Chapter 8 Resource Masters

Consumable Workbooks
Many of the worksheets contained in the Chapter Resource Masters booklets are available as consumable workbooks in both English and Spanish. Study Guide and Intervention Workbook Study Guide and Intervention Workbook (Spanish) Skills Practice Workbook Skills Practice Workbook (Spanish) Practice Workbook Practice Workbook (Spanish) 0-07-827753-1 0-07-827754-X 0-07-827747-7 0-07-827749-3 0-07-827748-5 0-07-827750-7

ANSWERS FOR WORKBOOKS The answers for Chapter 8 of these workbooks can be found in the back of this Chapter Resource Masters booklet.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Glencoes Algebra 1. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: The McGraw-Hill Companies 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 0-07-827732-9 Algebra 1 Chapter 8 Resource Masters

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 024 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03

Contents
Vocabulary Builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Lesson 8-1
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 455456 Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 459 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Lesson 8-7
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 491492 Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 495 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

Lesson 8-8
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 497498 Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 501 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

Lesson 8-2
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 461462 Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 465 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

Chapter 8 Assessment
Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 8 Test, Form 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 503504 8 Test, Form 2A . . . . . . . . . . . 505506 8 Test, Form 2B . . . . . . . . . . . 507508 8 Test, Form 2C . . . . . . . . . . . 509510 8 Test, Form 2D . . . . . . . . . . . 511512 8 Test, Form 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 513514 8 Open-Ended Assessment . . . . . . 515 8 Vocabulary Test/Review . . . . . . . 516 8 Quizzes 1 & 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 8 Quizzes 3 & 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 8 Mid-Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 8 Cumulative Review . . . . . . . . . . . 520 8 Standardized Test Practice . . 521522

Lesson 8-3
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 467468 Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 471 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

Lesson 8-4
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 473474 Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 477 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

Lesson 8-5
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . 479480 Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 483 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

Standardized Test Practice Student Recording Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1 ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2A35

Lesson 8-6
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 485486 Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 489 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

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Teachers Guide to Using the Chapter 8 Resource Masters

The Fast File Chapter Resource system allows you to conveniently file the resources you use most often. The Chapter 8 Resource Masters includes the core materials needed for Chapter 8. These materials include worksheets, extensions, and assessment options. The answers for these pages appear at the back of this booklet. All of the materials found in this booklet are included for viewing and printing in the Algebra 1 TeacherWorks CD-ROM. Pages viiviii include a student study tool that presents up to twenty of the key vocabulary terms from the chapter. Students are to record definitions and/or examples for each term. You may suggest that students highlight or star the terms with which they are not familiar.

Vocabulary Builder

There is one master for each lesson. These problems more closely follow the structure of the Practice and Apply section of the Student Edition exercises. These exercises are of average difficulty.

Practice

WHEN TO USE These provide additional

practice options or may be used as homework for second day teaching of the lesson.

WHEN TO USE Give these pages to

students before beginning Lesson 8-1. Encourage them to add these pages to their Algebra Study Notebook. Remind them to add definitions and examples as they complete each lesson.

Reading to Learn Mathematics

One master is included for each lesson. The first section of each master asks questions about the opening paragraph of the lesson in the Student Edition. Additional questions ask students to interpret the context of and relationships among terms in the lesson. Finally, students are asked to summarize what they have learned using various representation techniques.

Study Guide and Intervention

Each lesson in Algebra 1 addresses two objectives. There is one Study Guide and Intervention master for each objective.

WHEN TO USE Use these masters as

reteaching activities for students who need additional reinforcement. These pages can also be used in conjunction with the Student Edition as an instructional tool for students who have been absent.

WHEN TO USE This master can be used

as a study tool when presenting the lesson or as an informal reading assessment after presenting the lesson. It is also a helpful tool for ELL (English Language Learner) students.

Skills Practice

There is one master for each lesson. These provide computational practice at a basic level. used with students who have weaker mathematics backgrounds or need additional reinforcement.

Enrichment

WHEN TO USE These masters can be

There is one extension master for each lesson. These activities may extend the concepts in the lesson, offer an historical or multicultural look at the concepts, or widen students perspectives on the mathematics they are learning. These are not written exclusively for honors students, but are accessible for use with all levels of students.

WHEN TO USE These may be used as

extra credit, short-term projects, or as activities for days when class periods are shortened.

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Assessment Options
The assessment masters in the Chapter 8 Resources Masters offer a wide range of assessment tools for intermediate and final assessment. The following lists describe each assessment master and its intended use.

Intermediate Assessment
Four free-response quizzes are included to offer assessment at appropriate intervals in the chapter. A Mid-Chapter Test provides an option to assess the first half of the chapter. It is composed of both multiple-choice and free-response questions.

Chapter Assessment
CHAPTER TESTS
Form 1 contains multiple-choice questions and is intended for use with basic level students. Forms 2A and 2B contain multiple-choice questions aimed at the average level student. These tests are similar in format to offer comparable testing situations. Forms 2C and 2D are composed of freeresponse questions aimed at the average level student. These tests are similar in format to offer comparable testing situations. Grids with axes are provided for questions assessing graphing skills. Form 3 is an advanced level test with free-response questions. Grids without axes are provided for questions assessing graphing skills. All of the above tests include a freeresponse Bonus question. The Open-Ended Assessment includes performance assessment tasks that are suitable for all students. A scoring rubric is included for evaluation guidelines. Sample answers are provided for assessment. A Vocabulary Test, suitable for all students, includes a list of the vocabulary words in the chapter and ten questions assessing students knowledge of those terms. This can also be used in conjunction with one of the chapter tests or as a review worksheet.

Continuing Assessment
The Cumulative Review provides students an opportunity to reinforce and retain skills as they proceed through their study of Algebra 1. It can also be used as a test. This master includes free-response questions. The Standardized Test Practice offers continuing review of algebra concepts in various formats, which may appear on the standardized tests that they may encounter. This practice includes multiplechoice, grid-in, and quantitativecomparison questions. Bubble-in and grid-in answer sections are provided on the master.

Answers
Page A1 is an answer sheet for the Standardized Test Practice questions that appear in the Student Edition on pages 470471. This improves students familiarity with the answer formats they may encounter in test taking. The answers for the lesson-by-lesson masters are provided as reduced pages with answers appearing in red. Full-size answer keys are provided for the assessment masters in this booklet.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Vocabulary Builder
Vocabulary Builder

This is an alphabetical list of the key vocabulary terms you will learn in Chapter 8. As you study the chapter, complete each terms definition or description. Remember to add the page number where you found the term. Add these pages to your Algebra Study Notebook to review vocabulary at the end of the chapter.
Vocabulary Term Found on Page Definition/Description/Example

binomial
byNOHmeeuhl

constant

degree of a monomial

degree of a polynomial

FOIL method

monomial
mahNOHmeeuhl

negative exponent

polynomial
PAHluhNOHmeeuhl

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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Vocabulary Builder
Vocabulary Term Found on Page

(continued)
Definition/Description/Example

Power of a Power

Power of a Product

Product of Powers

Power of a Quotient

Quotient of Powers

scientific notation

trinomial
tryNOHmeeuhl

zero exponent

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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-1 6-1

Study Guide and Intervention

Multiplying Monomials

A monomial is a number, a variable, or a product of a number and one or more variables. An expression of the form xn is called a power and represents the product you obtain when x is used as a factor n times. To multiply two powers that have the same base, add the exponents.
Product of Powers For any number a and all integers m and n, am an am
n.

Multiply Monomials

Simplify (3x6)(5x2).
Associative Property Product of Powers Simplify.

Simplify ( 4a3b)(3a2b5). ( 4)(3)(a3 a2)(b b5) 12(a3 2)(b1 5) 12a5b6 12a5b6.

(3x6)(5x2)

(3)(5)(x6 x2) (3 5)(x6 2) 15x8

( 4a3b)(3a2b5)

The product is 15x8.

The product is

Exercises
Simplify. 1. y( y5) 2. n2 n7 3. ( 7x2)(x4)

4. x(x2)(x4)

5. m m5

6. ( x3)( x4)

7. (2a2)(8a)

8. (rs)(rs3)(s2)

9. (x2y)(4xy3)

10.

1 (2a3b)(6b3) 3

11. ( 4x3)( 5x7)

12. ( 3j 2k4)(2jk6)

13. (5a2bc3)

1 abc4 5

14. ( 5xy)(4x2)( y4)

15. (10x3yz2)( 2xy5z)

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Lesson 8-1

Example 1

Example 2

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-1

Study Guide and Intervention

Multiplying Monomials

(continued)

An expression of the form (xm) n is called a power of a power and represents the product you obtain when x m is used as a factor n times. To find the power of a power, multiply exponents.
Power of a Power Power of a Product For any number a and all integers m and n, (am) n For any number a and all integers m and n, (ab) m amn. amb m.

Powers of Monomials

Example
( 2ab2)3(a2)4

Simplify ( 2ab2)3(a2)4. ( ( ( ( 2ab2)3(a8) 2)3(a3)(b2)3(a8) 2)3(a3)(a8)(b2)3 2)3(a11)(b2)3 8a11b6

Power of a Power Power of a Product Commutative Property Product of Powers Power of a Power

The product is

8a11b6.

Exercises
Simplify. 1. (y5) 2 2. (n7) 4 3. (x2) 5(x3)

4.

3(ab4) 3

5. ( 3ab4) 3

6. (4x2b) 3

7. (4a2)2(b3)

8. (4x) 2(b3)

9. (x2 y 4) 5

10. (2a3b2)(b3) 2

11. ( 4xy)3( 2x2)3

12. ( 3j 2k3) 2(2j 2k) 3

13. (25a2b) 3

2 1 abc 5

14. (2xy)2( 3x2)(4y4)

15. (2x3y2z2)3(x2z)4

16. ( 2n6y5)( 6n3y2)(ny) 3

17. ( 3a3n4)( 3a3n) 4

18.

3(2x) 4(4x5y)2

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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-1

Skills Practice
Multiplying Monomials

Determine whether each expression is a monomial. Write yes or no. Explain. 1. 11 2. a 3.

p2 q2

5. j 3k 6. 2a 3b

Simplify. 7. a2(a3)(a6) 9. (y2z)(yz2) 11. (e2f 4)(e2f 2) 13. (2x2)(3x5) 15. (4xy3)(3x3y5) 17. ( 5m3)(3m8) 19. (102)3 21. ( 6p)2 23. (3pq2)2 8. x(x2)(x7) 10. ( 2k2)( 3k) 12. (cd2)(c3d2) 14. (5a7)(4a2) 16. (7a5b2)(a2b3) 18. ( 2c4d)( 4cd) 20. (p3)12 22. ( 3y)3 24. (2b3c4)2

GEOMETRY Express the area of each figure as a monomial.

