Transportation Problem in Operation Research

Transportation Problems
Transportation is considered as a special case of LP Reasons?

it can be formulated using LP technique so is its solution
(to p2) 1
Here, we attempt to firstly define what are them and then studying their solution (to p3) methods:
Transportation Problem
We have seen a sample of transportation (to p4) problem on slide 29 in lecture 2 Here, we study its alternative solution method
Consider the following transportation tableau (to p6)

3
Review of Transportation Problem

Warehouse supply of televisions sets: 1- Cincinnati 300 Retail store demand for television sets: A - New York 150
2- Atlanta
3- Pittsburgh total
200
200 700
B - Dallas
C - Detroit total
250
200 600
From Warehouse 1 2 3
To Store A $16 14 13
(to p5)
B $18 12 15
C $11 13 17
LP formulation
A Transportation Example (2 of 3) Model Summary and Computer Solution with Excel

Minimize Z = $16x1A + 18x1B + 11x1C + 14x2A + 12x2B + 13x2C + 13x3A + 15x3B + 17x3C
subject to x1A + x1B+ x1 300 x2A+ x2B + x2C 200 x3A+ x3B + x3C 200
x1A + x2A + x3A = 150

x1B + x2B + x3B = 250 x1C + x2C + x3C = 200 xij 0
Exhibit 4.15 (to p3) 5
Transportation Tableau
We know how to formulate it using LP technique

Refer to lecture 2 note
Here, we study its solution by firstly attempting to determine its initial tableau (to p7)
Just like the first simplex tableau!
6
Solution to a transportation problem

Initial tableau
Optimal solution Important Notes Tutorials
(to p53) (to p8)
(to p23)
(to p43)
initial tableau
Three different ways:
Northwest corner method (to p12) The Minimum cell cost method Vogels approximation method (VAM)
(to p9) (to p16)
Now, are these initial tableaus given us an (to p7) Optimal solution?
8
Northwest corner method

Steps:
1. assign largest possible allocation to the cell in the upper left-hand corner of the tableau 2. Repeat step 1 until all allocations have been assigned 3. Stop. Initial tableau is obtained
Example
(to p10)
Northeast corner
Step 1 Step 2
Max (150,200)
150 --
--
150 --
--
0 125
50
--
(to p11)
0 150
10
Initial tableau of NW corner method

Repeat the above steps, we have the following tableau. Stop. Since all allocated have been assigned
(to p8)
Ensure that all columns and rows added up to its respective totals.
11
The Minimum cell cost method

Here, we use the following steps: Steps:
Step 1 Find the cell that has the least cost Step 2: Assign as much as allocation to this cell Step 3: Block those cells that cannot be allocated Step 4: Repeat above steps until all allocation have been assigned.
Example:
(to p13)
12
Step 1 Find the cell that has the least cost Step 2: Assign as much as allocation to this cell
Step 1: Step 2:
200
The min cost, so allocate as much resource as possible here Step 3

(to p14) 13
Step 3: Block those cells that cannot be allocated Step 4: Repeat above steps until all allocation have been assigned.
Step 3: Second iteration, step 4
--(to p15)
200
75
14
The initial solution
Stop. The above tableau is an initial tableau because all allocations have been assigned
(to p8) 15
Vogels approximation method

Operational steps:
Step 1: for each column and row, determine its penalty cost by subtracting their two of their least cost Step 2: select row/column that has the highest penalty cost in step 1 Step 3: assign as much as allocation to the selected row/column that has the least cost Step 4: Block those cells that cannot be further allocated Step 5: Repeat above steps until all allocations have been assigned
Example
(to p17) 16
subtracting their two of their least cost

Step 1
(8-6)
(11-7) (5-4)
(to p18)
(6-4)
(8-5)
(11-10)
17
Steps 2 & 3
Step 2: Highest penalty cost
(to p19)
Step 3: this has the least cost

18
Step 4
(to p20)
---
---
19
Step 5 Second Iteration
--(to p21)
---
---
20
3rd Iteration of VAM
---
----(to p22)
---
21
Initial tableau for VAM
(to p8)
22
Optimal solution?
Initial solution from: Northeast cost, total cost =$5,925 The min cost, total cost =$4,550 VAM, total cost = $5,125
(note: here, we are not saying the second one always better!)
It shows that the second one has the min (to p24) cost, but is it the optimal solution?
23
Solution methods
We need a method, like the simplex method, to check and obtain the optimal solution Two methods: 1. Stepping-stone method 2. Modified distributed method (MODI)
(to p25)
(to p30)
(to p7) 24
Stepping-stone method
Let consider the following initial tableau from the Min Cost algorithm
There are Non-basic variables
These are basic variables

Question: How can we introduce a non-basic variable into basic variable?
(to p26)
25
Introduce a non-basic variable into basic variables

Here, we can select any non-basic variable as an entry and then using the + and steps to form a closed loop as follows:
Then we have
let consider this non basic variable
(to p27)
26
Stepping stone
(to p28)
The above saying that, we add min value of all ve cells into cell that has + sign, and subtracts the same value to the -ve cells Thus, max ve is min (200,25) = 25, and we add 25 to cell A1 and A3, and subtract it from B1 and A3
27
Stepping stone
The above tableaus give min cost = 25*6 + 120*10 + 175*11 175*4 + 100* 5 = $4525 We can repeat this process to all possible non-basic cells in that above tableau until one has the min cost! NOT a Good solution method
(to p29)
28
Getting optimal solution

