revenue Collection Officer, in consultation
with the Revenue district Officer, shall then make out and
deliver to the purchaser a certificate from his records,
showing the proceedings of the sale, describing the property
sold stating the name of the purchaser and setting out the
exact amount of all taxes, penalties and interest: Provided,
however, That in case the proceeds of the sale exceeds the
claim and cost of sale, the excess shall be turned over to the
owner of the property.
The Revenue Collection Officer, upon approval by the

Revenue District Officer may, out of his collection, advance
an amount sufficient to defray the costs of collection by
means of the summary remedies provided for in this Code,
including ;the preservation or transportation in case of
personal property, and the advertisement and subsequent
sale, both in cases of personal and real property including
improvements found on the latter. In his monthly collection
reports, such advances shall be reflected and supported by
receipts.
SEC. 214. Redemption of Property Sold. - Within one

(1) year from the date of sale, the delinquent taxpayer, or
any one for him, shall have the right of paying to the
Revenue District Officer the amount of the public taxes,
penalties, and interest thereon from the date of delinquency
to the date of sale, together with interest on said purchase
price at the rate of fifteen percent (15%) per annum from
the date of purchase to the date of redemption, and such
payment shall entitle the person paying to the delivery of
the certificate issued to the purchaser and a certificate from
the said Revenue District Officer that he has thus redeemed
the property, and the Revenue District Officer shall
forthwith pay over to the purchaser the amount by which
such property has thus been redeemed, and said property
thereafter shall be free form the lien of such taxes and
penalties.
The owner shall not, however, be deprived of the possession

of the said property and shall be entitled to the rents and
other income thereof until the expiration of the time
allowed for its redemption.
SEC. 215. Forfeiture to Government for Want of

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Bidder. - In case there is no bidder for real property
exposed for sale as herein above provided or if the highest
bid is for an amount insufficient to pay the taxes, penalties
and costs, the Internal Revenue Officer conducting the sale
shall declare the property forfeited to the Government in
satisfaction of the claim in question and within two (2) days
thereafter, shall make a return of his proceedings and the
forfeiture which shall be spread upon the records of his
office. It shall be the duty of the Register of Deeds
concerned, upon registration with his office of any such
declaration of forfeiture, to transfer the title of the property
forfeited to the Government without the necessity of an
order from a competent court.
Within one (1) year from the date of such forfeiture, the
taxpayer, or any one for him may redeem said property by
paying to the Commissioner or the latter's Revenue
Collection Officer the full amount of the taxes and penalties,
together with interest thereon and the costs of sale, but if
the property be not thus redeemed, the forfeiture shall
become absolute.
SEC. 216. Resale of Real Estate Taken for Taxes. -

The Commissioner shall have charge of any real estate
obtained by the Government of the Philippines in payment
or satisfaction of taxes, penalties or costs arising under this
Code or in compromise or adjustment of any claim
therefore, and said Commissioner may, upon the giving of
not less than twenty (20) days notice, sell and dispose of the
same of public auction or with prior approval of the
Secretary of Finance, dispose of the same at private sale. In
either case, the proceeds of the sale shall be deposited with
the National Treasury, and an accounting of the same shall
rendered to the Chairman of the Commission on Audit.
SEC. 217. Further Distraint or Levy. - The remedy by

distraint of personal property and levy on realty may be
repeated if necessary until the full amount due, including all
expenses, is collected.
SEC. 218. Injunction not Available to Restrain

Collection of Tax. - No court shall have the authority to
grant an injunction to restrain the collection of any national
internal revenue tax, fee or charge imposed by this Code.
SEC. 219. Nature and Extent of Tax Lien. - If any

person, corporation, partnership, joint-account (cuentas en
participacion), association or insurance company liable to
pay an internal revenue tax, neglects or refuses to pay the
same after demand, the amount shall be a lien in favor of
the Government of the Philippines from the time when the
assessment was made by the Commissioner until paid, with
interests, penalties, and costs that may accrue in addition
thereto upon all property and rights to property belonging
to the taxpayer: Provided, That this lien shall not be valid
against any mortgagee purchaser or judgment creditor until
notice of such lien shall be filed by the Commissioner in the
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office of the Register of Deeds of the province or city where
the property of the taxpayer is situated or located.
SEC. 220. Form and Mode of Proceeding in Actions

Arising under this Code. - Civil and criminal actions
and proceedings instituted in behalf of the Government
under the authority of this Code or other law enforced by
the Bureau of Internal Revenue shall be brought in the
name of the Government of the Philippines and shall be
conducted by legal officers of the Bureau of Internal
Revenue but no civil or criminal action for the recovery of
taxes or the enforcement of any fine, penalty or forfeiture
under this Code shall be filed in court without the approval
of the Commissioner.
SEC. 221. Remedy for Enforcement of Statutory

Penal Provisions. - The remedy for enforcement of
statutory penalties of all sorts shall be by criminal or civil
action, as the particular situation may require, subject to the
approval of the Commissioner.
SEC. 222. Exceptions as to Period of Limitation of

Assessment and Collection of Taxes. -
(a) In the case of a false or fraudulent

return with intent to evade tax or of failure
to file a return, the tax may be assessed, or
a proceeding in court for the collection of
such tax may be filed without assessment,
at any time within ten (10) years after the
discovery of the falsity, fraud or omission:
Provided, That in a fraud assessment which
has become final and executory, the fact of
fraud shall be judicially taken cognizance of
in the civil or criminal action for the
collection thereof.
(b) If before the expiration of the time

prescribed in Section 203 for the
assessment of the tax, both the
Commissioner and the taxpayer have
agreed in writing to its assessment after
such time, the tax may be assessed within
the period agreed upon. The period so
agreed upon may be extended by
subsequent written agreement made before
the expiration of the period previously
agreed upon.
(c) Any internal revenue tax which has

been assessed within the period of
limitation as prescribed in paragraph (a)
hereof may be collected by distraint or levy
or by a proceeding in court within five (5)
years following the assessment of the tax.
(d) Any internal revenue tax, which has
206 |
been assessed within the period agreed
upon as provided in paragraph (b)
hereinabove, may be collected by distraint
or levy or by a proceeding in court within
the period agreed upon in writing before
the expiration of the five (5) -year period.
The period so agreed upon may be
extended by subsequent written
agreements made before the expiration of
the period previously agreed upon.
(e) Provided, however, That nothing in the

immediately preceding and paragraph (a)
hereof shall be construed to authorize the
examination and investigation or inquiry
into any tax return filed in accordance with
the provisions of any tax amnesty law or
decree.
SEC. 223. Suspension of Running of Statute of

Limitations. - The running of the Statute of Limitations
provided in Sections 203 and 222 on the making of
assessment and the beginning of distraint or levy a
proceeding in court for collection, in respect of any
deficiency, shall be suspended for the period during which
the Commissioner is prohibited from making the
assessment or beginning distraint or levy or a proceeding in
court and for sixty (60) days thereafter; when the taxpayer
requests for a reinvestigation which is granted by the
Commissioner; when the taxpayer cannot be located in the
address given by him in the return filed upon which a tax is
being assessed or collected: Provided, that, if the taxpayer
informs the Commissioner of any change in address, the
running of the Statute of Limitations will not be suspended;
when the warrant of distraint or levy is duly served upon the
taxpayer, his authorized representative, or a member of his
household with sufficient discretion, and no property could
be located; and when the taxpayer is out of the Philippines.
SEC. 224. Remedy for Enforcement of Forfeitures. -

The forfeiture of chattels and removable fixtures of any sort
shall be enforced by the seizure and sale, or destruction, of
the specific forfeited property. The forfeiture of real
property shall be enforced by a judgment of condemnation
and sale in a legal action or proceeding, civil or criminal, as
the case may require.
SEC. 225. When Property to be Sold or Destroyed. -

Sales of forfeited chattels and removable fixtures shall be
effected, so far as practicable, in the same manner and
under the same conditions as the public notice and the time
and manner of sale as are prescribed for sales of personal
property distrained for the non-payment of taxes.
Distilled spirits, liquors, cigars, cigarettes, other

manufactured products of tobacco, and all apparatus used I
or about the illicit production of such articles may, upon
207 |
forfeiture, be destroyed by order of the Commissioner, when
the sale of the same for consumption or use would be
injurious to public health or prejudicial to the enforcement
of the law.
All other articles subject to excise tax, which have been

manufactured or removed in violation of this Code, as well
as dies for the printing or making of internal revenue
stamps and labels which are in imitation of or purport to be
lawful stamps, or labels may, upon forfeiture, be sold or
destroyed in the discretion of the Commissioner.
Forfeited property shall not be destroyed until at least

twenty (20) days after seizure.
SEC. 226. Disposition of funds Recovered in Legal

Proceedings or Obtained from Forfeitures. - all
judgments and monies recovered and received for taxes,
costs, forfeitures, fines and penalties shall be paid to the
Commissioner or his authorized deputies as the taxes
themselves are required to be paid, and except as specially
provided, shall be accounted for and dealt with the same
way.
SEC. 227. Satisfaction of Judgment Recovered

Against any Internal Revenue Officer. - When an
action is brought against any Internal Revenue officer to
recover damages by reason of any act done in the
performance of official duty, and the Commissioner is
notified of such action in time to make defense against the
same, through the Solicitor General, any judgment,
damages or costs recovered in such action shall be satisfied
by the Commissioner, upon approval of the Secretary of
Finance, or if the same be paid by the person used shall be
repaid or reimbursed to him.
No such judgment, damages, or costs shall be paid or

reimbursed in behalf of a person who has acted negligently
or in bad faith, or with willful oppression.
CHAPTER III
PROTESTING AN ASSESSMENT, REFUND, ETC.
SEC. 228. Protesting of Assessment. - When the