25.
x2

26.
cd

27.
4p

x5

cd

9p 3

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Lesson 8-1

4. y

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-1

Practice
Multiplying Monomials

Determine whether each expression is a monomial. Write yes or no. Explain. 1. 2.

21a2 7b b3c2 2

Simplify. 3. ( 5x2y)(3x4) 5. (3cd4)( 2c2) 7. ( 15xy4) 9. ( 18m2n)2 11.

2 2 p 3 1 3 xy 3 1 mn2 6

4. (2ab2c2)(4a3b2c2) 6. (4g3h)( 2g5) 8. ( xy)3(xz) 10. (0.2a2b3)2 12.

1 3 2 cd 4

13. (0.4k3)3

14. [(42)2]2

GEOMETRY Express the area of each figure as a monomial.

15.
3ab 2 6a 2b 4

16.
5x 3

17.
6ac 3 4a 2c

GEOMETRY Express the volume of each solid as a monomial.

18.
3h 2

19.
mn 3 m 3n
3h 2 3h 2

20.

3g 7g 2

21. COUNTING A panel of four light switches can be set in 24 ways. A panel of five light switches can set in twice this many ways. In how many ways can five light switches be set? 22. HOBBIES Tawa wants to increase her rock collection by a power of three this year and then increase it again by a power of two next year. If she has 2 rocks now, how many rocks will she have after the second year?

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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-1

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Multiplying Monomials
Why does doubling speed quadruple braking distance? Read the introduction to Lesson 8-1 at the top of page 410 in your textbook. Find two examples in the table to verify the statement that when speed is doubled, the braking distance is quadrupled. Write your examples in the table.
Speed (miles per hour) Braking Distance (feet) Speed Doubled (miles per hour) Braking Distance Quadrupled (feet)

Pre-Activity

Reading the Lesson

1. Describe the expression 3xy using the terms monomial, constant, variable, and product.

2. Complete the chart by choosing the property that can be used to simplify each expression. Then simplify the expression.
Expression Property Product of Powers 35 32 Power of a Power Power of a Product Product of Powers (a 3)4 Power of a Power Power of a Product Product of Powers ( 4xy)5 Power of a Power Power of a Product Expression Simplified

Helping You Remember

3. Write an example of each of the three properties of powers discussed in this lesson. Then, using the examples, explain how the property is used to simplify them.

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Lesson 8-1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-1

Enrichment

An Wang
An Wang (19201990) was an Asian-American who became one of the pioneers of the computer industry in the United States. He grew up in Shanghai, China, but came to the United States to further his studies in science. In 1948, he invented a magnetic pulse controlling device that vastly increased the storage capacity of computers. He later founded his own company, Wang Laboratories, and became a leader in the development of desktop calculators and word processing systems. In 1988, Wang was elected to the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Digital computers store information as numbers. Because the electronic circuits of a computer can exist in only one of two states, open or closed, the numbers that are stored can consist of only two digits, 0 or 1. Numbers written using only these two digits are called binary numbers. To find the decimal value of a binary number, you use the digits to write a polynomial in 2. For instance, this is how to find the decimal value of the number 10011012. (The subscript 2 indicates that this is a binary number.) 10011012 1 1 26 64 64 0 0 25 32 0 0 0 24 16 0 1 1 8 77 Find the decimal value of each binary number. 1. 11112 2. 100002 3. 110000112 4. 101110012 23 8 1 1 4 22 4 0 0 0 21 2 1 1 1 20 1

Write each decimal number as a binary number. 5. 8 6. 11 7. 29 8. 117

The American Standard Guide for Information Interchange (ASCII) A B C D E F G H I J K L M 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 a b c d e f g h i j k l m 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 n o p q r s t u v w x y z 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122

9. The chart at the right shows a set of decimal code numbers that is used widely in storing letters of the alphabet in a computer's memory. Find the code numbers for the letters of your name. Then write the code for your name using binary numbers.

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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-2 6-2

Study Guide and Intervention

Dividing Monomials
To divide two powers with the same base, subtract the
am an

Quotients of Monomials
exponents.
Quotient of Powers Power of a Quotient

For all integers m and n and any nonzero number a, For any integer m and any real numbers a and b, b

am
a m b

n.

0,

am . bm

Example 1
a4b7 ab2 a4 a b7 b2

Simplify

a4b7 . Assume ab2

Example 2
2a3b5 3 3b2

Simplify

2a3b5 3 . 3b2

neither a nor b is equal to zero.

Group powers with the same base. Quotient of Powers Simplify.

Assume that b is not equal to zero.

(2a3b5)3 (3b2)3 23(a3)3(b5)3 (3)3(b2)3 8a9b15 27b6 8a9b9 27
Power of a Quotient

Power of a Power

Quotient of Powers

The quotient is

8a9b9 . 27

Exercises
Simplify. Assume that no denominator is equal to zero. 1.
55 52

2.

m6 m4

3.

p5n4 p2n

4.

a2 a

5.

x5y3 x5y2

6.

2y7 14y5

7.

xy6 y4x

8.

2a2b 3 a

9.

4p4q4 3 3p2q2

10.

2v5w3 4 v4w3

11.

3r 6s3 4 2r 5s

12.

r7s7t 2 s3r3t2

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Lesson 8-2

(a4 1)(b7 2) a3b5 The quotient is a3b5 .

Power of a Product

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-2

Study Guide and Intervention

Dividing Monomials

(continued)

Any nonzero number raised to the zero power is 1; for example, ( 0.5)0 1. Any nonzero number raised to a negative power is equal to the reciprocal of the 1 number raised to the opposite power; for example, 6 3 . These definitions can be used 63 to simplify expressions that have negative exponents.
Zero Exponent Negative Exponent Property For any nonzero number a, a0 1.
n

Negative Exponents

For any nonzero number a and any integer n, a

1 1 and n a an

an.

The simplified form of an expression containing negative exponents must contain only positive exponents.

Example
4a 3b6 16a2b6c 5 4 16

Simplify
a 3 a2 b6 b6

4a 3b6 . Assume that the denominator is not equal to zero. 16a2b6c 5 1 c

5

Group powers with the same base.

1 (a 3 2)(b6 6)(c5) 4 1 a 5b0c5 4 1 1 (1)c5 4 a5 c5 4a5

Quotient of Powers and Negative Exponent Properties

Simplify.

Negative Exponent and Zero Exponent Properties

Simplify.

The solution is

c5 . 4a5

Exercises
Simplify. Assume that no denominator is equal to zero. 1.
22 2 3 b b
4 5

2.

m m 4 ( x 4w
1 y)0 1y2

3.

p 8 p3 (a2b3)2 (ab) 2 (3st)2u 4 s 1t2u7 ( 2mn2) 4m 6n4

3

4.

5.

6.

7.

x4 y0 x 2 s 3t (s2t 3)
5 1

8.

(6a 1b)2 (b2)4 4m2n2 0 8m 1

9.

10.

11.

12.

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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-2

Skills Practice
Dividing Monomials

Simplify. Assume that no denominator is equal to zero. 1.

65 64 x4 x2

2.

912 98 r3s2 r3s4 9d7 3d6 w4u3 w4u m7n2 m3n2 32x3y2z5 8xyz2

3.

4.

5.

m m3 12n5 36n a3b5 ab2 21w5u2 7w4u5 4p7 2 7s2

6.

7.

8.

11.

12.

13.

14. 4

15. 8

16.

5 3 h3
6

17.

9 11

18. h

19. k0(k4)(k

6)

20. k

1(

6)(m3)

21.

f 7 f4 f
5g 4

22.

16p5q2 0 2p3q3 15x6y

9

23.

24. 5xy
1

11

25.

15w0u 5u3

26.

48x6y7z5 6xy5z6

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Lesson 8-2

9.

10.

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-2

Practice
Dividing Monomials

Simplify. Assume that no denominator is equal to zero. 1.

88 84

2.

a4b6 ab3

3.

xy2 xy

4.

m5np m4p

5.

5c2d3 4c2d

6.

8y7z6 4y6z5

7.

4f 3g 3 3h6

8.

6w5 2 7p6s3

9.

4c2 24c5

10. x3( y

5)(x 8)

11. p(q

2)(r 3)

12. 12

13.

3 7

14.

4 3

15.

22r3s2 11r 2s 3

16.

15w0u 5u3

17.

8c3d2f 4 4c 1d 2f 3

18.

x 3y5 0 4 3

19.

6f 54f

2g3h5 2g 5h3

20.

12t 1u5v 2t 3uv5

21.

r4 (3r)3

22. (m4n3)

2n 5 1

23.

(j

1k3) 4

j 3k3

24.

(2a 2b) 5a2b4

25.

q 1r 3 qr 2

26.

7c 3d 3 c5de 4

27.

2x3y2z 3x4 yz 2

28. BIOLOGY A lab technician draws a sample of blood. A cubic millimeter of the blood contains 223 white blood cells and 225 red blood cells. What is the ratio of white blood cells to red blood cells?

29. COUNTING The number of three-letter words that can be formed with the English alphabet is 263. The number of five-letter words that can be formed is 265. How many times more five-letter words can be formed than three-letter words?

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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-2

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Dividing Monomials
How can you compare pH levels? Read the introduction to Lesson 8-2 at the top of page 417 in your textbook. In the formula c
1 pH , identify the base and the exponent. 10

Pre-Activity

How do you think c will change as the exponent increases?

Reading the Lesson

1. Explain what the statement
am an

am

means.

2. To find c in the formula c

the denominator, and divide. This is an example of what property? 3. Use the Quotient of Powers Property to explain why 30 1.

4. Consider the expression 4

3. 3

a. Explain why the expression 4

is not simplified.

b. Define the term reciprocal. c. 4

3

is the reciprocal of what power of 4?