In such, we introducing the next algorithm called Modified Distribution (MODI)
(to p24)
29
Modified distributed method (MODI)

It is a modified version of stepping stone method MODI has two important elements:
1. It determines if a tableau is the optimal one 2. It tells you which non-basic variable should be firstly considered as an entry variable 3. It makes use of stepping-stone to get its answer of next iteration How it works?
(to p31)
30
Procedure (MODI)
Step 0: let ui, v , cij variables represent rows, columns, and cost in the
transportation tableau, respectively
Step 1: (a) form a set of equations that uses to represent all basic variables
ui + vj = cij
(b) solve variables by assign one variable = 0 Step2: (a) form a set of equations use to represent non-basic variable (or empty cell) as such
cij ui vj = kij
(b) solve variables by using step 1b information Step 3: Select the cell that has the most ve value in 2b Step 4: Use stepping-stone method to allocate resource to cell in step 3 Step 5: Repeat the above steps until all cells in 2a has no negative value
Example
(to p32)
(to p24) 31
MODI
Consider to this initial tableau:
Step 0: let ui, v , cij variables represent rows, columns, and cost in the transportation tableau, respectively (to p33)
32
Step 0
C3A
Step 1: (a) form a set of equations that uses to represent all basic variables ui + vj = cij
(to p34)
33
ui + vj = cij
(to p35)
(b) solve variables by assign one variable = 0
34
Set one variable = 0
Because we added an non-basic variable
(to p36)
Step2: (a & b)
35
Step2: (a & b)
Note this may look difficult and complicated, however, we can add these V=values into the above tableau as well (to p37)
36
Step2: (a & b), alternative

-1 -1 +2 +5
6-0-7
Step 3: Select the cell that has the most ve value in 2b
(to p38)
37
Step3
-1 -1 +2 +5
(to p39)
Select either one, (Why?) These cells mean, introduce it will reduce the min z to -1 cost unit
38
Step 4: Use stepping-stone method
From here we have .
(to p40) 39
Step 4: Use stepping-stone method
(to p41)
Step 5: we repeat steps 1-4 again for the above tableau, we have
40
Step 5
(to p42)
41
Step 5 cont
All positives STOP
(to p31) 42
Important Notes
When start solving a transportation problem using algorithm, we need to ensure the following: (to p44) Alternative solution (to p45) Total demand total supply (to p48) Degeneracy others (to p52)
(to p7) 43
1. 2. 3. 4.
Alternative solution
When on the following k = 0 cij ui vj = kij Why?
(to p43) 44
Total demand total supply
Note that, total demand=650, and total supply = 600 How to solve it? We need to add a dummy row and assign o cost to each cell as such ..
(to p46) 45
Ddss
Extra row, since Demand > supply Other example

(to p47) 46
Ddss
Extra column is added
(to p43) 47
Degeneracy
Example ..
(to p49)
ie, basic variables in the tableau
48
Degeneracy
m rows + n column 1 = the number of cells with allocations 3 + 3 - 1 = 5 (five basic variables, and above It satisfied. If failed? considering .. (to p50)
has 5 as well!)
49
Degeneracy
(note above has only 4 basic variable only!)
If not matched, then we select an non-basic variable with least cheapest cost and considered it as a new basic variable with assigned 0 allocation to it
(to p51) 50
Degeneracy
Added this Note: we pick this over others because it has the least cost for the Min Z problem!
(to p43) 51
others
1. When one route cannot be used
Assign a big M cost to its cell
If 10 changed to Cannot delivered Then we assigned M value here
(to p43) 52
Tutorials
Module B
1, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 these questions are attached in the following slides
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

Transportation Problem in Operation Research

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What are the different methods for obtaining the initial tableau for a transportation problem?

What are the different methods for obtaining the initial tableau for a transportation problem?

How can degeneracy occur in solving a transportation problem?

How can degeneracy occur in solving a transportation problem?

Transportation Problems

Transportation is considered as a special case of LP Reasons?

Consider the following transportation tableau (to p6)

Review of Transportation Problem

A Transportation Example (2 of 3) Model Summary and Computer Solution with Excel

x1A + x2A + x3A = 150

Exhibit 4.15 (to p3) 5

We know how to formulate it using LP technique

Solution to a transportation problem

Northwest corner method

Initial tableau of NW corner method

The Minimum cell cost method

The min cost, so allocate as much resource as possible here Step 3

The initial solution

Vogels approximation method

subtracting their two of their least cost

Step 3: this has the least cost

Step 5 Second Iteration

3rd Iteration of VAM

Initial tableau for VAM

There are Non-basic variables

These are basic variables

Introduce a non-basic variable into basic variables

Getting optimal solution

Modified distributed method (MODI)

(b) solve variables by assign one variable = 0

Set one variable = 0

Because we added an non-basic variable

Step2: (a & b), alternative

Step 4: Use stepping-stone method

From here we have .

Step 4: Use stepping-stone method

All positives STOP

Total demand total supply

Extra row, since Demand > supply Other example

Extra column is added

ie, basic variables in the tableau

(note above has only 4 basic variable only!)

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