Commissioner or his duly authorized representative finds
that proper taxes should be assessed, he shall first notify the
taxpayer of his findings: Provided, however, That a
preassessment notice shall not be required in the following
cases:
(a) When the finding for any deficiency tax

is the result of mathematical error in
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thecomputation of the tax as appearing on
the face of the return; or
(b) When a discrepancy has been

determined between the tax withheld and
the amountactually remitted by the
withholding agent; or
(c) When a taxpayer who opted to claim a

refund or tax credit of excess
creditable withholding tax for a taxable
period was determined to have carried over
and automatically applied the same
amount claimed against the estimated tax
liabilities for the taxable quarter or
quarters of the succeeding taxable year; or
(d) When the excise tax due on exciseable

articles has not been paid; or
(e) When the article locally purchased or

imported by an exempt person, such as,
but not limited to, vehicles, capital
equipment, machineries and spare parts,
has been sold, traded or transferred to non-
exempt persons.
The taxpayers shall be informed in writing of the law and

the facts on which the assessment is made; otherwise, the
assessment shall be void.
Within a period to be prescribed by implementing rules and

regulations, the taxpayer shall be required to respond to
said notice. If the taxpayer fails to respond, the
Commissioner or his duly authorized representative shall
issue an assessment based on his findings.
Such assessment may be protested administratively by filing

a request for reconsideration or reinvestigation within thirty
(30) days from receipt of the assessment in such form and
manner as may be prescribed by implementing rules and
regulations.
Within sixty (60) days from filing of the protest, all relevant
supporting documents shall have been submitted;
otherwise, the assessment shall become final.
If the protest is denied in whole or in part, or is not acted

upon within one hundred eighty (180) days from
submission of documents, the taxpayer adversely affected
by the decision or inaction may appeal to the Court of Tax
Appeals within thirty (30) days from receipt of the said
decision, or from the lapse of one hundred eighty (180)-day
period; otherwise, the decision shall become final, executory
and demandable.
SEC. 229. Recovery of Tax Erroneously or Illegally
209 |
Collected. - no suit or proceeding shall be maintained in
any court for the recovery of any national internal revenue
tax hereafter alleged to have been erroneously or illegally
assessed or collected, or of any penalty claimed to have been
collected without authority, of any sum alleged to have been
excessively or in any manner wrongfully collected without
authority, or of any sum alleged to have been excessively or
in any manner wrongfully collected, until a claim for refund
or credit has been duly filed with the Commissioner; but
such suit or proceeding may be maintained, whether or not
such tax, penalty, or sum has been paid under protest or
duress.
In any case, no such suit or proceeding shall be filed after

the expiration of two (2) years from the date of payment of
the tax or penalty regardless of any supervening cause that
may arise after payment: Provided, however, That the
Commissioner may, even without a written claim therefor,
refund or credit any tax, where on the face of the return
upon which payment was made, such payment appears
clearly to have been erroneously paid.
SEC. 230. Forfeiture of Cash Refund and of Tax

Credit. -
(A) Forfeiture of Refund. - A refund check or warrant

issued in accordance with the pertinent provisions of this
Code, which shall remain unclaimed or uncashed within five
(5) years from the date the said warrant or check was mailed
or delivered, shall be forfeited in favor of the Government
and the amount thereof shall revert to the general fund.
(B) Forfeiture of Tax Credit. - A tax credit certificate

issued in accordance with the pertinent provisions of this
Code, which shall remain unutilized after five (5) years from
the date of issue, shall, unless revalidated, be considered
invalid, and shall not be allowed as payment for internal
revenue tax liabilities of the taxpayer, and the amount
covered by the certificate shall revert to the general fund.
(C) Transitory Provision. - For purposes of the

preceding Subsection, a tax credit certificate issued by the
Commissioner or his duly authorized representative prior to
January 1, 1998, which remains unutilized or has a
creditable balance as of said date, shall be presented for
revalidation with the Commissioner or his duly authorized
representative or on before June 30, 1998.
SEC. 231. Action to Contest Forfeiture of Chattel. -

In case of the seizure of personal property under claim of
forfeiture, the owner desiring to contest the validity of the
forfeiture may, at any time before sale or destruction of the
property, bring an action against the person seizing the
property or having possession thereof to recover the same,
and upon giving proper bond, may enjoin the sale; or after
the sale and within six (6) months, he may bring an action
210 |
to recover the net proceeds realized at the sale.
TITLE IX
COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER I
KEEPING OF BOOKS OF ACCOUNTS AND

RECORDS
SEC. 232. Keeping of Books of Accounts. -
(A) Corporations, Companies, Partnerships or

Persons Required to Keep Books of Accounts. - All
corporations, companies, partnerships or persons required
by law to pay internal revenue taxes shall keep a journal and
a ledger or their equivalents: Provided, however, That those
whose quarterly sales, earnings, receipts, or output do not
exceed Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000) shall keep and use
simplified set of bookkeeping records duly authorized by the
Secretary of Finance where in all transactions and results of
operations are shown and from which all taxes due the
Government may readily and accurately be ascertained and
determined any time of the year:Provided, further, That
corporations, companies, partnerships or persons whose
gross quarterly sales, earnings, receipts or output exceed
One hundred fifty thousand pesos (P150,000) shall have
their books of accounts audited and examined yearly by
independent Certified Public Accountants and their income
tax returns accompanied with a duly accomplished Account
Information Form (AIF) which shall contain, among others,
information lifted from certified balance sheets, profit and
loss statements, schedules listing income-producing
properties and the corresponding income therefrom and
other relevant statements.
(B) Independent Certified Public Accountant

Defined. - The term "Independent Certified Public
Accountant", as used in the preceding paragraph, means an
accountant who possesses the independence as defined in
the rules and regulations of the Board of Accountancy
promulgated pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 692,
otherwise known as the Revised Accountancy Law.
SEC. 233. Subsidiary Books. - All corporations,

companies, partnerships or persons keeping the books of
accounts mentioned in the preceding Section may, at their
option, keep subsidiary books as the needs of their business
may require: Provided, That were such subsidiaries are
kept, they shall form part of the accounting system of the
taxpayer and shall be subject to the same rules and
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regulations as to their keeping, translation, production and
inspection as are applicable to the journal and the ledger.
SEC. 234. Language in which Books are to be Kept;

Translation. - All such corporations, companies,
partnerships or persons shall keep the books or records
mentioned in Section 232 hereof in native language, English
or Spanish: Provided, however, That if in addition to said
books or records the taxpayer keeps other books or records
in a language other than a native language, English or
Spanish, he shall make a true and complete translation of all
the entries in suck other books or records into a native
language; English or Spanish, and the said translation must
be made by the bookkeeper, or such taxpayer, or in his
absence, by his manager and must be certified under oath as
to its correctness by the said bookkeeper or manager, and
shall form an integral part of the aforesaid books of
accounts. The keeping of such books or records in any
language other than a native language, English or Spanish,
is hereby prohibited.
SEC. 235. Preservation of Books and Accounts and

Other Accounting Records. - All the books of accounts,
including the subsidiary books and other accounting
records of corporations, partnerships, or persons, shall be
preserved by them for a period beginning from the last
entry in each book until the last day prescribed by Section
203 within which the Commissioner is authorized to make
an assessment. The said books and records shall be subject
to examination and inspection by internal revenue
officers: Provided, That for income tax purposes, such
examination and inspection shall be made only once in a
taxable year, except in the following cases:
(a) Fraud, irregularity or mistakes, as

determined by the Commissioner;
(b) The taxpayer requests reinvestigation;
(c) Verification of compliance with

withholding tax laws and regulations;
(d) Verification of capital gains tax

liabilities; and
(e) In the exercise of the Commissioner's

power under Section 5(B) to obtain
information from other persons in which
case, another or separate examination and
inspection may be made. Examination and
inspection of books of accounts and other
accounting records shall be done in the
taxpayer's office or place of business or in
the office of the Bureau of Internal
Revenue. All corporations, partnerships or
persons that retire from business shall,
within ten (10) days from the date of
retirement or within such period of time as
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may be allowed by the Commissioner in
special cases, submit their books of
accounts, including the subsidiary books
and other accounting records to
the Commissioner or any of his deputies for
examination, after which they shall
be returned. Corporations and partnerships
contemplating dissolution must notify the
Commissioner and shall not be dissolved
until cleared of any tax liability.
Any provision of existing general or special law to the

contrary notwithstanding, the books of accounts and other
pertinent records of tax-exempt organizations or grantees of
tax incentives shall be subject to examination by the Bureau
of Internal Revenue for purposes of ascertaining compliance
with the conditions under which they have been granted tax
exemptions or tax incentives, and their tax liability, if any.
CHAPTER II
ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
SEC. 236. Registration Requirements. -
(A) Requirements. - Every person subject to any internal

revenue tax shall register once with the appropriate
Revenue District Officer:
(1) Within ten (10) days from date of

employment, or
(2) On or before the commencement of

business,or
(3) Before payment of any tax due, or
(4) Upon filing of a return, statement or

declaration as required in this Code.
The registration shall contain the taxpayer's name, style,

place of residence, business and such other information as
may be required by the Commissioner in the form
prescribed therefor.
A person maintaining a head office, branch or facility shall

register with the Revenue District Officer having
jurisdiction over the head office, brand or facility. For
purposes of this Section, the term "facility" may include but
not be limited to sales outlets, places of production,
warehouses or storage places.
(B) Annual Registration Fee. - An annual registration

fee in the amount of Five hundred pesos (P500) for every
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separate or distinct establishment or place of business,
including facility types where sales transactions occur, shall
be paid upon registration and every year thereafter on or
before the last day of January: Provided, however, That
cooperatives, individuals earning purely compensation
income, whether locally or abroad, and overseas workers
are not liable to the registration fee herein imposed.
The registration fee shall be paid to an authorized agent

bank located within the revenue district, or to the Revenue
Collection Officer, or duly authorized Treasurer of the city
of municipality where each place of business or branch is
registered.
(C) Registration of Each Type of Internal Revenue

Tax. - Every person who is required to register with the
Bureau of Internal Revenue under Subsection (A) hereof,
shall register each type of internal revenue tax for which he
is obligated, shall file a return and shall pay such taxes, and
shall updates such registration of any changes in accordance
with Subsection (E) hereof.
(D) Transfer of Registration. - In case a registered

person decides to transfer his place of business or his head
office or branches, it shall be his duty to update his
registration status by filing an application for registration
information update in the form prescribed therefor.
(E) Other Updates. - Any person registered in

accordance with this Section shall, whenever applicable,
update his registration information with the Revenue
District Office where he is registered, specifying therein any
change in type and other taxpayer details.
(F) Cancellation of Registration. - The registration of

any person who ceases to be liable to a tax type shall be
cancelled upon filing with the Revenue District Office where
he is registered an application for registration information
update in a form prescribed therefor.
(G) Persons Commencing Business. - Any person,

who expects to realize gross sales or receipts subject to
value-added tax in excess of the amount prescribed under
Section 109(z) of this Code for the next 12-month period
from the commencement of the business, shall register with
the Revenue District Office which has jurisdiction over the
head office or branch and shall pay the annual registration
fee prescribed in Subsection (B) hereof.
(H) Persons Becoming Liable to the Value-added