3?

d. What is the simplified form of 4

Helping You Remember

5. Describe how you would help a friend who needs to simplify the expression
4x2 . 2x5

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Lesson 8-2

1 pH , you can find the power of the numerator, the power of 10

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-2

Enrichment

Patterns with Powers

Use your calculator, if necessary, to complete each pattern. a. 210 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 b. 510 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 c. 410 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41

Study the patterns for a, b, and c above. Then answer the questions. 1. Describe the pattern of the exponents from the top of each column to the bottom. 2. Describe the pattern of the powers from the top of the column to the bottom. 3. What would you expect the following powers to be? 20 50 40 4. Refer to Exercise 3. Write a rule. Test it on patterns that you obtain using 22, 25, and 24 as bases.

Study the pattern below. Then answer the questions. 03 0 02 0 01

1,

0 00
2,

?
3

does not exist. 0

does not exist. 0

does not exist.

5. Why do 0

and 0

not exist?

6. Based upon the pattern, can you determine whether 00 exists? 7. The symbol 00 is called an indeterminate, which means that it has no unique value. Thus it does not exist as a unique real number. Why do you think that 00 cannot equal 1?

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____________ PERIOD _____

8-3 6-3

Study Guide and Intervention

Scientific Notation

Scientific Notation Keeping track of place value in very large or very small numbers written in standard form may be difficult. It is more efficient to write such numbers in scientific notation. A number is expressed in scientific notation when it is written as a product of two factors, one factor that is greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10 and one factor that is a power of ten.
Scientific Notation A number is in scientific notation when it is in the form a and n is an integer. 10n, where 1 a 10

Express 3.52 standard notation. 3.52 104 3.52 10,000 35,200

Example 1

104 in

Express 6.21 standard notation. 6.21 10

5

Example 2

10

in

6.21

1 105

The decimal point moved 4 places to the right.

6.21 0.00001 0.0000621 The decimal point moved 5 places to the left. Express 0.0000549 in scientific notation. 0.0000549 5.49 10 5 The decimal point moved 5 places so that it is between the 5 and the 4. Since 0.0000549 1, the exponent is negative.

Express 37,600,000 in scientific notation. 37,600,000 3.76 107 The decimal point moved 7 places so that it is between the 3 and the 7. Since 37,600,000 1, the exponent is positive.

Example 3

Example 4

Exercises
Express each number in standard notation. 1. 3.65 4. 7.451 7. 8.9354 105 106 1010 2. 7.02 5. 5.91 8. 8.1 10 100 10
9 4

3. 8.003 6. 7.99 9. 4

108 10
1

1015

Express each number in scientific notation. 10. 0.0000456 13. 0.00000000012 16. 433 104 11. 0.00001 14. 0.000080436 17. 0.0042 10
3

12. 590,000,000 15. 0.03621 18. 50,000,000,000

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Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-3

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-3

Study Guide and Intervention

Scientific Notation

(continued)

Products and Quotients with Scientific Notation

powers to compute with numbers written in scientific notation. Evaluate (6.7 standard notation. (6.7 103)(2 10
5)

You can use properties of

Example 1

103)(2

10

5).

Express the result in scientific and

The solution is 1.34

(6.7 13.4 (1.34 1.34 1.34 10 1 or

2)(103 10 5) 10 2 101) 10 2 (101 10 2) 10 1 or 0.134 0.134.

Associative Property Product of Powers 13.4 1.34 101 Associative Property Product of Powers

Example 2
1.5088 4.1 105 108

Evaluate
1.5088 4.1

1.5088 108 . Express the result in scientific and 4.1 105

standard notation.
108 105
Associative Property Quotient of Powers 0.368 3.68 10
1

0.368 103 (3.68 10 1) 103 3.68 (10 1 103) 3.68 102 or 368 The solution is 3.68 102 or 368.

Associative Property Product of Powers

Exercises
Evaluate. Express each result in scientific and standard notation. 1.
1.4 2 104 102

2.

3 2

10 10

12 15

3. (3.2

10

2)(2.0

102)

4.

1.2672 10 8 2.4 10 12

5. (7.7

105)(2.1

102)

6.

9.72 108 7.2 1010 4 10 4 2.5 102

7. (3.3

105)(1.5

10

4)

8.

3.3 1.1

10 10

12 14

9.

10. FUEL CONSUMPTION North America burned 4.5 1016 BTU of petroleum in 1998. At this rate, how many BTUs will be burned in 9 years? Source: The New York Times 2001 Almanac

11. OIL PRODUCTION If the United States produced 6.25 109 barrels of crude oil in 1998, and Canada produced 1.98 109 barrels, what is the quotient of their production rates? Write a statement using this quotient. Source: The New York Times 2001 Almanac

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

468

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-3

Skills Practice
Scientific Notation

Express each number in standard notation. 1. 4 103 2. 2 108 3. 3.2 105

4. 3

10

5. 9

10

6. 4.7

10

ASTRONOMY Express the number in each statement in standard notation.

7. The diameter of Jupiter is 1.42984 105 kilometers. 10
6

8. The surface density of the main ring around Jupiter is 5 squared. 9. The minimum distance from Mars to Earth is 5.45 Express each number in scientific notation. 10. 41,000,000 11. 65,100

grams per centimeter

107 kilometers.

12. 283,000,000

16. 0.000010035

17. 264.9

18. 150

102

Evaluate. Express each result in scientific and standard notation. 19. (3.1 107)(2 10
5)

20. (5

10

2)(1.4

10

4)

21. (3

103)(4.2

10

1)

22. (3

10

2)(5.2

109)

23. (2.4

102)(4

10

10)

24. (1.5

10

4)(7

10

5)

25.

5.1 1.5

106 102

26.

7.2 4

10 5 10 3

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469

Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-3

13. 264,701

14. 0.019

15. 0.000007

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-3

Practice
Scientific Notation

Express each number in standard notation. 1. 7.3 4. 3.54 107 10

1

2. 2.9

103 104

3. 9.821 6. 4.268

1012 10
6

5. 7.3642

PHYSICS Express the number in each statement in standard notation.

7. An electron has a negative charge of 1.6 10
19

Coulomb.

8. In the middle layer of the suns atmosphere, called the chromosphere, the temperature averages 2.78 104 degrees Celsius. Express each number in scientific notation. 9. 915,600,000,000 13. 0.00009621 17. 56 107 10. 6387 14. 0.003157 18. 4740 105 11. 845,320 15. 30,620 19. 0.076 10
3

12. 0.00000000814 16. 0.0000000000112 20. 0.0057 103

Evaluate. Express each result in scientific and standard notation. 21. (5 10

2)(2.3

1012)
11)

22. (2.5

10

3)(6

1015)
1)

23. (3.9
3.12 1.56

103)(4.2
103 10 3

10

24. (4.6
6.72 4.2 103 108

10

4)(3.1

10

25.

26.

27.

1.17 102 5 10 1

28.

1.82 9.1

105 107

29.

1.68 104 8.4 10 4

30.

2.015 3.1

10 102

31. BIOLOGY A cubic millimeter of human blood contains about 5 106 red blood cells. An adult human body may contain about 5 106 cubic millimeters of blood. About how many red blood cells does such a human body contain? 32. POPULATION The population of Arizona is about 4.778 106 people. The land area is about 1.14 105 square miles. What is the population density per square mile?

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

470

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-3

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Scientific Notation
Why is scientific notation important in astronomy? Read the introduction to Lesson 8-3 at the top of page 425 in your textbook. In the table, each mass is written as the product of a number and a power of 10. Look at the first factor in each product. How are these factors alike?

Pre-Activity

Reading the Lesson

1. Is the number 0.0543 104 in scientific notation? Explain.

2. Complete each sentence to change from scientific notation to standard notation. a. To express 3.64 places to the b. To express 7.825 places to the 10
3

106 in standard notation, move the decimal point . in standard notation, move the decimal point .

3. Complete each sentence to change from standard notation to scientific notation. a. To express 0.0007865 in scientific notation, move the decimal point to the right and write . places

b. To express 54,000,000,000 in scientific notation, move the decimal point places to the left and write 4. Write positive or negative to complete each sentence. a. scientific notation. b. scientific notation. powers of 10 are used to express very small numbers in powers of 10 are used to express very large numbers in .

Helping You Remember

5. Describe the method you would use to estimate how many times greater the mass of Saturn is than the mass of Pluto.

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Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-3

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-3

Enrichment

Converting Metric Units

Scientific notation is convenient to use for unit conversions in the metric system. How many kilometers are there in 4,300,000 meters? Divide the measure by the number of meters (1000) in one kilometer. Express both numbers in scientific notation.
4.3 1 106 103

Example 1

Example 2
milligrams.

Convert 3700 grams into

Multiply by the number of milligrams (1000) in 1 gram. (3.7 103)(1 103) 3.7 106 There are 3.7 106 mg in 3700 g.

4.3

103

The answer is 4.3 3 103 km.

Complete the following. Express each answer in scientific notation. 1. 250,000 m 3. 247 m 5. 0.0004 km 7. 6000 m 9. 52,000 mg Solve. 11. The planet Mars has a diameter of 6.76 103 km. What is the diameter of Mars in meters? Express the answer in both scientific and decimal notation. 12. The distance from earth to the sun is 149,590,000 km. Light travels 3.0 108 meters per second. How long does it take light from the sun to reach the earth in minutes? Round to the nearest hundredth. 13. A light-year is the distance that light travels in one year. (See Exercise 12.) How far is a light year in kilometers? Express your answer in scientific notation. Round to the nearest hundredth. cm m mm g km 2. 375 km 4. 5000 m 6. 0.01 mm 8. 340 cm 10. 420 kL m mm m km L

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

472

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-4 6-4

Study Guide and Intervention

Polynomials

A polynomial is a monomial or a sum of monomials. A binomial is the sum of two monomials, and a trinomial is the sum of three monomials. Polynomials with more than three terms have no special name. The degree of a monomial is the sum of the exponents of all its variables. The degree of the polynomial is the same as the degree of the monomial term with the highest degree. State whether each expression is a polynomial. If the expression is a polynomial, identify it as a monomial, binomial, or trinomial. Then give the degree of the polynomial.
Expression 3x 7xyz 25 7n3 3n
4

Degree of a Polynomial

Example

Polynomial? Yes. 3x 7xyz 3x ( 7xyz), which is the sum of two monomials Yes. No. 3n 25 is a real number.
4

Monomial, Binomial, or Trinomial? binomial monomial none of these

Degree of the Polynomial 3 0

3 , which is not n4

a monomial 4 2x Yes. The expression simplifies to 9x3 7x 4, which is the sum of three monomials trinomial 3

9x3

4x

Exercises
State whether each expression is a polynomial. If the expression is a polynomial, identify it as a monomial, binomial, or trinomial. 1. 36 3. 7x 5.
1 4y2

2. x 5y 5 8

3 q2

5 7gh x2 2

4. 8g2h 6. 6x

Find the degree of each polynomial. 7. 4x2y3z 10. s 13. x4 16. 9x2 19. 4x2 5t 6x2 yz8 1 2x3 10 8. 2abc 9. 15m 12. 18x2 4xy3 bc5 bc d5 15. 2r8s4 4yz 7r2s 8zx2 6h4m2 10y 4r7s6 2x5 7

11. 22 14. 2x3y2 17. 8b 20. 9abc

18. 4x4y 21. h3m

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473

Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-4

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-4

Study Guide and Intervention

Polynomials

(continued)

Write Polynomials in Order The terms of a polynomial are usually arranged so that the powers of one variable are in ascending (increasing) order or descending (decreasing) order.
Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in ascending order. a. x4 x2 5x3 x2 5x3 x4 b. 8x3y y2 y2 xy2 6x2y 6x2y xy2 8x3y

Example 1

Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in descending order. a. x4 4x5 4x5 x4 b. 6xy x4y2 y3 x2y2 x2 x2 x2y2 6xy x4y2 y3

Example 2

Exercises
Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in ascending order. 1. 5x x2 6 2. 6x 9 4x2 3. 4xy 2y 6x2

4. 6y2x

6x2y

5. x4

x3

x2

6. 2x3

3x7

7.

