Term Paper On Hydraulic Pumps

Puneet Chhabra (2008ME20586) Shubham Akshat (2009ME20682)
Term Paper on Hydraulic Pumps

Hydraulic pumps are used to pump the fluid into the hydraulic-drive systems. Hydraulic pumps are classified into two types: Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic pumps. We will describe hydrostatic pumps only. Hydrostatic Pumps Hydrostatic pumps are also called positive displacement pump because positive displacement inside the pump causes the fluid to flow. The main idea in these pumps is to trap a fixed amount of fluid into a cavity and then push it to the suction side. These pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. Types of mechanisms 1. Rotary pumps 2. Reciprocating pumps Rotary pumps These pumps use rotary motion of rotors to cause suction and compression. Various examples of rotary pumps include gear pump, screw pump, rotary vane pump etc. i) Rotary Vane Pump: It consists of a stator, a rotor and two vanes inside rotor connected by compression spring in between. The stator and rotor are eccentrically mounted so that they touch each other at a point. The two vanes constantly touch the stator due to spring and centrifugal force during the motion of the rotor. When the rotor rotates, certain volume of fluid is trapped between the two vanes and this fluid is discharged after 180 degrees rotation of the rotor. Leakage of fluid between the suction and compression chamber will lead to less fluid discharge.
ii)
Internal Gear Pump: It consists of a rotor and an idler and they are internally meshed. Liquid enters the suction port between the rotor (large exterior gear) and idler (small interior gear) teeth and travels through the pump between the teeth of rotor and idler. The crescent shape divides the liquid and acts as a seal between the suction and discharge ports. The useful viscosity range of an internal gear pump is from 1cPs to over 1,000,000cP. Its temperature range is up to 400C.
iii)
External Gear Pump: It consists of two external gears intermeshed so that very less clearance is there, some clearance is to prevent eroding of gear by the fluid. One of the gear is rotated, which also causes the roation of the other gear and continuous locking between them is maintained. Fluid is pulled into the suction chamber and pushed out of the compression chamber.Flow rate depends on the rotation speed of the gear.
Reciprocating Pumps Reciprocating pumps are those in which the oscillating motion of pistons, plungers or membranes causes the fluid to move. These pumps require a system of suction and discharge valves so as to ensure that the fluid moves in the positive direction. Figure 1: Simple principle reciprocating pumps. of
Depending upon the number of cylinder, reciprocating pumps can be simplex (one cylinder), duplex (two), triplex (three) and quad (four). They can be either single acting independent suction and discharge strokes or double acting suction and discharge in both directions. Outlet Some of the reciprocating pumps are: i) Piston Pump: The piston pump is as shown. In this, when the piston is pulled upward, vacuum will be created inside the cylinder which will make fluid move inside the cylinder from the inlet. Now, when piston is pushed downward, the fluid will move out of the outlet. The valves V1 and V2 are ensuring that fluid should not move out from the inlet and does not enter the cylinder from the outlet. Diaphragm Pump: The diaphragm pump is as shown. In this pump, a piston wheel system is used to convert the rotary motion into linear
V1
V2
ii)
Inlet
motion. Here again when the piston moves backward the fluid moves inside the cylinder and when the piston moves forward, fluid moves out of the outlet. The check valves present at inlet and outlet are ensuring the one way motion. The pumping rate can be varied by varying the stroke rate as well as the rpm of the motor rotating the wheel.
Calculations: Flow Rate:
Power:
where, Revolution per second, Swept volume in cubic meters, Volumetric efficiency, Pressure difference over pump in N/m2, Mechanical/hydraulic efficiency
Advantages of Hydrostatic pumps: They can deliver liquid to high pressures. Self-priming - No need to fill the cylinders before starting. Give a relatively smooth output. These can pump viscous liquids.
Disadvantages of Hydrostatic pumps: More expensive than centrifugal pumps. Excessive wear if not pumping viscous material. The cost of producing piston pumps is high. This is due to the very accurate sizes of the cylinders and pistons.
Also, the gearing needed to convert the rotation of the drive motor into a reciprocating action involves extra equipment and cost. The close fitting moving parts cause maintenance problems, especially when the pump is handling fluids containing suspended solids, as the particles can get into the small clearances and cause severe wear.
FAQs : 1. Why hydrostatic pumps are called positive displacement pumps? Ans. They are called positive displacement pumps as the fluid is to move because of some physical force of the pump component (like gears) unlike centrifugal pump in which centrifugal force is there to move the liquid. 2. Why a positive displacement pump must not be operated against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump? Ans. It is because of the fact that the flow will continue and therefore pressure will start building up and will cause bursting of pump or line. 3. Why pressure displacement pump have more or less constant flow irrespective of pressure? Ans. It is because flow in positive displacement pump is governed by the rotational speed of the driving gear or motor. 4. Why efficiency of rotary positive displacement pump increases with viscosity? Ans. Efficiency increases as the tendency to leak between the mesh of the gears decreases with increases with viscosity. 5. When should we use positive displacement pumps? Ans. 1) High viscosity application.
2) If the application has variable pressure conditions. 3.) If there is changing viscosity in the application 4.) PD pump is the logical choice when there is a suction lift required.

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Puneet Chhabra (2008ME20586) Shubham Akshat (2009ME20682)

Term Paper on Hydraulic Pumps

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