Tax. - Any person, whose gross sales or receipts in any 12-
month period exceeds the amount prescribed under
Subsection 109(z) of this Code for exemption from the
value-added tax shall register in accordance with Subsection
(A) hereof, and shall pay the annual registration fee
prescribed within ten (10) days after the end of the last
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month of that period, and shall be liable to the value-added
tax commencing from the first day of the month following
his registration.
(I) Optional Registration of Exempt Person. - Any

person whose transactions are exempt from value-added tax
under Section 109(z) of this Code; or any person whose
transactions are exempt from the value-added tax under
Section 109(a), (b), (c), and (d) of this Code, who opts to
register as a VAT taxpayer with respect to his export sales
only, may update his registration information in accordance
with Subsection (E) hereof, not later than ten (10) days
before the beginning of the taxable quarter and shall pay the
annual registration fee prescribed in Subsection (B) hereof.
In any case, the Commissioner may, for administrative

reasons, deny any application for registration including
updates prescribed under Subsection (E) hereof.
For purposes of Title IV of this Code, any person who has

registered value-added tax as a tax type in accordance with
the provisions of Subsection (C) hereof shall be referred to
as VAT-registered person who shall be assigned only one
Taxpayer Identification Number.
(J) Supplying of Taxpayer Identification Number

(TIN). - Any person required under the authority of this
Code to make, render or file a return, statement or other
document shall be supplied with or assigned a Taxpayer
Identification Number (TIN) which he shall indicate in such
return, statement or document filed with the Bureau of
Internal Revenue for his proper identification for tax
purposes, and which he shall indicate in certain documents,
such as, but not limited to the following:
(1) Sugar quedans, refined sugar release

order or similar instruments;
(2) Domestic bills of lading;
(3) Documents to be registered with the

Register of Deeds of Assessor's Office;
(4) Registration certificate of

transportation equipment by land, sea or
air;
(5) Documents to be registered with the

Securities and Exchange Commission;
(6) Building construction permits;
(7) Application for loan with banks,

financial institutions, or other financial
intermediaries;
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(8) Application for mayor's permit;
(9) Application for business license with

the Department of Trade & Industry; and
(10) Such other documents which may

hereafter be required under rules and
regulations to be promulgated by the
In cases where a registered taxpayer dies, the administrator

or executor shall register the estate of the decedent in
accordance with Subsection (A) hereof and a new Taxpayer
Identification Number (TIN) shall be supplied in
accordance with the provisions of this Section.
In the case of a nonresident decedent, the executor or

administrator of the estate shall register the estate with the
Revenue District Office where he is registered: Provided,
however, That in case such executor or administrator is not
registered, registration of the estate shall be made with the
Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) supplied by the
Revenue District Office having jurisdiction over his legal
residence.
Only one Taxpayer identification Number (TIN) shall be

assigned to a taxpayer. Any person who shall secure more
than one Taxpayer Identification Number shall be
criminally liable under the provision of Section 275 on
'Violation of Other Provisions of this Code or Regulations in
General'.
SEC. 237. Issuance of Receipts or Sales or

Commercial Invoices. - All persons subject to an
internal revenue tax shall, for each sale or transfer of
merchandise or for services rendered valued at Twenty-five
pesos (P25.00) or more, issue duly registered receipts or
sales or commercial invoices, prepared at least in duplicate,
showing the date of transaction, quantity, unit cost and
description of merchandise or nature of service: Provided,
however, That in the case of sales, receipts or transfers in
the amount of One hundred pesos (P100.00) or more, or
regardless of the amount, where the sale or transfer is made
by a person liable to value-added tax to another person also
liable to value-added tax; or where the receipt is issued to
cover payment made as rentals, commissions,
compensations or fees, receipts or invoices shall be issued
which shall show the name, business style, if any, and
address of the purchaser, customer or client: Provided,
further,That where the purchaser is a VAT-registered
person, in addition to the information herein required, the
invoice or receipt shall further show the Taxpayer
Identification Number (TIN) of the purchaser.
The original of each receipt or invoice shall be issued to the

purchaser, customer or client at the time the transaction is
216 |
effected, who, if engaged in business or in the exercise of
profession, shall keep and preserve the same in his place of
business for a period of three (3) years from the close of the
taxable year in which such invoice or receipt was issued,
while the duplicate shall be kept and preserved by the
issuer, also in his place of business, for a like period.
The Commissioner may, in meritorious cases, exempt any

person subject to internal revenue tax from compliance with
the provisions of this Section.
SEC. 238. Printing of Receipts or Sales or

Commercial Invoices. - All persons who are engaged in
business shall secure from the Bureau of Internal Revenue
an authority to print receipts or sales or commercial
invoices before a printer can print the same.
No authority to print receipts or sales or commercial

invoices shall be granted unless the receipts or invoices to
be printed are serially numbered and shall show, among
other things, the name, business style, Taxpayer
Identification Number (TIN) and business address of the
person or entity to use the same, and such other
information that may be required by rules and regulations
to be promulgated by the Secretary of Finance, upon
All persons who print receipt or sales or commercial

invoices shall maintain a logbook/register of taxpayers who
availed of their printing services. The logbook/register shall
contain the following information:
(1) Names, Taxpayer Identification

Numbers of the persons or entities for
whom the receipts
or sales or commercial invoices were
printed; and
(2) Number of booklets, number of sets per

booklet, number of copies per set and the
serial numbers of the receipts or
invoices in each booklet.
SEC. 239. Sign to be Exhibited by Distiller,

Rectifier, Compounder, Repacker and Wholesale
Liquor Dealer. - Every person engaged in distilling or
rectifying spirits, compounding liquors, repacking wines or
distilled spirits, and every wholesale liquor dealer shall keep
conspicuously on the outside of his place of business a sign
exhibiting, in letters not less than six centimeters (6 cms.)
high, his name or firm style, with the words "Registered
Distiller", "Rectifier of Spirits", "Compounder of Liquors",
"Repacker of Wines or Distilled Spirits", or"Wholesale
Liquor Dealer", as the case may be, and his assessment
number.
SEC. 240. Sign to be Exhibited by Manufacturer of
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Products of Tobacco. - Everymanufacturer of cigars,
cigarettes or tobacco, and every wholesale dealer in leaf
tobacco or manufactured products of tobacco shall place
and keep on outside of the building wherein his business is
carried on, so that it can be distinctly seen, a sign stating his
full name and business in letters not less than six
centimeters (6 cms.) high and also giving his assessment
number.
SEC. 241. Exhibition of Certificate of Payment at

Place of Business. - The certificate or receipts showing
payment of taxes issued to a person engaged in a business
subject to an annual registration fee shall be kept
conspicuously exhibited in plain view in or at the place
where the business is conducted; and in case of a peddler or
other persons not having a fixed place of business, shall be
kept in the possession of the holder thereof, subject to
production upon demand of any internal revenue officer.
SEC. 242. Continuation of Business of Deceased

Person. - When any individual who has paid the annual
registration fee dies, and the same business is continued by
the person or persons interested in his estate, no additional
payment shall be required for the residue of the term which
the tax was paid: Provided, however, That the person or
persons interested in the estate should, within thirty (30)
days from the death of the decedent, submit to the Bureau
of Internal Revenue or the regional or revenue District
Office inventories of goods or stocks had at the time of such
death.
The requirement under this Section shall also be applicable

in the case of transfer of ownership or change of name of
the business establishment.
SEC. 243. Removal of Business to Other Location. -

Any business for which the annual registration fee has been
paid may, subject to the rules and regulations prescribed by
Commissioner, be removed and continued in any other
place without the payment of additional tax during the term
for which the payment was made.
CHAPTER III
RULES AND REGULATIONS
SEC. 244. Authority of Secretary of Finance to

Promulgate Rules and Regulations. -The Secretary of
Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner, shall
promulgate all needful rules and regulations for the
effective enforcement of the provisions of this Code.
SEC. 245. Specific Provisions to be Contained in
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Rules and Regulations. - The rules and regulations of
the Bureau of Internal Revenue shall, among other thins,
contain provisions specifying, prescribing or defining:
(a) The time and manner in which Revenue

Regional Director shall canvass their
respectiveRevenue Regions for the purpose
of discovering persons and property liable
to nationalinternal revenue taxes, and the
manner in which their lists and records of
taxable persons and taxable objects shall be
made and kept;
(b) The forms of labels, brands or marks to

be required on goods subject to an excise
tax, and the manner in which the labelling,
branding or marking shall be effected;
(c) The conditions under which and the

manner in which goods intended for
export, which if not exported would be
subject to an excise tax, shall be labelled,
branded or marked;
(d) The conditions to be observed by

revenue officers respecting the institutions
and conductof legal actions and
proceedings;
(e) The conditions under which goods

intended for storage in bonded warehouses
shall beconveyed thither, their manner of
storage and the method of keeping the
entries and records in connection
therewith, also the books to be kept by
Revenue Inspectors and the reports to be
made by them in connection with their
supervision of such houses;
(f) The conditions under which denatured

alcohol may be removed and dealt in, the
characterand quantity of the denaturing
material to be used, the manner in which
the process ofdenaturing shall be effected,
so as to render the alcohol suitably
denatured and unfit for oral intake, the
bonds to be given, the books and records to
be kept, the entries to be made therein, the
reports to be made to the Commissioner,
and the signs to be displayed in the
business or by the person for whom such
denaturing is done or by whom,
such alcohol is dealt in;
(g) The manner in which revenue shall be

collected and paid, the instrument,
document orobject to which revenue
stamps shall be affixed, the mode of
219 |
cancellation of the same, the manner in
which the proper books, records, invoices
and other papers shall be kept and entries
therein made by the person subject to the
tax, as well as the manner in which licenses
and stamps shall be gathered up and
returned after serving their purposes;
(h) The conditions to be observed by

revenue officers respecting the
enforcement of Title III imposing a tax on
estate of a decedent, and other
transfers mortis causa, as well as on gifts
and such other rules and regulations which
the Commissioner may consider suitable
for the enforcement of the said Title III;
(i) The manner in which tax returns,

information and reports shall be prepared
and reportedand the tax collected and paid,
as well as the conditions under which
evidence of payment shall be furnished the
taxpayer, and the preparation and
publication of tax statistics;
(j) The manner in which internal revenue