5cx

10c2x3

15cx2

8.

4nx

5n3x3

9. 4xy

2y

5x2

Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in descending order. 10. 2x x2 5 11. 20x 10x2 5x3 12. x2 4yx 10x5

13. 9bx

3bx2

6x3

14. x3

x5

x2

15. ax2

8a2x5

16. 3x3y

4xy2

x4y2

y5

17. x4

4x3

7x5

18.

3x6

x5

2x8

19.

15cx2

8c2x5

cx

20. 24x2y

12x3y2

6x4

21.

15x3

10x4y2

7xy2

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474

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-4

Skills Practice
Polynomials

State whether each expression is a polynomial. If the expression is a polynomial, identify it as a monomial, a binomial, or a trinomial. 1. 5mn n2 2. 4by 2b by 3. 32

4.

3x 7

5. 5x2

3x

6. 2c2

8c

GEOMETRY Write a polynomial to represent the area of each shaded region.

7.
y x a b

8.
r

Find the degree of each polynomial. 9. 12 12. 4a3 2a 10. 3r4 13. 5abc 2b2 1 11. b 6 2x8

14. 8x5y4

Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in ascending order. 15. 3x 17. 9x2 19. 7r5x 1 2 2x2 x3 x r2x2 15x3 16. 5x 18. 3 6 3x3 3x2 x2 4x 10x3 ax2

21r4

20. 3a2x4

14a2

Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in descending order. 21. x2 3x3 27 x 22. 25 x3 x

23. x

3x2

5x3

24. x2

64

7x3

25. 2cx

32

c3x2

6x3

26. 13

x3y3

x2y2

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475

Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-4

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-4

Practice
Polynomials

State whether each expression is a polynomial. If the expression is a polynomial, identify it as a monomial, a binomial, or a trinomial. 1. 7a2b 3b2 a2b 2.
1 3 y 5

y2

3. 6g2h3k

GEOMETRY Write a polynomial to represent the area of each shaded region.

4.
b

5.
b d

Find the degree of each polynomial. 6. x 8. 3x4 2x2y 21x2 3xy3 2a5c x3 x2 b3c 2 7. 3g2h3 9. 5n3m 11. 10s2t2 g 3h 2m3 4st2 n2m4 5s3t2 n2

10. a3b2c

Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in ascending order. 12. 8x2 14. 3x3y 15 5x5 8y2 xy4 13. 10bx 15. 7ax 7b2 12 x4 3ax3 4b2x3 a2x2

Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in descending order. 16. 13x2 18. g2x 20. 7a2x2 5 3gx3 17 6x3 7g3 a3x3 x 4x2 2ax 17. 4x 19. 2x5 6x3 6y 9r6 2 2xy r2x 2x4 8x6

11x2y3

21. 12rx3

22. MONEY Write a polynomial to represent the value of t ten-dollar bills, f fifty-dollar bills, and h one-hundred-dollar bills. 23. GRAVITY The height above the ground of a ball thrown up with a velocity of 96 feet per second from a height of 6 feet is 6 96t 16t2 feet, where t is the time in seconds. According to this model, how high is the ball after 7 seconds? Explain.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

476

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-4

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Polynomials
How are polynomials useful in modeling data? Read the introduction to Lesson 8-4 at the top of page 432 in your textbook. How many terms does t4 9t3 26t 18t 76 have?

Pre-Activity

What could you call a polynomial with just one term?

Reading the Lesson

1. What is the meaning of the prefixes mono-, bi-, and tri-?

2. Write examples of words that begin with the prefixes mono-, bi-, and tri-.

3. Complete the table.

monomial Example Number of Terms 3r 2t binomial 2x2 3x trinomial 5x2 3x 2 polynomial with more than three terms 7s 2 s4 2s3 s 5

4. What is the degree of the monomial 3xy2z? 5. What is the degree of the polynomial 4x4 your answer. 2x3y3 y2 14? Explain how you found

Helping You Remember

6. Use a dictionary to find the meaning of the terms ascending and descending. Write their meanings and then describe a situation in your everyday life that relates to them.

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Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-4

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-4

Enrichment

Polynomial Functions
Suppose a linear equation such as 23x y 4 is solved for y. Then an equivalent equation, y 3x 4, is found. Expressed in this way, y is a function of x, or f(x) 3x 4. Notice that the right side of the equation is a binomial of degree 1. Higher-degree polynomials in x may also form functions. An example is f(x) x3 1, which is a polynomial function of degree 3. You can graph this function using a table of ordered pairs, as shown at the right.
x 1
1 2

y 2 0 1 2 4
3 8
O

y
3 8

1 0 1 1
1 2

For each of the following polynomial functions, make a table of values for x and y f(x). Then draw the graph on the grid. 1. f(x) 1 x2
y

2. f(x)

x2

5
y

3. f(x)

x2

4x
y

4. f(x)

x3
y

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478

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-5 6-5

Study Guide and Intervention

Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

Add Polynomials To add polynomials, you can group like terms horizontally or write them in column form, aligning like terms vertically. Like terms are monomial terms that are either identical or differ only in their coefficients, such as 3p and 5p or 2x2y and 8x2y. Example 1
Find (2x2 (3x 4x2 x 2). 8)

Example 2

Find (3x2 5xy) (xy 2x2).

Horizontal Method Group like terms. (2x2 x 8) (3x [(2x2 ( 4x2)] 2x2 4x 6. 2x2 4x 4x2 2) (x 3x ) 6. [( 8) 2)]

Vertical Method Align like terms in columns and add. 3x2 ( ) 2x2 5x2 5xy xy 6xy 6xy.
Put the terms in descending order.

The sum is

The sum is 5x2

Exercises
Find each sum. 1. (4a 5) (3a 6) 2. (6x 9) (4x2 7)

3. (6xy

2y

6x)

(4xy

x)

4. (x2

y2)

( x2

y2)

5. (3p2

2p

3)

(p2

7p

7)

6. (2x2

5xy

4y2)

( xy

6x2

2y2)

7. (5p

2q)

(2p2

8q

1)

8. (4x2

4)

(5x

2x2

2)

9. (6x2

3x)

(x2

4x

3)

10. (x2

2xy

y2)

(x2

xy

2y2)

11. (2a

4b

c)

( 2a

4c)

12. (6xy2

4xy)

(2xy

10xy2

y2)

15. (3z2

5z)

(z2

2z)

(z

4)

16. (8x2

4x

3y2

y)

(6x2

4y)

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

479

Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-5

13. (2p

5q)

(3p

6q)

(p

q)

14. (2x2

6)

(5x2

2)

( x2

7)

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-5

Study Guide and Intervention

Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

(continued)

Subtract Polynomials

You can subtract a polynomial by adding its additive inverse. To find the additive inverse of a polynomial, replace each term with its additive inverse or opposite.

Example

Find (3x2

2x

6)

(2x

x2

3). Vertical Method Align like terms in columns and subtract by adding the additive inverse. 3x2 ( ) x2 3x2 ( ) x2 2x 2x 2x 2x 6 3 6 3 9.

Horizontal Method Use additive inverses to rewrite as addition. Then group like terms. (3x2 2x 6) (2x x2 3) (3x2 2x 6) [( 2x) ( x2) ( 3)] [3x2 ( x2)] [2x ( 2x)] [ 6 ( 3)] 2x2 ( 9) 2x2 9 9.

The difference is 2x2

9 2x2 The difference is 2x2

Exercises
Find each difference. 1. (3a 5) (5a 1) 2. (9x 2) ( 3x2 5)

3. (9xy

2x)

(6xy

2x)

4. (x2

y2)

( x2

y2)

5. (6p2

4p

5)

(2p2

5p

1)

6. (6x2

5xy

2y2)

( xy

2x2

4y2)

7. (8p

5q)

( 6p2

6q

3)

8. (8x2

4x

3)

( 2x

x2

5)

9. (3x2

2x)

(3x2

5x

1)

10. (4x2

6xy

2y2)

( x2

2xy

5y2)

11. (2h

6j

2k)

( 7h

5j

4k)

12. (9xy2

5xy)

( 2xy

8xy2)

13. (2a

8b)

( 3a

5b)

14. (2x2

8)

( 2x2

6)

15. (6z2

4z

2)

(4z2

z)

16. (6x2

5x

1)

( 7x2

2x

4)

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

480

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-5

Skills Practice
Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

Find each sum or difference. 1. (2x 3. (5a 5. (m2 7. (d2 9. (5f 3y) 9b) m) d g 5) 2) (4x (2a (2m (2d ( 2f 9y) 4b) m2) 5) 3) 2. (6s 4. (11m 6. (x2 8. (2e2 10. (6k2 5t) 7n) 3x) 5e) 2k (4t 8s) (2m (2x2 (7e 9) 6n) 5x) 3e2) (4k2 5k)

11. (x3

1)

(3x

1)

12. (b2

ab

2)

(2b2

2ab)