taxes, such as income tax, including
withholding tax, estate and donor's taxes,
value-added tax, other percentage taxes,
excise taxes and documentary stamp taxes
shall be paid through the collection officers
of the Bureau of Internal Revenue or
through duly authorized agent banks which
are hereby deputized to receive payments
of such taxes and the returns, papers and
statements that may be filed by the
taxpayers in connection with the payment
of the tax: Provided, however, That
notwithstanding the other provisions of
this Code prescribing the place of filing
of returns and payment of taxes, the
Commissioner may, by rules and
regulations, require that the tax returns,
papers and statements that may be filed by
the taxpayers in connection with the
payment of the tax. Provided,
however, That notwithstanding the other
provisions of this Code prescribing the
place of filing of returns and payment of
taxes, the Commissioner may, by rules and
regulations require that the tax
returns, papers and statements and taxes of
large taxpayers be filed and paid,
respectively, through collection officers or
through duly authorized agent
banks: Provided, further, That the
Commissioner can exercise this power
within six (6) years from the approval of
220 |
Republic Act No. 7646 or the completion of
its comprehensive
computerization program, whichever
comes earlier: Provided, finally, That
separate venues for the Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao areas may be designated for the
filing of tax returns and payment of taxes
by said large taxpayers.
For the purpose of this Section, "large taxpayer" means a

taxpayer who satisfies any of the following criteria;
(1) Value-Added Tax (VAT). - Business establishment

with VAT paid or payable of at least One hundred thousand
pesos (P100,000) for any quarter of the preceding taxable
year;
(2) Excise Tax. - Business establishment with excise tax

paid or payable of at least One million pesos (P1,000,000)
for the preceding taxable year;
(3) Corporate Income Tax. - Business establishment

with annual income tax paid or payable of at least One
million pesos (P1,000,000) for the preceding taxable year;
and
(4) Withholding Tax. - Business establishment with

withholding tax payment or remittance of at least One
million pesos (P1,000,000) for the preceding taxable year.
Provided, however, That the Secretary of Finance, upon

recommendation of the Commissioner, may modify or add
to the above criteria for determining a large taxpayer after
considering such factors as inflation, volume of business,
wage and employment levels, and similar economic factors.
The penalties prescribed under Section 248 of this Code

shall be imposed on any violation of the rules and
regulations issued by the Secretary of Finance, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner, prescribing the
place of filing of returns and payments of taxes by large
taxpayers.
SEC. 246. Non-Retroactivity of Rulings. - Any

revocation, modification or reversal of any of the rules and
regulations promulgated in accordance with the preceding
Sections or any of the rulings or circulars promulgated by
the Commissioner shall not be given retroactive application
if the revocation, modification or reversal will be prejudicial
to the taxpayers, except in the following cases:
(a) Where the taxpayer deliberately

misstates or omits material facts from his
return or any document required of him by
the Bureau of Internal Revenue;
221 |
(b) Where the facts subsequently gathered
by the Bureau of Internal Revenue
are materially different from the facts on
which the ruling is based; or
(c) Where the taxpayer acted in bad faith.
TITLE X
STATUTORY OFFENSES AND PENALTIES
CHAPTER I
ADDITIONS TO TAX
SEC. 247. General Provisions. -
(a) The additions to the tax or deficiency

tax prescribed in this Chapter shall apply to
all taxes,fees and charges imposed in this
Code. The Amount so added to the tax shall
be collected at the same time, in the same
manner and as part of the tax.
(b) If the withholding agent is the

Government or any of its agencies, political
subdivisions or instrumentalities, or a
government-owned or controlled
corporation, the employee thereof
responsible for the withholding and
remittance of the tax shall be personally
liable for the additions to the tax prescribed
herein.
(c) the term "person", as used in this

Chapter, includes an officer or employee of
a corporationwho as such officer, employee
or member is under a duty to perform the
act in respect ofwhich the violation occurs.
SEC. 248. Civil Penalties. -
(A) There shall be imposed, in addition to

the tax required to be paid, a penalty
equivalent to twenty-five percent (25%) of
the amount due, in the following cases:
(1) Failure to file any return and

pay the tax due thereon as
required under the provisions of
this Code or rules and regulations
on the date prescribed; or
(2) Unless otherwise authorized
222 |
by the Commissioner, filing a
return with an internal revenue
officer other than those with
whom the return is required to be
filed; or
(3) Failure to pay the deficiency

tax within the time prescribed for
its payment in thenotice of
assessment; or
(4) Failure to pay the full or part

of the amount of tax shown on any
return required to be filed under
the provisions of this Code or
rules and regulations, or the
full amount of tax due for which
no return is required to be filed,
on or before the date prescribed
for its payment.
(B) In case of willful neglect to file the

return within the period prescribed by this
Code or byrules and regulations, or in case
a false or fraudulent return is willfully
made, the penalty to be imposed shall be
fifty percent (50%) of the tax or of the
deficiency tax, in case, any payment has
been made on the basis of such return
before the discovery of the falsity or
fraud:Provided, That a substantial
underdeclaration of taxable sales,
receipts or income, or a substantial
overstatement of deductions, as
determined by the Commissioner pursuant
to the rules and regulations to be
promulgated by the Secretary of Finance,
shall constitute prima facie evidence of a
false or fraudulent
return: Provided, further, That failure to
report sales, receipts or income in an
amount exceeding thirty percent (30%) of
that declared per return, and a claim of
deductions in an amount exceeding (30%)
of actual deductions, shall render the
taxpayer liable for
substantial underdeclaration of sales,
receipts or income or for overstatement of
deductions, as mentioned herein.
SEC. 249. Interest. -
(A) In General. - There shall be assessed and collected on

any unpaid amount of tax, interest at the rate of twenty
percent (20%) per annum, or such higher rate as may be
prescribed by rules and regulations, from the date
223 |
prescribed for payment until the amount is fully paid.
(B) Deficiency Interest. - Any deficiency in the tax due,

as the term is defined in this Code, shall be subject to the
interest prescribed in Subsection (A) hereof, which interest
shall be assessed and collected from the date prescribed for
its payment until the full payment thereof.
(C) Delinquency Interest. - In case of failure to pay:
(1) The amount of the tax due on any return

to be filed, or
(2) The amount of the tax due for which no

return is required, or
(3) A deficiency tax, or any surcharge or

interest thereon on the due date appearing
in thenotice and demand of the
Commissioner, there shall be assessed and
collected on the unpaid amount, interest at
the rate prescribed in Subsection (A) hereof
until the amount is fully paid, which
interest shall form part of the tax.
(D) Interest on Extended Payment. - If any person

required to pay the tax is qualified and elects to pay the tax
on installment under the provisions of this Code, but fails to
pay the tax or any installment hereof, or any part of such
amount or installment on or before the date prescribed for
its payment, or where the Commissioner has authorized an
extension of time within which to pay a tax or a deficiency
tax or any part thereof, there shall be assessed and collected
interest at the rate hereinabove prescribed on the tax or
deficiency tax or any part thereof unpaid from the date of
notice and demand until it is paid.
SEC. 250. Failure to File Certain Information

Returns. - In the case of each failure to file an information
return, statement or list, or keep any record, or supply any
information required by this Code or by the Commissioner
on the date prescribed therefor, unless it is shown that such
failure is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect,
there shall, upon notice and demand by the Commissioner,
be paid by the person failing to file, keep or supply the
same, One thousand pesos (1,000) for each
failure: Provided, however, That the aggregate amount to
be imposed for all such failures during a calendar year shall
not exceed Twenty-five thousand pesos (P25,000).
SEC. 251. Failure of a Withholding Agent to Collect

and Remit Tax. - Any person required to withhold,
account for, and remit any tax imposed by this Code or who
willfully fails to withhold such tax, or account for and remit
such tax, or aids or abets in any manner to evade any such
tax or the payment thereof, shall, in addition to other
penalties provided for under this Chapter, be liable upon
224 |
conviction to a penalty equal to the total amount of the tax
not withheld, or not accounted for and remitted.
SEC. 252. Failure of a Withholding Agent to refund

Excess Withholding Tax. - Any employer/withholding
agent who fails or refuses to refund excess withholding tax
shall, in addition to the penalties provided in this Title, be
liable to a penalty to the total amount of refunds which was
not refunded to the employee resulting from any excess of
the amount withheld over the tax actually due on their
return.
CHAPTER II
CRIMES, OTHER OFFENSES AND FORFEITURES
SEC. 253. General Provisions. -
(a) Any person convicted of a crime

penalized by this Code shall, in addition to
being liable forthe payment of the tax, be
subject to the penalties imposed
herein: Provided, That payment of the tax
due after apprehension shall not constitute
a valid defense in any prosecution for
violation of any provision of this Code or in
any action for the forfeiture of untaxed
articles.
(b) Any person who willfully aids or abets

in the commission of a crime penalized
herein orwho causes the commission of any
such offense by another shall be liable in
the same manner as the principal.
(c) If the offender is not a citizen of the

Philippines, he shall be deported
immediately afterserving the sentence
without further proceedings for
deportation. If he is a public officer or
employee, the maximum penalty
prescribed for the offense shall be imposed
and, in addition, he shall be dismissed from
the public service and perpetually
disqualified from holding any public office,
to vote and to participate in any election. If
the offender is a Certified Public
Accountant, his certificate as a Certified
Public Accountant shall, upon conviction,
be automatically revoked or cancelled.
(d) In the case of associations, partnerships

or corporations, the penalty shall be
imposed on the partner, president, general
225 |
manager, branch manager, treasurer,
officer-in-charge, and the employees
responsible for the violation.
(e) The fines to be imposed for any

violation of the provisions of this Code
shall not be lowerthan the fines imposed
herein or twice the amount of taxes,
interest and surcharges due from the
taxpayer, whichever is higher.
SEC. 254. Attempt to Evade or Defeat Tax. - Any

person who willfully attempts in any manner to evade or
defeat any tax imposed under this Code or the payment
thereof shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law,
upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not less than
Thirty thousand (P30,000) but not more than One hunderd
thousand pesos (P100,000) and suffer imprisonment of not
less than two (2) years but not more than four (4)
years: Provided, That the conviction or acquittal obtained
under this Section shall not be a bar to the filing of a civil
suit for the collection of taxes.
SEC. 255. Failure to File Return, Supply Correct

and Accurate Information, Pay Tax Withhold and
Remit Tax and Refund Excess Taxes Withheld on
Compensation. - Any person required under this Code or
by rules and regulations promulgated thereunder to pay any
tax make a return, keep any record, or supply correct the
accurate information, who willfully fails to pay such tax,
make such return, keep such record, or supply correct and
accurate information, or withhold or remit taxes withheld,
or refund excess taxes withheld on compensation, at the
time or times required by law or rules and regulations shall,
in addition to other penalties provided by law, upon
conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not less than
Ten thousand pesos (P10,000) and suffer imprisonment of
not less than one (1) year but not more than ten (10) years.
Any person who attempts to make it appear for any reason

that he or another has in fact filed a return or statement, or
actually files a return or statement and subsequently
withdraws the same return or statement after securing the
official receiving seal or stamp of receipt of internal revenue
office wherein the same was actually filed shall, upon
conviction therefor, be punished by a fine of not less than
Ten thousand pesos (P10,000) but not more than Twenty
less than one (1) year but not more than three (3) years.
SEC. 256. Penal Liability of Corporations. - Any

corporation, association or general co-partnership liable for
any of the acts or omissions penalized under this Code, in
addition to the penalties imposed herein upon the
responsible corporate officers, partners, or employees shall,
upon conviction for each act or omission, be punished by a
fine of not less than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000) but not
226 |
more than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000).
SEC. 257. Penal Liability for Making False Entries,

Records or Reports, or Using Falsified or Fake
Accountable Forms. -
(A) Any financial officer or independent Certified Public

Accountant engaged to examine and audit books of
accounts of taxpayers under Section 232 (A) and any person
under his direction who:
(1) Willfully falsifies any report or

statement bearing on any examination or
audit, or renders a report, including
exhibits, statements, schedules or other
forms of accountancy work which has not
been verified by him personally or under
his supervision or by a member of his firm
or by a member of his staff in accordance
with sound auditing practices; or
(2) Certifies financial statements of a

business enterprise containing an essential
misstatementof facts or omission in respect
of the transactions, taxable income,
deduction and exemption of his client; or
(B) Any person who:
(1) Not being an independent Certified

Public Accountant according to Section
232(B) or afinancial officer, examines and
audits books of accounts of taxpayers; or
(2) Offers to sign and certify financial

statements without audit; or
(3) Offers any taxpayer the use of

accounting bookkeeping records for
internal revenuepurposes not in conformity
with the requirements prescribed in this
Code or rules andregulations promulgated
thereunder; or
(4) Knowingly makes any false entry or

enters any false or fictitious name in the
books ofaccounts or record mentioned in
the preceding paragraphs; or
(5) Keeps two (2) or more sets of such

records or books of accounts; or
(6) In any way commits an act or omission,

in violation of the provisions of this
Section; or
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(7) Fails to keep the books of accounts or
records mentioned in Section 232 in a
nativelanguage, English or Spanish, or to
make a true and complete translation as
required inSection 234 of this Code, or
whose books of accounts or records kept in
a native language,English or Spanish, and
found to be at material variance with books
or records kept by him in another
language; or
(8) Willfully attempts in any manner to

evade or defeat any tax imposed under this
Code, or knowingly uses fake or falsified
revenue official receipts, Letters of
Authority, certificatesauthorizing
registration, Tax Credit Certificates, Tax
Debit Memoranda and other accountable
forms shall, upon conviction for each act or
omission, be punished by a fine not less
than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000) but
not more than One hundred
pesos (P100,000) and suffer imprisonment
of not less than two (2) years but not more
than six (6) years.
If the offender is a Certified Public Accountant, his

certificate as a Certified Public Accountant shall be
automatically revoked or cancelled upon conviction.
In the case of foreigners, conviction under this Code shall

result in his immediate deportation after serving sentence,
without further proceedings for deportation.
SEC. 258. Unlawful Pursuit of Business. - Any person

who carries on any business for which an annual
registration fee is imposed without paying the tax as
required by law shall, upon conviction for each act or
omission, be punished by a fine of not less than Five
thousand pesos (P5,000) but not more than Twenty
less than six (6) months but not more than two (2)
years: Provided, That in the case of a person engaged in the
business of distilling, rectifying, repacking, compounding or
manufacturing any article subject to excise tax, he shall,
fine of not less than Thirty thousand pesos (P30,000) but
not more than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000) and suffer
imprisonment of not less than two (2) years but not more
than four (4) years.
SEC. 259. Illegal Collection of Foreign Payments. -

Any person who knowingly undertakes the collection of
foreign payments as provided under Section 67 of this Code
without having obtained a license therefor, or without
complying with its implementing rules and regulations,
shall, upon conviction for each act or omission, be punished
228 |
by a fine of not less than Twenty thousand pesos (P20,000)
but not more than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000) and
suffer imprisonment of not less than one (1) year but not
more than two (2) years.
SEC. 260. Unlawful Possession of Cigarette Paper

in Bobbins or Rolls, Etc. - It shall be unlawful for any
person to have in his possession cigarette paper in bobbins
or rolls, cigarette tipping paper or cigarette filter tips,
without the corresponding authority therefor issued by the
Commissioner. Any person, importer, manufacturer of cigar
and cigarettes, who has been found guilty under this
Section, shall, upon conviction for each act or omission, be
punished by a fine of not less than Twenty thousand pesos
(P20,000) but not more than One hundred thousand pesos
(P1000,000) and suffer imprisonment for a term of not less
than six (6) years and one (1) day but not more than twelve
(12) years.
SEC. 261. Unlawful Use of Denatured Alcohol. - Any

person who for the purpose of manufacturing any beverage,
uses denatured alcohol or alcohol specially denatured to be
used for motive power or withdrawn under bond for
industrial uses or alcohol knowingly misrepresented to be
denatured to be unfit for oral intake or who knowingly sells
or offers for sale any beverage made in whole or in part
from such alcohol or who uses such alcohol for the
manufacture of liquid medicinal preparations taken
internally, or knowingly sells or offers for sale such
preparations containing as an ingredient such alcohol, shall
upon conviction for each act or omission be punished by a
fine of not less than Twenty thousand pesos (P20,000) but
not more than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000)
and suffer imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6)
years and one (1) day but not more than twelve (12) years.
Any person who shall unlawfully recover or attempt to

recover by distillation or other process any denatured
alcohol or who knowingly sells or offers for sale, conceals or
otherwise disposes of alcohol so recovered or redistilled
shall be subject to the same penalties imposed under this
Section.
SEC. 262. Shipment or Removal of Liquor or

Tobacco Products under False Name or Brand or
as an Imitation of any Existing or Otherwise
Known Product Name or Brand. - Any person who
ships, transports or removes spirituous, compounded or
fermented liquors, wines or any manufactured products of
tobacco under any other than the proper name or brand
known to the trade as designating the kind and quality of
the contents of the cask, bottle or package containing the
same or as an imitation of any existing or otherwise known
product name or brand or causes such act to be done, shall,
fine of not less than Twenty thousand pesos (P20,000) but
not more than One hundred thousand pesos (P1000,000)
229 |
and suffer imprisonment of not less than six (6) years and
one (1) day but not more than twelve (12) years.
SEC. 263. Unlawful Possession or Removal of

Articles Subject to Excise Tax without Payment of
the Tax. - Any person who owns and/or is found in
possession of imported articles subject to excise tax, the tax
on which has not been paid in accordance with law, or any
person who owns and/or is found in possession of imported
tax-exempt articles other than those to whom they are
legally issued shall be punished by:
(a) A fine of not less than One thousand

pesos (P1,000) nor more than Two
thousand pesos (P2,000) and suffer
imprisonment of not less than sixty (60)
days but not more than one hundred (100)
days, if the appraised value, to be
determined in the manner prescribed in
the Tariff and Customs Code, including
duties and taxes, of the articles does not
exceed One thousand pesos (P1,000).
(b) A fine of not less than Ten thousand

pesos (P10,000) but not more than Twenty
imprisonment of not less than two (2) years
but not more than four (4) years, if the
appraised value, to be determined in the
manner prescribed in the Tariff and
Customs Code, including duties and taxes,
of the articles exceeds One thousand pesos
(P1,000) but does not exceed Fifty
thousand pesos (P50,000);
(c) A fine of not less than Thirty thousand

pesos (P30,000) but not more than Sixty
imprisonment of not less than four (4)
years but not more than six (6) years, if the
appraised value, to be determined in the
manner prescribed in the Tariff and
Customs Code, including duties and taxes
of the articles is more than Fifty thousand
pesos (P50,000) but does not exceed One
hundred fifty thousand pesos (P150,000);
or
(d) A fine of not less than Fifty thousand

pesos (P50,000) but not more than One
hundred thousand pesos (P100,000) and
suffer imprisonment of not less than ten
(10) years but not more than twelve (12)
years, if the appraised value, to be
determined in the manner prescribed in
the Tariff and Customs Code, including
duties and taxes, of the articles exceeds
230 |
One hundred fifty thousand pesos
(P150,000).
Any person who is found in possession of locally

manufactured articles subject to excise tax, the tax on which
has not been paid in accordance with law, or any person
who is found in possession of such articles which are
exempt from excise tax other than those to whom the same
is lawfully issued shall be punished with a fine of not less
than (10) times the amount of excise tax due on the articles
found but not less than Five hundred pesos (P500) and
suffer imprisonment of not less than two (2) years but not
more than four (4) years.
Any manufacturer, owner or person in charge of any article

subject to excise tax who removes or allows or causes the
unlawful removal of any such articles from the place of
production or bonded warehouse, upon which the excise tax
has not been paid at the time and in the manner required,
and any person who knowingly aids or abets in the removal
of such articles as aforesaid, or conceals the same after
illegal removal shall, for the first offense, be punished with a
fine of not less than ten (10) times the amount of excise tax
due on the articles but not less than One thousand pesos
(P1,000) and suffer imprisonment of not less than one (1)
year but not more than two (2) years.
The mere unexplained possession of articles subject to

excise tax, the tax on which has not been paid in accordance
with law, shall be punishable under this Section.
Sec. 264. Failure or refusal to Issue Receipts or