13. (7z2

z)

( 5

3z2)

14. (5

4n

2m)

( 6m

8)

15. (4t2

2)

( 4

2t)

16. (3g 3

7g)

(4g

8g 3)

17. (2a2

8a

4)

(a2

3)

18. (3x2

7x

5)

( x2

4x)

19. (7z2

1)

( 4z

3z2

3)

20. (2c2

7c

4)

(c2

9c)

21. (n2

3n

2)

(2n2

6n

2)

22. (a2

ab

3b2)

(b2

4a2

ab)

23. (

6)

(2

24. (2m2

5m

1)

(4m2

3m

3)

25. (x2

6x

2)

( 5x2

7x

4)

26. (5b2

9b

5)

(b2

2b)

27. (2x2

6x

2)

(x2

4x)

(3x2

5)

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

481

Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-5

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-5

Practice
Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

Find each sum or difference. 1. (4y 3. (4k2 5. (2w2 7. (5a2 9. (x3 11. ( b3 13. (4y2 15. (4u2 17. (4d 2 19. (3h2 21. (x2 23. (k3 25. (2x 26. (6f 2 5) 8k 3w 6a 3x ( 7y 2) 1) 2) 1) 1) (2k (4w (7a2 (x3 5) 8) 3) 2) 1) 6) 4k 3z) 3) 7 (7bc2 (7y2 (3u2 (5d 2 (4h (5x2 6) (4x (5f 2 4 u 2 8h2 y2 ( 4k 6z 1 5) k2 8y) 2f ) 3) (x (2f 2 3y 3 3) 7) 7a 5) 2. ( x2 4. (2m2 6. (g3 8. ( 4p2 10. (6c2 b3) 12. (5n2 14. (w2 16. (5b2 18. (8x2 20. (4m2 22. (7t2 24. (9j 2 z) f) c 3n 4w 8 x 3m 2 j t) jk) 3x) 6m) 2g2) p 1) 2) 1) 2b) 6) (5x (m2 (6g 9) 2x2) 5m 4g2 (p2 ( 4 ( n ( 5 (b ( x2 10) (t2 7) 2g3) 3p 2c2 2n2 5w2 9b2 2x m 2t) jk 4j) 5) 3) 2) 1) 8c) 4) 3w)

12x) 2 y) 4) d) 1)

8bc2 2y 2u 2d 7h y2 2k2 6y 7f

(m2 7

( 3j 2

27. BUSINESS The polynomial s3 70s2 1500s 10,800 models the profit a company makes on selling an item at a price s. A second item sold at the same price brings in a profit of s3 30s2 450s 5000. Write a polynomial that expresses the total profit from the sale of both items. 28. GEOMETRY The measures of two sides of a triangle are given. If P is the perimeter, and P 10x 5y, find the measure of the third side.
3x 4y

5x

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Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-5

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Adding and Subtracting Polynomials
How can adding polynomials help you model sales? Read the introduction to Lesson 8-5 at the top of page 439 in your textbook. What operation would you use to find how much more the traditional toy sales R were than the video games sales V ?

Pre-Activity

Reading the Lesson

1. Use the example ( 3x3 4x2 5x 1) ( 5x3 2x2 2x 7). a. Show what is meant by grouping like terms horizontally.

b. Show what is meant by aligning like terms vertically.

c. Choose one method, then add the polynomials.

2. How is subtracting a polynomial like subtracting a rational number?

3. An algebra student got the following exercise wrong on his homework. What was his error? (3x5 3x4 2x3 4x2 5) [3x5 ( 2x5)] ( 3x4) x5 3x4 x3 6x2 9 (2x5 [2x3 x3 2x2 4) ( x3)] [ 4x2 ( 2x2)] (5 4)

Helping You Remember Lesson 8-5

4. How is adding and subtracting polynomials vertically like adding and subtracting decimals vertically?

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____________ PERIOD _____

8-5

Enrichment

Circular Areas and Volumes

Area of Circle A
r

Volume of Cylinder V
r h

Volume of Cone V
1 3

r2

r2h

r2h

h r

Write an algebraic expression for each shaded area. (Recall that the diameter of a circle is twice its radius.) 1.
x x

2.
y x x y

3.

2x

2x

3x

Write an algebraic expression for the total volume of each figure. 4.

x
5x 2x

5.
x

3x 2

Each figure has a cylindrical hole with a radius of 2 inches and a height of 5 inches. Find each volume. 6.
5x

7.
3x

7x

4x

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____________ PERIOD _____

8-6

Study Guide and Intervention

Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial
Lesson 8-6

Product of Monomial and Polynomial The Distributive Property can be used to multiply a polynomial by a monomial. You can multiply horizontally or vertically. Sometimes multiplying results in like terms. The products can be simplified by combining like terms. Example 1
Find 3x2(4x2 6x 8).

Example 2

Horizontal Method 3x2(4x2 6x 8) 3x2(4x2) ( 3x2)(6x) ( 3x2)(8) 12x4 ( 18x3) ( 24x2) 12x4 18x3 24x2 Vertical Method 4x2 6x 8 ( ) 3x2 12x4 18x3 24x2 12x4 18x3 24x2. The product is

Simplify 2(4x 2 x(x2 6x).

5x)

2(4x2 5x) x( x2 6x) 2(4x2) ( 2)(5x) ( x)(x2) ( x)(6x) 8x2 ( 10x) ( x3) ( 6x2) ( x3) [ 8x2 ( 6x2)] ( 10x) x3 14x2 10x

Exercises
Find each product. 1. x(5x x2) 2. x(4x2 3x 2) 3. 2xy(2y 4x2)

4.

2g( g2

2g

2)

5. 3x(x4

x3

x2)

6.

4x(2x3

2x

3)

7.

4cx(10

3x)

8. 3y( 4x

6x3

2y)

9. 2x2y2(3xy

2y

5x)

Simplify. 10. x(3x 4) 5x 11. x(2x2 4x) 6x2

12. 6a(2a

b)

2a( 4a

5b)

13. 4r(2r2

3r

5)

6r(4r2

2r

8)

14. 4n(3n2

4)

n(3

n)

15. 2b(b2

4b

8)

3b(3b2

9b

18)

16.

2z(4z2

3z

1)

z(3z2

2z

1)

17. 2(4x2

2x)

3( 6x2

4)

2x(x

1)

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8-6

Study Guide and Intervention

Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial

(continued)

Solve Equations with Polynomial Expressions Example

4(n 4n 2) 5n 8 5n 9n 8 15n 8 15n n

Many equations contain polynomials that must be added, subtracted, or multiplied before the equation can be solved. Solve 4(n 6(3 18 37 37 45 3 n) 6n 6n 2) 19 19 5n 6(3 n) 19.

Original equation Distributive Property Combine like terms. Add 6n to both sides. Add 8 to both sides. Divide each side by 15.

The solution is 3.

Exercises
Solve each equation. 1. 2(a 3) 3( 2a 6) 2. 3(x 5) 6 18

3. 3x(x

5)

3x2

30

4. 6(x2

2x)

2(3x2

12)

5. 4(2p

1)

12p

2(8p

12)

6. 2(6x

4)

4(x

4)

7.

2(4y

3)

8y

4(y

2)

8. c(c

2)

c(c

6)

10c

12

9. 3(x2

2x)

3x2

5x

11

10. 2(4x

3)

4(x

1)

11. 3(2h

6)

(2h

1)

12. 3(y

5)

(4y

8)

2y

10

13. 3(2a

6)

( 3a

1)

4a

14. 5(2x2

1)

(10x2

6)

(x

2)

15. 3(x

2)

2(x

1)

5(x

3)

16. 4(3p2

2p)

12p2

2(8p

6)

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8-6

Skills Practice
Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial
Lesson 8-6
c3) 4y2) 3n 4) 6y2 9a 3(m2 4m 1) 8 2(b 2 4(x 5) 2(c 3) 2 6) 2
Glencoe Algebra 1

Find each product. 1. a(4a 3) 2. c(11c 4)

3. x(2x

5)

4. 2y(y

4)

5.

3n(n2

2n)

6. 4h(3h

5)

7. 3x(5x2

4)

8. 7c(5

2c2

9.

4b(1

9b

2b2)

10. 6y( 5

11. 2m2(2m2

3m

5)

12.

3n2( 2n2

Simplify. 13. w(3w 2) 5w 14. f(5f 3) 2f

15.

p(2p

8)

5p

16. y2( 4y

5)

17. 2x(3x2

4)

3x3

18. 4a(5a2

4)

19. 4b( 5b

3)

2(b2

7b

4)

20. 3m(3m

6)

Solve each equation. 21. 3(a 23. 5( y 25. 6(m 2) 1) 2) 5 2 14 2a 4( y 3(m 4 2) 2) 6 10 22. 2(4x 24. 4(b 26. 3(c 2) 6) 5)

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487

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-6

Practice
Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial

Find each product. 1. 2h( 7h2 4. 5jk(3jk 7. 4h) 2k) m 7) 2. 6pq(3p2 5. 3rs( 2s2 8. 4q) 3r)
2 2 n ( 9n2 3

3.

2u2n(4u

2n) 4g)

6. 4mg2(2mg 3n 6)

1 m(8m2 4

Simplify. 9. 2 (3 3) 2) 7) 4) 7 5(2t2 3(g2 5z(z2 9t 2g 2z 2) 3) 1) 3g( 5g 3z(4z 2) 10. 5w( 7w 12. 3) 2(3m3 3) 5m 2w( 2w2 6) 19w 2) 3m 1)

11. 6t(2t 13. 3g(7g

3m(2m2

14. 4z2(z

Solve each equation. 15. 5(2s 17. 4(8n 19. h(h 21. t(t 1) 3) 3) 4) 3 5 2h 1 t(t 3(3s 2(6n h(h 2) 2) 8) 2) 2 1 12 16. 3(3u 18. 8(3b 20. w(w 22. u(u 2) 1) 6) 5) 5 4(b 4w 8u 2(2u 3) 7 u(u 2) 9 w(w 2) 4 9)

23. NUMBER THEORY Let x be an integer. What is the product of twice the integer added to three times the next consecutive integer?

INVESTMENTS For Exercises 2426, use the following information.