Sales or Commercial Invoices, Violations related
to the Printing of such Receipts or Invoices and
Other Violations. -
(a) Any person who, being required under Section 237 to

issue receipts or sales or commercial invoices, fails or
refuses to issue such receipts of invoices, issues receipts or
invoices that do not truly reflect and/or contain all the
information required to be shown therein, or uses multiple
or double receipts or invoices, shall, upon conviction for
each act or omission, be punished by a fine of not less than
One thousand pesos (P1,000) but not more than Fifty
less than two (2) years but not more than four (4) years.
(b) Any person who commits any of the acts enumerated

hereunder shall be penalized in the same manner and to the
same extent as provided for in this Section:
(1) Printing of receipts or sales or

commercial invoices without authority
from the Bureau of Internal Revenue; or
(2) Printing of double or multiple sets of
231 |
invoices or receipts; or
(3) Printing of unnumbered receipts or

sales or commercial invoices, not bearing
the name, business style, Taxpayer
Identification Number, and business
address of the person or entity.
SEC. 265. Offenses Relating to Stamps. - Any person

who commits any of the acts enumerated hereunder shall,
upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not less
than Twenty thousand pesos (P20,000) but not more than
Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000) and suffer imprisonment of
not less than four (4) years but not more than eight (8)
years:
(a) making, importing, selling, using or

possessing without express authority from
theCommissioner, any die for printing or
making stamps, labels, tags or playing
cards;
(b) Erasing the cancellation marks of any

stamp previously used, or altering the
written figures or letters or cancellation
marks on internal revenue stamps;
(c) Possessing false, counterfeit, restored or

altered stamps, labels or tags or causing the
commission of any such offense by
another;
(d) Selling or offering for sale any box or

package containing articles subject to
excise tax with false, spurious or
counterfeit stamps or labels or selling from
any such fraudulent box, package or
container as aforementioned; or
(e) Giving away or accepting from another,

or selling, buying or using containers on
which the stamps are not completely
destroyed.
Sec. 266. Failure to Obey Summons. - Any person

who, being duly summoned to appear to testify, or to appear
and produce books of accounts, records, memoranda or
other papers, or to furnish information as required under
the pertinent provisions of this Code, neglects to appear or
to produce such books of accounts, records, memoranda or
other papers, or to furnish such information, shall, upon
conviction, be punished by a fine of not less than Five
thousand pesos (P5,000) but not more than ten thousand
pesos (P10,000) and suffer imprisonment of not less than
one (1) year but not more than two (2) years.
SEC. 267. Declaration under Penalties of Perjury. -

Any declaration, return and other statement required
232 |
under this Code, shall, in lieu of an oath, contain a written
statement that they are made under the penalties of perjury.
Any person who willfully files a declaration, return or
statement containing information which is not true and
correct as to every material matter shall, upon conviction,
be subject to the penalties prescribed for perjury under the
Revised Penal Code.
SEC. 268. Other Crimes and Offenses. -
(A) Misdeclaration or Misrepresentation of

Manufacturers Subject to Excise Tax. -Any
manufacturer who, in violation of the provisions of Title VI
of this Code, misdeclares in the sworn statement required
therein or in the sales invoice, any pertinent data or
information shall be punished by a summary cancellation or
withdrawal of the permit to engage in business as a
manufacturer of articles subject to excise tax.
(B) Forfeiture of Property Used in Unlicensed

Business or Dies Used for Printing False Stamps,
Etc. - All chattels, machinery, and removable fixtures of any
sort used in the unlicensed production of articles subject to
excise tax shall be forfeited. Dies and other equipment used
for the printing or making of any internal revenue stamp,
label or tag which is in imitation of or purports to be a
lawful stamp, label or tag shall also be forfeited.
(C) Forfeiture of Goods Illegally Stored or

Removed. - Unless otherwise specifically authorized by
the Commissioner, all articles subject to excise tax should
not be stored or allowed to remain in the distillery
warehouse, bonded warehouse or other place where made,
after the tax thereon has been paid; otherwise, all such
articles shall be forfeited. Articles withdrawn from any such
place or from customs custody or imported into the country
without the payment of the required tax shall likewise be
forfeited.
CHAPTER III
PENALTIES IMPOSED ON PUBLIC OFFICERS
SEC. 269. Violations Committed by Government

Enforcement Officers. - Every official, agent, or
employee of the Bureau of Internal Revenue or any other
agency of the Government charged with the enforcement of
the provisions of this Code, who is guilty of any of the
offenses herein below specified shall, upon conviction for
Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000) but not more than One
hundred thousand pesos (P100,000) and suffer
imprisonment of not less than ten (10) years but not more
233 |
than fifteen (15) years and shall likewise suffer an additional
penalty of perpetual disqualification to hold public office, to
vote, and to participate in any public election:
(a) Extortion or willful oppression through

the use of his office or willful oppression
andharassment of a taxpayer who refused,
declined, turned down or rejected any of
his offers specified in paragraph (d) hereof;
(b) Knowingly demanding or receiving any

fee, other or greater sums that are
authorized bylaw or receiving any fee,
compensation or reward, except as by law
prescribed, for theperformance of any duty;
(c) Willfully neglecting to give receipts, as

by law required, for any sum collected in
theperformance of duty or willfully
neglecting to perform any other duties
enjoined by law;
(d) Offering or undertaking to accomplish,

file or submit a report or assessment on
a taxpayer without the appropriate
examination of the books of accounts or tax
liability, or offering or undertaking to
submit a report or assessment less than the
amount due the Government for any
consideration or compensation, or
conspiring or colluding with another or
others to defraud the revenues or otherwise
violate the provisions of this Code;
(e) Neglecting or by design permitting the

violation of the law by any other person;
(f) Making or signing any false entry or

entries in any book, or making or signing
any falsecertificate or return;
(g) Allowing or conspiring or colluding with

another to allow the unauthorized
retrieval,withdrawal or recall of any return,
statement or declaration after the same has
been officially received by the Bureau of
Internal Revenue;
(h) Having knowledge or information of

any violation of this Code or of any fraud
committedon the revenues collectible by
the Bureau of Internal Revenue, failure to
report such knowledge or information to
their superior officer, or failure to report as
otherwise required by law; and
(i) Without the authority of law,
234 |
demanding or accepting or attempting to
collect, directly or indirectly, as payment or
otherwise any sum of money or other thing
of value for the compromise, adjustment or
settlement of any charge or complaint for
any violation or alleged violation of this
Code.
Provided, That the provisions of the foregoing paragraph

notwithstanding, any internal revenue officer for which a
prima facie case of grave misconduct has been established
shall, after due notice and hearing of the administrative case
and subject to Civil Service Laws, be dismissed from the
revenue service: Provided, further, That the term "grave
misconduct", as defined in Civil Service Law, shall include
the issuance of fake letters of authority and receipts, forgery
of signature, usurpation of authority and habitual issuance
of unreasonable assessments.
SEC. 270. Unlawful Divulgence of Trade Secrets. -

Except as provided in Section 71 of this Code and Section
26 of Republic Act No. 6388, any officer or employee of the
Bureau of Internal Revenue who divulges to any person or
makes known in any other manner than may be provided by
law information regarding the business, income or estate of
any taxpayer, the secrets, operation, style or work, or
apparatus of any manufacturer or producer, or confidential
information regarding the business of any taxpayer,
knowledge of which was acquired by him in the discharge of
his official duties, shall upon conviction for each act or
omission, be punished by a fine of not less than Fifty
thousand pesos (P50,000) but not more than One hundred
thousand pesos (P100,000), or suffer imprisonment of not
less than two (2) years but not more than five (5) years, or
both.
SEC. 271. Unlawful Interest of Revenue Law

Enforcers in Business. - Any internal revenue officer
who is or shall become interested, directly or indirectly, in
the manufacture, sale or importation of any article subject
to excise tax under Title VI of this Code or in the
manufacture or repair or sale, of any die for printing, or
making of stamps, or labels shall upon conviction for each
act or omission, be punished by a fine of not less than Five
thousand pesos (P5,000) but not more than Ten thousand
pesos (P10,000), or suffer imprisonment of not less than
two (2) years and one (1) day but not more than four (4)
years, or both.
SEC. 272. Violation of Withholding Tax Provision. -

Every officer or employee of the Government of the
Republic of the Philippines or any of its agencies and
instrumentalities, its political subdivisions, as well as
government-owned or controlled corporations, including
the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), who, under the
provisions of this Code or rules and regulations
promulgated thereunder, is charged with the duty to deduct
235 |
and withhold any internal revenue tax and to remit the
same in accordance with the provisions of this Code and
other laws is guilty of any offense herein below specified
shall, upon conviction for each act or omission be punished
by a fine of not less than Five thousand pesos (P5,000) but
not more than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000) or suffer
imprisonment of not less than six (6) months and one (1)
day but not more than two (2) years, or both:
(a) Failing or causing the failure to deduct

and withhold any internal revenue tax
under any of the withholding tax laws and
implementing rules and regulations;
(b) Failing or causing the failure to remit

taxes deducted and withheld within the
timeprescribed by law, and implementing
rules and regulations; and
(c) Failing or causing the failure to file

return or statement within the time
prescribed, orrendering or furnishing a
false or fraudulent return or statement
required under thewithholding tax laws
and rules and regulations.
SEC. 273. Penalty for Failure to Issue and Execute

Warrant. - Any official who fails to issue or execute the
warrant of distraint or levy within thirty (30) days after the
expiration of the time prescribed in Section 207 or who is
found guilty of abusing the exercise thereof by competent
authority shall be automatically dismissed from the service
after due notice and hearing.
CHAPTER IV
OTHER PENAL PROVISIONS
SEC. 274. Penalty for Second and Subsequent

Offenses. - In the case of reincidence, the maximum of the
penalty prescribed for the offense shall be imposed.
SEC. 275. Violation of Other Provisions of this

Code or Rules and Regulations in General. - Any
person who violates any provision of this Code or any rule
or regulation promulgated by the Department of Finance,
for which no specific penalty is provided by law, shall, upon
conviction for each act or omission, be punished by a fine of
not more than One thousand pesos (P1,000) or suffer
imprisonment of not more than six (6) months, or both.
SEC. 276. Penalty for Selling, Transferring,

Encumbering or in Any Way Disposing of
Property Placed Under Constructive Distraint. -
236 |
Any taxpayer, whose property has been placed under
constructive distraint, who sells, transfers, encumbers or in
any way disposes of said property, or any part thereof,
without the knowledge and consent of the Commissioner,
shall, upon conviction for each act or omission, be punished
by a fine of not less than twice the value of the property so
sold, encumbered or disposed of but not less than Five
Thousand pesos (P5,000), or suffer imprisonment of not
less than two (2) years and one (1) day but not more than
four (4) years, of both.
SEC. 277. Failure to Surrender Property Placed