Kent invested $5,000 in a retirement plan. He allocated x dollars of the money to a bond account that earns 4% interest per year and the rest to a traditional account that earns 5% interest per year. 24. Write an expression that represents the amount of money invested in the traditional account. 25. Write a polynomial model in simplest form for the total amount of money T Kent has invested after one year. (Hint: Each account has A IA dollars, where A is the original amount in the account and I is its interest rate.) 26. If Kent put $500 in the bond account, how much money does he have in his retirement plan after one year?

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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-6

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial
Lesson 8-6
How is finding the product of a monomial and a polynomial related to finding the area of a rectangle? Read the introduction to Lesson 8-6 at the top of page 444 in your textbook. You may recall that the formula for the area of a rectangle is A this rectangle, and w w. In

Pre-Activity

. How would you

substitute these values in the area formula?

Reading the Lesson

1. Refer to Lesson 8-6. a. How is the Distributive Property used to multiply a polynomial by a monomial?

b. Use the Distributive Property to complete the following. 2y2(3y2 2y 7) 2y2( ) 2y2( ) 2y2( )

3x3(x3

2x2

3)

2. What is the difference between simplifying an expression and solving an equation?

Helping You Remember

3. Use the equation 2x(x 5) 3x(x 3) 5x(x 7) 9 to show how you would explain the process of solving equations with polynomial expressions to another algebra student.

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____________ PERIOD _____

8-6

Enrichment

Figurate Numbers
The numbers below are called pentagonal numbers. They are the numbers of dots or disks that can be arranged as pentagons.

12

22

1. Find the product

1 n(3n 2

1).

2. Evaluate the product in Exercise 1 for values of n from 1 through 4. 3. What do you notice? 4. Find the next six pentagonal numbers. 5. Find the product
1 n(n 2

1).

6. Evaluate the product in Exercise 5 for values of n from 1 through 5. On another sheet of paper, make drawings to show why these numbers are called the triangular numbers.

7. Find the product n(2n

1).

8. Evaluate the product in Exercise 7 for values of n from 1 through 5. Draw these hexagonal numbers. 9. Find the first 5 square numbers. Also, write the general expression for any square number. The numbers you have explored above are called the plane figurate numbers because they can be arranged to make geometric figures. You can also create solid figurate numbers. 10. If you pile 10 oranges into a pyramid with a triangle as a base, you get one of the tetrahedral numbers. How many layers are there in the pyramid? How many oranges are there in the bottom layers? 11. Evaluate the expression
1 3 n 6 1 2 n 2 1 n for values of n from 1 through 5 to find the 3

first five tetrahedral numbers.

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Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-7

Study Guide and Intervention

Multiplying Polynomials

Multiply Binomials

To multiply two binomials, you can apply the Distributive Property twice. A useful way to keep track of terms in the product is to use the FOIL method as illustrated in Example 2.

Example 1

Find (x

3)(x

4).

3( 4)

Vertical Method ( ) x2 x2 x x 4x 3x x 3 4 12 12 x 12.

(x)(x) (x)(5) ( 2)(x) ( 2)(5) x2 5x ( 2x) 10 x2 3x 10 The product is x2 3x 10.

The product is x2

Exercises
Find each product. 1. (x 2)(x 3) 2. (x 4)(x 1) 3. (x 6)(x 2)

4. (p

4)(p

2)

5. (y

5)(y

2)

6. (2x

1)(x

5)

7. (3n

4)(3n

4)

8. (8m

2)(8m

2)

9. (k

4)(5k

1)

10. (3x

1)(4x

3)

11. (x

8)( 3x

1)

12. (5t

4)(2t

6)

13. (5m

3n)(4m

2n)

14. (a

3b)(2a

5b)

15. (8x

5)(8x

5)

16. (2n

4)(2n

5)

17. (4m

3)(5m

5)

18. (7g

4)(7g

4)

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491

Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-7

Horizontal Method (x 3)(x 4) x(x 4) 3(x 4) (x)(x) x( 4) 3(x) x2 4x 3x 12 x2 x 12

Find (x the FOIL method. (x 2)(x

First

Example 2

2)(x

5) using

5)
Outer Inner Last

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-7

Study Guide and Intervention

Multiplying Polynomials

(continued)

Multiply Polynomials
two polynomials.

The Distributive Property can be used to multiply any

Example
(3x

Find (3x

2)(2x2

4x

5).
Distributive Property Distributive Property Combine like terms.

2)(2x2 4x 5) 3x(2x2 4x 5) 2(2x2 4x 5) 6x3 12x2 15x 4x2 8x 10 6x3 8x2 7x 10 6x3 8x2 7x 10.

The product is

Exercises
Find each product. 1. (x 2)(x2 2x 1) 2. (x 3)(2x2 x 3)

3. (2x

1)(x2

2)

4. (p

3)(p2

4p

2)

5. (3k

2)(k2

4)

6. (2t

1)(10t2

2t

4)

7. (3n

4)(n2

5n

4)

8. (8x

2)(3x2

2x

1)

9. (2a

4)(2a2

8a

3)

10. (3x

4)(2x2

3x

3)

11. (n2

2n

1)(n2

2)

12. (t2

4t

1)(2t2

3)

13. (y2

5y

3)(2y2

7y

4)

14. (3b2

2b

1)(2b2

3b

4)

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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-7

Skills Practice
Multiplying Polynomials

Find each product. 1. (m 4)(m 1) 2. (x 2)(x 2)

3. (b

3)(b

4)

4. (t

4)(t

3)

7. (3c

1)(c

2)

8. (2x

6)(x

3)

9. (d

1)(5d

4)

10. (2

5)(

4)

11. (3n

7)(n

3)

12. (q

5)(5q

1)

13. (3b

3)(3b

2)

14. (2m

2)(3m

3)

15. (4c

1)(2c

1)

16. (5a

2)(2a

3)

17. (4h

2)(4h

1)

18. (x

y)(2x

y)

19. (e

4)(e2

3e

6)

20. (t

1)(t2

2t

4)

21. (k

4)(k2

3k

6)

22. (m

3)(m2

3m

5)

GEOMETRY Write an expression to represent the area of each figure. 23.

4x 1

24.
2x 4

2x

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Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-7

5. (r

1)(r

2)

6. (z

5)(z

1)

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-7

Practice
Multiplying Polynomials

Find each product. 1. (q 4. (n 7. (4c 10. (4b 13. (6a 16. (3a 19. (m 21. (2h 23. (3q 25. (3c2 27. (2x2 6)(q 4)(n 6)(c 3)(3b 3)(7a b)(2a 5)(m2 3)(2h2 2)(9q2 2c 2x 5) 6) 4) 4) 4) b) 4m 3h 12q c 4x 8) 4) 4) 9) 3) 2. (x 5. (a 8. (2x 11. (4m 14. (6h 17. (4g 7)(x 5)(a 9)(2x 2)(4m 3)(4h 3h)(2g 20. (t 22. (3d 24. (3r 26. (2
2

4) 8) 4) 3) 2) 3h) 3)(t2 4t

3. (s 6. (w 9. (4d 12. (5c 15. (2x 18. (4x 7) 5d 6r

2

5)(s 6)(w

6) 9) 3) 9) 4) y)

5)(2d 5)(7c 2)(5x y)(4x

3)(2d 2 2)(9r2

2) 4) 2 4y 2) 5)

1)(2c2 3)(2x2

3)(4 2y

28. (3y2

2)(3y2

GEOMETRY Write an expression to represent the area of each figure.

29.
2x 2

30.
x
4x 2 1

5x

3x

31. NUMBER THEORY Let x be an even integer. What is the product of the next two consecutive even integers? 32. GEOMETRY The volume of a rectangular pyramid is one third the product of the area of its base and its height. Find an expression for the volume of a rectangular pyramid whose base has an area of 3x2 12x 9 square feet and whose height is x 3 feet.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

494

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-7

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Multiplying Polynomials
How is multiplying binomials similar to multiplying two-digit numbers? Read the introduction to Lesson 8-7 at the top of page 452 in your textbook. In your own words, explain how the distributive property is used twice to multiply two-digit numbers.

Pre-Activity

Reading the Lesson

1. How is multiplying binomials similar to multiplying two-digit numbers?

2. Complete the table using the FOIL method.

Product of First Terms (x 5)(x 3) Product of Outer Terms Product of Inner Terms Product of Last Terms

(3y

6)(y

2)

Helping You Remember

3. Think of a method for remembering all the product combinations used in the FOIL method for multiplying two binomials. Describe your method using words or a diagram.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

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Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-7

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-7

Enrichment

Pascals Triangle
This arrangement of numbers is called Pascals Triangle. It was first published in 1665, but was known hundreds of years earlier. 1. Each number in the triangle is found by adding two numbers. What two numbers were added to get the 6 in the 5th row? 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 6 2 3 4 1 1 1 1

2. Describe how to create the 6th row of Pascals Triangle.

3. Write the numbers for rows 6 through 10 of the triangle. Row 6: Row 7: Row 8: Row 9: Row 10:

Multiply to find the expanded form of each product. 4. (a 5. (a 6. (a b)2 b)3 b)4

Now compare the coefficients of the three products in Exercises 46 with Pascals Triangle. 7. Describe the relationship between the expanded form of (a b) n and Pascals Triangle.

8. Use Pascals Triangle to write the expanded form of (a

b)6.

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____________ PERIOD _____

8-8

Study Guide and Intervention

Special Products

Squares of Sums and Differences

Some pairs of binomials have products that follow specific patterns. One such pattern is called the square of a sum. Another is called the square of a difference.
Square of a sum Square of a difference (a (a b)2 b)2 (a (a b)(a b)(a b) b) a2 a2 2ab 2ab b2 b2

Example 1

Find (3a

4)(3a

4).

Example 2

Find (2z

9)(2z

9).

Use the square of a sum pattern, with a 3a and b 4. (3a 4)(3a 4) (3a)2 2(3a)(4) 9a2 24a 16 24a 16. (4)2

Use the square of a difference pattern with a 2z and b 9. (2z 9)(2z 9) (2z)2 2(2z)(9) 4z2 36z 81 36z 81. (9)(9)

The product is 9a2

The product is 4z2

Exercises
Find each product. 1. (x 6)2 2. (3p 4)2 3. (4x 5)2

4. (2x

1)2

5. (2h

3)2

6. (m

5)2

7. (c

3)2

8. (3

p)2

9. (x

5y)2

10. (8y

4)2

11. (8

x)2

12. (3a

2b)2

13. (2x

8)2

14. (x2

1)2

15. (m2

2)2

16. (x3

1)2

17. (2h2

k2)2

18.

1 x 4

19. (x

4y2)2

20. (2p

4q)2

21.

2 x 3

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Lesson 8-8

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-8

Study Guide and Intervention

Special Products

(continued)

Product of a Sum and a Difference

There is also a pattern for the product of a sum and a difference of the same two terms, (a b)(a b). The product is called the difference of squares.
Product of a Sum and a Difference (a b)(a b) a2 b2

Example

Find (5x

3y)(5x
a

3y).
Product of a Sum and a Difference 5x and b 3y

(a b)(a b) (5x 3y)(5x 3y) The product is 25x2

a2 b2 (5x)2 (3y)2 25x2 9y2 9y2.

Simplify.

Exercises
Find each product. 1. (x 4)(x 4) 2. (p 2)(p 2) 3. (4x 5)(4x 5)

4. (2x

1)(2x

1)

5. (h

7)(h

7)

6. (m

5)(m

5)

7. (2c

3)(2c

3)

8. (3

5q)(3

5q)

9. (x

y)(x

y)

10. ( y

4x)( y

4x)

11. (8

4x)(8

4x)

12. (3a

2b)(3a

2b)

13. (3y

8)(3y

8)

14. (x2

1)(x2

1)

15. (m2

5)(m2

5)

16. (x3

2)(x3

2)

17. (h2

k2)(h2

k2)

18.

1 x 4

1 x 4

19. (3x

2y2)(3x

2y2)

20. (2p

5s)(2p

5s)

21.

4 x 3

2y

4 x 3

2y

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498

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-8

Skills Practice
Special Products

Find each product. 1. (n 3)2 2. (x 4)(x 4)

3. ( y

7)2

4. (t

3)(t

3)

5. (b

1)(b

1)

6. (a

5)(a

5)

7. (p

4)2

8. (z

3)(z

3)

9. (

2)(

2)

10. (r

1)(r

1)

11. (3g

2)(3g

2)

12. (2m

3)(2m

3)

13. (6

u)2

14. (r

s)2

15. (3q

1)(3q

1)

16. (c

e)2

17. (2k

2)2

18. (w

3h)2

19. (3p

4)(3p

4)

20. (t

2u)2

21. (x

4y)2

22. (3b

7)(3b

7)

23. (3y

3g)(3y

3g)

24. (s2

r2)2

25. (2k

m2)2

26. (3u2

n)2

27. GEOMETRY The length of a rectangle is the sum of two whole numbers. The width of the rectangle is the difference of the same two whole numbers. Using these facts, write a verbal expression for the area of the rectangle.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

499

Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-8

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-8

Practice
Special Products

Find each product. 1. (n 9)2 11)2 2. (q 8)2 7)2 2)2 4)2 3. ( 10)2

4. (r

5. ( p

6. (b

6)(b 4)2 2)2

6)

7. (z

13)(z 1)2

13)

8. (4e

9. (5w

10. (6h

11. (3s

12. (7v

13. (7k

3)(7k

3)

14. (4d

7)(4d 6u)2 6y)2 4p)2

7)

15. (3g

9h)(3g s)2 7p)2 6s)2 2y2)2 2t)2 3e2)(2v2

9h)

16. (4q

5t)(4q m)2 7v)2

5t)

17. (a

18. (5r

19. (6c

20. (k

21. (u

22. (4b

23. (6n

24. (5q

25. (6a 28. (3p3 31. (6e3

7b)(6a 2m)2 c)2

7b)

26. (8h 29. (5a2 32. (2b2

3d)(8h 2b)2 g)(2b2

3d)

27. (9x 30. (4m3 33. (2v2

g)

3e2)

34. GEOMETRY Janelle wants to enlarge a square graph that she has made so that a side of the new graph will be 1 inch more than twice the original side s. What trinomial represents the area of the enlarged graph?

GENETICS For Exercises 35 and 36, use the following information.

In a guinea pig, pure black hair coloring B is dominant over pure white coloring b. Suppose two hybrid Bb guinea pigs, with black hair coloring, are bred. 35. Find an expression for the genetic make-up of the guinea pig offspring. 36. What is the probability that two hybrid guinea pigs with black hair coloring will produce a guinea pig with white hair coloring?

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

500

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-8

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Special Products
When is the product of two binomials also a binomial? Read the introduction to Lesson 8-8 at the top of page 458 in your textook. What is a meant by the term trinomial product?

Pre-Activity

Reading the Lesson

1. Refer to the Key Concepts boxes on pages 458, 459, and 460. a. When multiplying two binomials, there are three special products. What are the three special products that may result when multiplying two binomials?

b. Explain what is meant by the name of each special product.

c. Use the examples in the Key Concepts boxes to complete the table.
Symbols Square of a Sum Square of a Difference Product of a Sum and a Difference Product Example Product

2. What is another phrase that describes the product of the sum and difference of two terms?

Helping You Remember

3. Explain how FOIL can help you remember how many terms are in the special products studied in this lesson.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

501

Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-8

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

____________ PERIOD _____

8-8

Enrichment

Sums and Differences of Cubes

Recall the formulas for finding some special products: Perfect-square trinomials: (a (a Difference of two squares: (a b)2 b)2 b)(a a2 a2 b) 2ab 2ab a2 b2 or b2 b2 b)3.

A pattern also exists for finding the cube of a sum (a 1. Find the product of (a b)(a b)(a b).

2. Use the pattern from Exercise 1 to evaluate (x

2)3.

3. Based on your answer to Exercise 1, predict the pattern for the cube of a difference (a b)3.

4. Find the product of (a answer for Exercise 3.

b)(a

b)(a

b) and compare it to your

5. Use the pattern from Exercise 4 to evaluate (x

4)3.

Find each product. 6. (x 6)3 7. (x 10)3

8. (3x

y)3

9. (2x

y)3

10. (4x

3y)3

11. (5x

2)3

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

502

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME

DATE

PERIOD SCORE

Chapter 8 Test, Form 1

Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question. 1. Simplify y5 y3. A. y2 2. Simplify (6x3)(x2). A. 6x5 3. Simplify (b4)3. A. b7
a

B. y8

C. y15

D. 2y8

1.

B. 6x6

C. 7x5

D. 7x6

2.

B. 3b4

C. b12

D. 3b7

3.

7 4. Simplify a4 . Assume the denominator is not equal to zero.

A.

a11

B. a28

C. a3

D. 1

4.

5. Simplify (5x2)(52x3). A. 25x6 B. 25x5

d

C. 125x6

D. 125x5

5.

3 6. Simplify 2c . Assume the denominator is not equal to zero.

A.

6c6 d3

B. 8c
d

c3 C. 243 d

3 D. 8c3

6.

m n

A. m7n5 8. Simplify (x2)(x A. x

12

3 B. m

C. m3n

D. n3
m

7.

3)(x 2).

B. x7

C. 1 3
x

D.

1 x 3

8.

9. Express 3851 in scientific notation. A. 3.851 103 B. 38.51 102 10. Express 5.9 A. 5900 11. Evaluate (3 A. 6 109

C. 385.1

10

D. 3.851

10

9.

103 in standard notation. B. 0.0059 C. 59,000 104)(3 105). B. 9 109

D. 0.00059

10.

C. 6

1020

D. 9

1020

11.

12. Find the degree of the polynomial b5 A. 3 B. 8

2b3 7. C. 5

D. 7

12.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

503

Glencoe Algebra 1

Assessment

5 2 7. Simplify m2n3 . Assume the denominator is not equal to zero.

NAME

DATE

PERIOD

Chapter 8 Test, Form 1

(continued)

13. Which of the following polynomials shows the terms of x2 5x3 arranged so that the powers of x are in descending order? A. 5x3 2x x2 4 B. 4 2x x2 5x3 C. 5x3 4 2x x2 D. 5x3 x2 2x 4

2x

13.

14. MONEY Write a polynomial to represent the value of d dimes and n nickels. A. 10d 5n B. 0.1d 0.5n C. 0.1d 0.05n D. d n 15. Find (n2 3n) A. 3n2 2n 16. Find (2a 5) A. 5a 6 17. Find 3m2(2m2 A. 5m4 3m3 18. Simplify 3(x2 A. 4x2 x 19. Solve 3(2n A. 3 6) (2n2 n). B. 3n2 (3a 1). B. a

14.

2n

C. n2

4n

D. n2

2n

15.

C.

D.

16.

m). B. 6m4 2x)

3m2

C. 5m4

3m

D. 6m4

3m3

17.

x(x 1). B. 2x2 7x 4(n B. 3

5

C. 2x2

3x

D. 2x2

5x

18.

3). C. 6 D. 1 4
5

19.

20. Find (x 3)(x 5). A. x2 8x 15 B. x2 21. Find (2n 3)(n 4). A. 3n 1 C. 2n2 5n 12 22. Find (x 3)(2x2 4x 8). A. 2x3 10x2 20x 24 C. 12x2 20x 24 23. Find (y 5)2. A. y2 25 24. Find (3y 1)2. A. 6y2 6y 1 25. Find (2x A. 4x 5)(2x

15

C. 2x

D. 2x

15

20.

B. 2n2 D. 2n2

12 11n

21.

B. 4x2 D. 2x3

4x 24 2x2 4x

24

22.

B. 2y

10

C. y2

10y

10

D. y2

10y

25 23.

B. 9y2 5). B. 4x2

1)(32n)4.

6y

C. 9y2

3y

D. 9y2

6y

24.

25

C. 4x2

20x

25 D. 4x2 B:

25

25.

Bonus Simplify (3n

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

504

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME

DATE

PERIOD SCORE

Chapter 8 Test, Form 2A

Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question. 1. Simplify (9d4)( 6d5). A. 3d9 B. 3d 2. Simplify (x3)8. A. x24

C.

54d9

D.

54d20

1.

B. x11

C. 8x24

D. 8x11

2.

3. Simplify ( 2hk)4(4h3k5)2. A. 2h24k40 B. 64h9k11

a

C.

256h10k14

D. 256h10k14

3.

9 4. Simplify a3 . Assume the denominator is not equal to zero.

A.

a3
9b c

B. a12

C. a6

D. a27

4.

4 2 5. Simplify 36b 1c 5 . Assume the denominator is not equal to zero.

b4 A. 273 c

4 B. 4b 3

b3 C. 273 c

5 D. 4b 3

5.

y4 6 2 6. Simplify (32 n 3) 4 . Assume the denominator is not equal to zero. (y n )

A. 9 16
y

B. 9 24
n

C. 9y16

D. 9n24

6.