Under Distraint and Levy. - Any person having in his
possession or under his control any property or rights to
property, upon which a warrant of constructive distraint, or
actual distraint and levy has been issued shall, upon
demand by the Commissioner or any of his deputies
executing such warrant, surrender such property or right to
property to the Commissioner or any of his deputies, unless
such property or right is, at the time of such demand,
subject to an attachment or execution under any judicial
process. Any person who fails or refuses to surrender any of
such property or right shall be liable in his own person and
estate to the Government in a sum equal to the value of the
property or rights not so surrendered but not exceeding the
amount of the taxes (including penalties and interest) for
the collection of which such warrant had been issued,
together with cost and interest if any, from the date of such
warrant. In addition, such person shall, upon conviction for
Five thousand pesos (P5,000), or suffer imprisonment of
not less than six (6) months and one (1) day but not more
than two (2) years, or both.
SEC. 278. Procuring Unlawful Divulgence of Trade

Secrets. - Any person who causes or procures an officer or
employee of the Bureau of Internal Revenue to divulge any
confidential information regarding the business, income or
inheritance of any taxpayer, knowledge of which was
acquired by him in the discharge of his official duties, and
which it is unlawful for him to reveal, and any person who
publishes or prints in any manner whatever, not provided
by law, any income, profit, loss or expenditure appearing in
any income tax return, shall be punished by a fine of not
more than Two thousand pesos (P2,000), or suffer
imprisonment of not less than six (6) months nor more than
five (5) years, or both.
SEC. 279. Confiscation and Forfeiture of the

Proceeds or Instruments of Crime. - In addition to the
penalty Imposed for the violation of the provisions of Title X
of this Code, the same shall carry with it the confiscation
and forfeiture in favor of the government of the proceeds of
the crime or value of the goods, and the instruments or tools
with which the crime was committed:Provided,
however, That if in the course of the proceedings, it is
established that the instruments or tools used in the illicit
237 |
act belong to a third person, the same shall be confiscated
and forfeited after due notice and hearing in a separate
proceeding in favor of the Government if such third person
leased, let, chartered or otherwise entrusted the same to the
offender: Provided, further,That in case the lessee
subleased, or the borrower, charterer, or trustee allowed the
use of the instruments or tools to the offender, such
instruments or tools shall, likewise, be confiscated and
forfeited: Provided, finally, That property of common
carriers shall not be subject to forfeiture when used in the
transaction of their business as such common carrier,
unless the owner or operator of said common carrier was, at
the time of the illegal act, a consenting party or privy
thereto, without prejudice to the owner's right of recovery
against the offender in a civil or criminal action. Articles
which are not subject of lawful commerce shall be
destroyed.
SEC. 280. Subsidiary Penalty. - If the person

convicted for violation of any of the provisions of this Code
has no property with which to meet the fine imposed upon
him by the court, or is unable to pay such fine, he shall be
subject to a subsidiary personal liability at the rate of one (1)
day for each Eight pesos and fifty centavos (P8.50) subject
to the rules established in Article 39 of the Revised Penal
Code.
SEC. 281. Prescription for Violations of any

Provision of this Code. - All violations of any provision
of this Code shall prescribe after Five (5) years.
Prescription shall begin to run from the day of the

commission of the violation of the law, and if the same be
not known at the time, from the discovery thereof and the
institution of judicial proceedings for its investigation and
punishment.
The prescription shall be interrupted when proceedings are

instituted against the guilty persons and shall begin to run
again if the proceedings are dismissed for reasons not
constituting jeopardy.
The term of prescription shall not run when the offender is

absent from the Philippines.
SEC. 282. Informer's Reward to Persons

Instrumental in the Discovery of Violations of the
National Internal Revenue Code and in the
Discovery and Seizure of Smuggled Goods. -
(A) For Violations of the National Internal

Revenue Code. - Any person, except an internal revenue
official or employee, or other public official or employee, or
his relative within the sixth degree of consanguinity, who
voluntarily gives definite and sworn information, not yet in
the possession of the Bureau of Internal Revenue, leading to
238 |
the discovery of frauds upon the internal revenue laws or
violations of any of the provisions thereof, thereby resulting
in the recovery of revenues, surcharges and fees and/or the
conviction of the guilty party and/or the imposition of any
of the fine or penalty, shall be rewarded in a sum equivalent
to ten percent (10%) of the revenues, surcharges or fees
recovered and/or fine or penalty imposed and collected or
One Million Pesos (P1,000,000) per case, whichever is
lower. The same amount of reward shall also be given to an
informer where the offender has offered to compromise the
violation of law committed by him and his offer has been
accepted by the Commissioner and collected from the
offender: Provided,That should no revenue, surcharges or
fees be actually recovered or collected, such person shall not
be entitled to a reward: Provided, further, That the
information mentioned herein shall not refer to a case
already pending or previously investigated or examined by
the Commissioner or any of his deputies, agents or
examiners, or the Secretary of Finance or any of his
deputies or agents:Provided, finally, That the reward
provided herein shall be paid under rules and regulations
issued by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation
of the Commissioner.
(B) For Discovery and Seizure of Smuggled Goods.

- To encourage the public to extend full cooperation in
eradicating smuggling, a cash reward equivalent to ten
percent (10%) of the fair market value of the smuggled and
confiscated goods or One Million Pesos (P1,000,000) per
case, whichever is lower, shall be given to persons
instrumental in the discovery and seizure of such smuggled
goods.
The cash rewards of informers shall be subject to income

tax, collected as a final withholding tax, at a rate of ten
percent (10%).
The provisions of the foregoing Subsections

notwithstanding, all public officials, whether incumbent or
retired, who acquired the information in the course of the
performance of their duties during their incumbency, are
prohibited from claiming informer's reward.
TITLE XI
ALLOTMENT OF INTERNAL REVENUE
CHAPTER I
DISPOSITION AND ALLOTMENT OF NATIONAL

INTERNAL REVENUE IN GENERAL
239 |
SEC. 283. Disposition of National Internal
Revenue. - National Internal revenue collected and not
applied as herein above provided or otherwise specially
disposed of by law shall accrue to the National Treasury and
shall be available for the general purposes of the
Government, with the exception of the amounts set apart by
way of allotment as provided for under Republic Act No.
7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of
1991.
In addition to the internal revenue allotment as provided for

in the preceding paragraph, fifty percent (50%) of the
national taxes collected under Sections 106, 108 and 116 of
this Code in excess of the increase in collections for the
immediately preceding year shall be distributed as follows:
(a) Twenty percent (20%) shall accrue to

the city or municipality where such taxes
arecollected and shall be allocated in
accordance with Section 150 of Republic
Act No. 7160, otherwise known as the Local
Government Code of 1991; and
(b) Eighty percent (80%) shall accrue to the

National Government.
SEC. 284. Allotment for the Commission on Audit. -

One-half of one percent (1/2 of 1%) of the collections from
the national internal revenue taxes not otherwise accruing
to special accounts in the general fund of the national
government shall accrue to the Commission on Audit as a
fee for auditing services rendered to local government units,
excluding maintenance, equipment, and other operating
expenses as provided for in Section 21 of Presidential
Decree No. 898.
The Secretary of Finance is hereby authorized to deduct

from the monthly internal revenue tax collections an
amount equivalent to the percentage as herein fixed, and to
remit the same directly to the Commission on Audit under
such rules and regulations as may be promulgated by the
Secretary of Finance and the Chairman of the Commission
on Audit.
SEC. 285. Allotment for the Bureau of Internal

Revenue. - An amount equivalent to five percent (5%) of
the excess of actual collections of national internal revenue
taxes over the collection goal shall accrue to the special fund
of the Bureau of Internal Revenue and shall be treated as
receipts automatically appropriated. Said amount shall be
utilized as incentive bonus for revenue personnel, purchase
of necessary equipment and facilities for the improvement
of tax administration, as approved by the
Commissioner: Provided, That the President may, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner, direct that the
excess be credited to a Special Account in the National
Treasury to be held in the reserve available for distribution
240 |
as incentive bonus in the subsequent years.
The Secretary of Finance is hereby authorized to transfer

from the Treasury an amount equivalent to the percentage
as herein fixed and to remit the same directly to the Bureau
of Internal Revenue under such rules and regulations as
may be promulgated by the Secretary of Finance.
CHAPTER II
SPECIAL DISPOSITION OF CERTAIN NATIONAL

INTERNAL REVENUE TAXES
SEC. 286. Disposition of Proceeds of insurance

Premium Tax. - Twenty-five percent (25%) of the
premium tax collected under Section 123 of this Code shall
accrue to the Insurance Fund as contemplated in Section
418 of Presidential Decree No. 612 which shall be used for
the purpose of defraying the expenses of the Insurance
Commission. The Commissioner shall turn over and deliver
the said Insurance Fund to the Insurance Commissioner as
soon as the collection is made.
SEC. 287. Shares of Local Government Units in the

Proceeds from the Development and Utilization of
the National Wealth. - Local Government units shall
have an equitable share in the proceeds derived from the
utilization and development of the national wealth, within
their respective areas, including sharing the same with the
inhabitants by way of direct benefits.
(A) Amount of Share of Local Government Units. -

Local government units shall, in addition to the internal
revenue allotment, have a share of forty percent (40%) of
the gross collection derived by the national government
from the preceding fiscal year from excise taxes on mineral
products, royalties, and such other taxes, fees or charges,
including related surcharges, interests or fines, and from its
share in any co-production, joint venture or production
sharing agreement in the utilization and development of the
national wealth within their territorial jurisdiction.
(B) Share of the Local Governments from Any

Government Agency or Government-Owned or
Controlled Corporation. - Local Government Units
shall have a share, based on the preceding fiscal year, from
the proceeds derived by any government agency or
government-owned or controlled corporation engaged in
the utilization and development of the national wealth
based on the following formula, whichever will produce a
higher share for the local government unit:
(1) One percent (1%) of the gross sales or
241 |
receipts of the preceding calendar year, or
(2) Forty percent (40%) of the excise taxes

on mineral products, royalties, and such
othertaxes, fees or charges, including
related surcharges, interests or fines the
government agency or government-owned
or -controlled corporations would have
paid if it were not otherwise exempt.
(C) Allocation of Shares. - The share in the preceding

Section shall be distributed in the following manner:
(1) Where the natural resources are located

in the province:
(a) Province - twenty percent

(20%)
(b) Component city/municipality -

forty-five percent (45%); and
(c) Barangay - thirty-five percent

(35%)
Provided, however, That where the natural resources are

located in two (2) or more cities, the allocation of shares
shall be based on the formula on population and land area
as specified in subsection (C)(1) hereof.
(2) Where the natural resources are located

in a highly urbanized or independent
component city:
(a) City - sixty - five percent

(65%); and
(b) Barangay - thirty - five percent

(35%)
Provided, however, That where the natural resources are

located in two (2) or more cities, the allocation of shares
shall be based on the formula on population and land area
as specified in subsection (c)(1) hereof.
SEC. 288. Disposition of Incremental Revenues. -
(A) Incremental Revenues from Republic Act No.

7660. - The incremental revenues from the increase in the
documentary stamp taxes under R.A. No. 7660 shall be set
aside for the following purposes:
(1) In 1994 and 1995, twenty five percent

(25%) thereof respectively, shall accrue to
the Unified Home-Lending Program under
Executive Order No. 90 particularly for
mass socialized housing program to be
allocated as follows: fifty percent (50%)
242 |
for mass-socialized housing; thirty percent
(30%) for the community mortgage
program; and twenty percent (20%) for
land banking and development to be
administered by the National Housing
Authority: Provided, That no more than
one percent (1%) of the respective
allocations hereof shall be used for
administrative expenses;
(2) In 1996, twenty five percent (25%)

thereof to be utilized for the National
Health Insurance Program that hereafter
may be mandated by law;
(3) In 1994 and every year thereafter,

twenty five percent (25%) thereof shall
accrue to a Special Education Fund to be
Administered by the Department of
Education, Culture and Sports for the
construction and repair of school facilities,
training or teachers, and procurement or
production of instructional materials and
teaching aids; and
(4) In 1994 and every year thereafter, fifty

percent (50%) thereof shall accrue to
a Special Infrastructure Fund for the
Construction and repair of roads, bridges,
dams and irrigation, seaports and
hydroelectric and other indigenous power
projects: however, That for the years 1994
and 1995, thirty percent (30%), and for the
years 1996, 1997 and 1998, twenty percent
(20%), of this fund shall be allocated for
depressed provinces as declared by the
President as of the time of the effectivity of
R. A. No. 7660: Provided, further, That
availments under this fund shall
be determined by the President on the
basis of equity.
Provided, finally, That in paragraphs (2), (3), and (4) of this

Section, not more one percent (1%) of the allocated funds
thereof shall be used for administrative expenses by the
implementing agencies.
(B) Incremental Revenues from Republic Act No.

8240. - Fifteen percent (15%) of the incremental revenue
collected from the excise tax on tobacco products under R.
A. No. 8240 shall be allocated and divided among the
provinces producing burley and native tobacco in
accordance with the volume of tobacco leaf production. The
fund shall be exclusively utilized for programs in pursuit of
the following objectives:
(1) Cooperative projects that will enhance
243 |
better quality of agricultural products
and increase income and productivity of
farmers;
(2) Livelihood projects, particularly the

development of alternative farming system
to enhance farmer's income; and
(3) Agro-industrial projects that will enable

tobacco farmers to be involved in the
managementand subsequent ownership of
projects, such as post-harvest and
secondary processing like cigarette
manufacturing and by-product utilization.
The Department of Budget and Management, in

consultation with the Oversight Committee created under
said R.A. No. 8240, shall issue the corresponding rules and
regulations governing the allocation and disbursement of
this fund.
SEC. 289. Special Financial Support to Beneficiary

Provinces Producing Virginia Tobacco. - The
financial support given by the National Government for the
beneficiary provinces shall be constituted and collected
from the proceeds of fifteen percent (15%) of the excise
taxes on locally manufactured Virginia-type of cigarettes.
The funds allotted shall be divided among the beneficiary

provinces pro-rata according to the volume of Virginia
tobacco production.
Production producing Virginia tobacco shall be the

beneficiary provinces under Republic Act No.
7171. Provided, however, that to qualify as beneficiary
under R. A. No. 7171, a province must have an average
annual production of Virginia leaf tobacco in an amount not
less than one million kilos:Provided, further, that the
Department of Budget and Management (DBM) shall each
year determine the beneficiary provinces and their
computed share of the funds under R. A. No. 7171, referring
to the National Tobacco Administration (NTA) records of
tobacco acceptances, at the tobacco trading centers for the
immediate past year.
The Secretary of Budget and Management is hereby

directed to retain annually the said funds equivalent to
fifteen percent (15%) of excise taxes on locally
manufactured Virginia type cigarettes to be remitted to the
beneficiary provinces qualified under R. A. No. 7171.
The provision of existing laws to the contrary

notwithstanding, the fifteen percent (15%) share from
government revenues mentioned in R. A. No. 7171 and due
to the Virginia tobacco-producing provinces shall be directly
remitted to the provinces concerned.
244 |
Provided, That this Section shall be implemented in
accordance with the guidelines of Memorandum Circular
No. 61-A dated November 28, 1993, which amended
Memorandum Circular No. 61, entitled "Prescribing
Guidelines for Implementing Republic Act No. 7171", dated
January 1, 1992.
Provided, further, That in addition to the local government

units mentioned in the above circular, the concerned
officials in the province shall be consulted as regards the
identification of projects to be financed.
TITLE XII
OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE
SEC. 290. Congressional Oversight Committee. -
A Congressional Oversight Committee, hereinafter referred

to as the Committee, is hereby constituted in accordance
with the provisions of this Code. The Committee shall be
composed of the Chairmen of the Committee on Ways and
Means of the Senate and House Representatives and four
(4) additional members from each house, to be designated
by the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the
Senate President, respectively.
The Committee shall, among others, in aid of legislation:
(1) Monitor and ensure the proper

implementation of Republic Act No. 8240;
(2) Determine that the power of the

Commissioner to compromise and abate
is reasonably exercised;
(3) Review the collection performance of

the Bureau of Internal Revenue; and
(4) Review the implementation of the

programs of the Bureau of Internal
Revenue.
In furtherance of the hereinabove cited objectives, the

Committee is empowered to require of the Bureau of
Internal Revenue, submission of all pertinent information,
including but not limited to: industry audits; collection
performance data; status report on criminal actions
initiated against persons; and submission of taxpayer
returns: Provided, however, That any return or return
information which can be associated with, or otherwise
identify, directly or indirectly, a particular taxpayer shall be
245 |
furnished the Committee only when sitting in Executive
Session unless such taxpayer otherwise consents in writing
to such disclosure.
TITLE XIII
REPEALING PROVISIONS
SEC. 291. In General. - All laws, decrees, executive

orders, rules and regulations or parts thereof which are
contrary to or inconsistent with this Code are hereby
repealed, amended or modified accordingly.
TITLE XIV
FINAL PROVISIONS
SEC. 292. Separability Clause. - If any clause,

sentence, paragraph or part of this Code shall be adjudged
by any Court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, such
judgment shall not affect, impair or invalidate the
remainder of said Code, but shall be confined in its
operation to the clause, sentence, paragraph or part thereof
directly involved in the controversy.
SEC. 4. The Secretary of Finance shall, upon

recommendation of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue,
promulgate and publish the necessary rules and regulations
for the effective implementation of this Act.
SEC. 5. Transitory Provisions. - Deferment of the

Effectivity of the Imposition of VAT on Certain Services. -
The effectivity of the imposition of the value-added tax on
services as prescribed in Section 17(a) and (b) of Republic
Act No. 7616, as amended by Republic Act. 8241, is hereby
further deferred until December 31, 1999, unless Congress
deems otherwise: Provided, That the said services shall
continue to pay the applicable tax prescribed under the
present provisions of the National Internal Revenue Code,
as amended.
SEC. 6. Separability Clause. - If any provision of this

Act is subsequently declared unconstitutional, the validity of
the remaining provisions hereof shall remain in full force
and effect.
246 |
SEC. 7. Repealing Clauses. -
(A) The provision of Section 17 of Republic Act No. 7906,

otherwise known as the "Thrift Banks Act of 1995" shall
continue to be in force and effect only until December 31,
1999.
Effective January 1, 2000, all thrift banks, whether in

operation as of that date or thereafter, shall no longer enjoy
tax exemption as provided under Section 17 of R. A. No.
7906, thereby subjecting all thrift banks to taxes, fees and
charges in the same manner and at the same rate as banks
and other financial intermediaries.
(B) The provisions of the National Internal Revenue Code,

as amended, and all other laws, including charters of
government-owned or controlled corporations, decrees,
orders, or regulations or parts thereof, that are inconsistent
with this Act are hereby repealed or amended accordingly.
SEC. 8. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect on January

1, 1998.
247 |

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What is the purpose of the Tax Reform Act of 1997?

What is the purpose of the Tax Reform Act of 1997?

What are the powers and duties of the Bureau of Internal Revenue?

What are the powers and duties of the Bureau of Internal Revenue?

THE

NATIONAL INTERNAL REVENUE

AN ACT AMENDING THE NATIONAL

ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF

THE BUREAU OF INTERNAL REVENUE

SECTION 1. Title of the Code. - This Code shall be

SEC. 2. Powers and Duties of the Bureau of

SEC. 3. Chief Officials of the Bureau of Internal

SEC. 4. Power of the Commissioner to Interpret

The power to decide disputed assessments, refunds of

SEC. 5. Power of the Commissioner to

(A) To examine any book, paper, record,

(B) To obtain on a regular basis from any

(C) To summon the person liable for tax

(D) To take such testimony of the person

(E) To cause revenue officers and

The provisions of the foregoing

SEC. 6. Power of the Commissioner to

(A) Examination of Returns and

Any return, statement of declaration filed

(B) Failure to Submit Required Returns,

In case a person fails to file a required

(C) Authority to Conduct Inventory-

When it is found that a person has failed to

(D) Authority to Terminate Taxable

(E) Authority of the Commissioner to

(1) the fair market value as

(2) the fair market value as

(F) Authority of the Commissioner to

(1) a decedent to determine his

(2) any taxpayer who has filed an

In case a taxpayer files an application to compromise the

(G) Authority to Accredit and Register

Individuals and general professional

(H) Authority of the Commissioner to

SEC. 7. Authority of the Commissioner to

(a) The power to recommend the

(c) The power to compromise or abate,

(d) The power to assign or reassign

SEC. 8. Duty of the Commissioner to

(A) Provision and Distribution to Proper

Internal revenue stamps, whether of a bar

(B) Receipts for Payment Made. - It shall

SEC. 9. Internal Revenue Districts. - With

SEC. 10. Revenue Regional Director. -

(a) Implement laws, policies, plans,

(b) Administer and enforce internal

(c) Issue Letters of authority for the

(d) Provide economical, efficient and

(e) Coordinate with regional offices or

(f) Coordinate with local government

(g) Exercise control and supervision over

(h) Perform such other functions as may

SEC. 11. Duties of Revenue District Officers

It shall be the duty of every Revenue District