7. Express 4173 in scientific notation. A. 4.173 103 B. 41.73 102 8. Evaluate (4 10 A. 8 10 16

2)(2

C. 417.3

10

D. 4.173

10

7.

108). B. 8 106

C. 6 8x2y5 C. 8

106 x7y.

D. 6

10

16

8.

9. Find the degree of the polynomial 3xy A. 2 B. 7 10. Arrange the terms of 4x3y2 descending order. A. 3y 6xy3 4x3y2 2x5 C. 2x5 4x3y2 6xy3 3y 6xy3 2x5

D. 10

9.

3y so that the powers of x are in

B. 4x3y2 3y 2x5 6xy3 D. 6xy3 4x3y2 3y 2x5

10.

11. Find (9t2 4t 6) (t2 2t 4). A. 8t2 6t 10 B. 8t2 2t 2

C. 9t2

6t

D. 9t2

6t

10 11.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

505

Glencoe Algebra 1

Assessment

NAME

DATE

PERIOD

Chapter 8 Test, Form 2A

(continued)

12. CARS The number of domestic car sales from 19811999 in millions is modeled by the expression y 0.01n2 0.11n 6.51 where n is the number of years since 1981. The number of import car sales from 19811999 in millions is modeled by the expression y 0.02n 2.57. Find an expression that models the total number of car sales n years since 1981. A. 0.01n2 0.09n 3.94 B. 0.01n2 0.13n 9.08 C. 0.01n2 0.31n 8.08 D. 0.01n2 0.13n 9.08 12. 13. Simplify 2a2(5a 6) 5a(a2 A. 5a3 3a2 27a 35 C. 5a3 10a 7 14. Find (c 5)(c 7). A. c2 12c 35 C. c2 12c 35 15. Find (3y 4)(2y2 A. 6y3 5y2 7y C. 6y3 7y2 7y y 4 4 1). B. 6y3 D. 6y3 5y2 5y2 7y 7y 4 4 15. 3a 4) 7(a 5). B. 5a3 27a2 13a D. none of these

35 13.

B. c2 D. c2

12c 35

35 14.

16. Find (3a 2b)(3a 2b). A. 9a2 4b2 C. 9a2 12ab 4b2 17. Find (4a2 b)2. A. 16a4 b2 C. 16a4 8a2b b2 18. Solve 6(n A. 11 19. Solve 5x2 A. 2 11) 12 4(2n B. 11 (7x2 5x) B. 2 3).

B. 9a2 D. 9a2

4b2 12ab

4b2

16.

B. 8a4 D. 4a4

b2 8a2b

b2

17.

C. (2x2 16). C. 8

33

D. 33

18.

3x

D.

19.

20. GEOMETRY The length of a rectangle is 4 units less than twice the width. If the length is decreased by 3 units and the width is increased by 1 unit, the area is decreased by 16 square units. If w is the original width, which equation must be true? A. (2w 3)(w 3) w(2w 4) 16 B. 2(2w 3) 2(w 3) 2w 2(2w 4) 16 C. (2w 7)(w 1) w(2w 4) 16 D. 2(2w 7) 2(w 1) 2w (2w 4) 16
x Bonus Simplify 73x 3

20.

1.

B:

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

506

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME

DATE

PERIOD SCORE

Chapter 8 Test, Form 2B

Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question. 1. Simplify (5d3)( A. 10d5 2. Simplify (m4)2. A. 6m 2d2). B.

10d5

C. 10d6

D.

10d6

1.

B. m8

C. m6

D. 2m4

2.

3. Simplify ( 2xy2)4(2x3y4)2. A. 4x24y32 B. 8x9y6

C. 64x10y16

D.

4x10y16

3.

12 4. Simplify a 4 . Assume the denominator is not equal to zero.

A.

a3

B. a16

C. a48

D. a8

4.

3 5. Simplify 6n 1 y 3 . Assume the denominator is not equal to zero.

2n

3 A. 4y 2

4 B. 3y 2

C.

3 n4y2

2 D. 3n 4

5.

2 4) 6 6. Simplify (a 4 b 8 3 . Assume the denominator is not equal to zero.

(a b

7. Express 5.43 A. 54,300 8. Evaluate 2.88

2.4

10

in standard notation. B. 0.00543 C. 5430

D. 0.000543

7.

103 . 10 7
4

A. 0.48

10

B. 1.2

10

C. 1.2

1010 9x3y2.

D. 0.48

1010

8.

9. Find the degree of the polynomial 2x3y 4xy2 A. 4 B. 3 C. 12 10. Arrange the terms of x2y3 ascending order. A. 6 4xy2 x2y3 3x3y C. 6 4xy2 3x3y x2y3 11. Find (3c2 8c A. 3c2 1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

D. 5

9.

4xy2

3x3y

6 so that the powers of x are in

B. x2y3 3x3y 4xy2 6 D. 6 3x3y 4xy2 x2y3

10.

5)

(c2 8c 6). B. 4c2 11

C. 4c2

16c

D. 2c2

16c

1 11.
Glencoe Algebra 1

507

Assessment

A. ab3

B. 1

24 C. a48

48 D. b24

6.

NAME

DATE

PERIOD

Chapter 8 Test, Form 2B

(continued)

12. CLUBS The number of girls in a local 4-H club is modeled by the expression 4n2 n 52 where n is the number of years after 1990. The number of girls in 4H who are age 8 and under is modeled by the expression n2 13. Find an expression that models the number of girls older than 8 in the club. A. 3n2 n 39 B. 3n2 n 39 C. 3n2 n 39 D. 3n2 n 39 12. 13. Simplify 3b2(4b A. 14b3 11b2 C. 14b3 31b2 14. Find (x 2)(x A. x2 8 C. x2 2x 8 7) 2b(b2 12b 12 12b 12 4). B. x2 D. x2 2x 6x 6 8 14. 5b 3) 6(b 2). B. 41b2 12 D. 10b3 31b2

12

13.

15. Find (3x 2)(4x2 2x 7). A. 12x3 2x2 25x 14 C. 7x3 9x2 25x 14 16. Find (3y 4z)(3y A. 9y2 16z2 C. 9y2 16z2 17. Find ( 2r2 s)2. A. 4r4 s2 C. 4r4 s2 18. Solve A.
1 9

B. 12x3 14x2 25x D. 7x3 7x2 4x 5

14 15.

4z). B. 9y2 D. 9y2 24yz 24yz 16z2 16z2 16.

B. 4r4 4r2s s2 D. 4r4 4r2s s2 8( B. 6

28 3

17.

4(5

2n)

5n). C. 1). C. 1 D. 0 19.

7 8

D.

7 12

18.

19. Solve x(x A. 2

3)

2 B.

x(x 2

20. ART A picture is 4 inches longer than it is wide. It is surrounded by a mat that is 2 inches wide. The total area of the mat is 112 square inches. If w is the width of the picture, which equation is true? A. (w 4)(w 8) w(w 4) 112 B. (w 2)(w 6) w(w 4) 112 C. (w 4)(w 8) w(w 4) 112 D. (w 2)(w 6) w(w 4) 112 Bonus Simplify 32n
1

20.

35n.

B:

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

508

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME

DATE

PERIOD SCORE

8
Simplify.

Chapter 8 Test, Form 2C

1. 3y5 y3 2. (9m3n5)( 2mn2) 3. (w5y4)3 4. 4a3n6 4(a3n)6 4(an2)3

1. 2. 3. 4.

For Questions 57, simplify. Assume that no denominator is equal to zero.

6 2 5. p 3q

p q

5.

3s 6. 16r 1

4r

s2

6.

2 2 2 7. ( 8x3 y 3)

(4x y)

7.

8. Express 0.000498 in scientific notation. 9. Express 1.27 105 in standard notation.

8. 9.

For Questions 10 and 11, express each result in scientific and standard notation. 10. Evaluate (2.5 10
2)(4

106).

10. 11.

11. The radius of Earth is approximately 2.51 108 inches. The radius of the Sun is approximately 2.74 1010 inches. How many times greater is the radius of the Sun than the radius of Earth? 12. Find the degree of the polynomial 2x3y3 4xy 10x3y. x5y xy so

12. 13.

13. Arrange the terms of the polynomial 4 3x3y3 that the powers of x are in descending order.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

509

Glencoe Algebra 1

Assessment

NAME

DATE

PERIOD

Chapter 8 Test, Form 2C

(continued)

Find each sum or difference. 14. (5n2 15. (11m2 16. (x2 5y) 2ny 2mn (2x2 3y2) (9n2 8ny 10y2) 2n2) 14. 15. 16.

8n2) 6y)

(8m2

4mn

Find each product. 17. 5hk2(2h2k 18. (4x2 19. (3s 20. (5c 21. (7a 22. (4n hk3 4h2k2) y2) 6) 17. 18. 19. 20. 3b) 21. 22.

2y2)(2x2 5)(2s2 4)2 3b)(7a 1)2 8s

For Questions 23 and 24, solve each equation. 23. 6(3n 11 2) 4 4( 3 5(2n 2n) 1) 23. 24.

24. 8n

25. GARDENING The length of a rectangular garden is 8 feet 25. longer than the width. The garden is surrounded by a 4-foot sidewalk. The sidewalk has an area of 320 square feet. Find the dimensions of the garden.

Bonus If you multiply (x 1)20, how many terms will there be? (Hint: Look for a pattern in the smaller powers of (x 1).)

B:

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

510

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME

DATE

PERIOD SCORE

8
Simplify.

Chapter 8 Test, Form 2D

1. 5x4 x3 2. (3a2b5)( 2ab3) 3. (w3z7)3 4. 4a4b8 2(ab2)4 4(a2b4)2

1. 2. 3. 4.

For Questions 57, simplify. Assume that no denominator is equal to zero. 5.

12m3 4m5

5.

3 2 6. 4b2 d5

8b d

6.

3s5)3 7. (3r 2 7 2

( 3r s )

7.

8. Express 12,556 in scientific notation. 9. Express 7.43 10

3

8. 9.

in standard notation.

For Questions 10 and 11, express each result in scientific and standard notation. 10. The minimum distance from Earth to the Moon is approximately 2.26 105 miles. There are approximately 4 inches in one mile. What is the minimum 6.34 10 distance from Earth to the Moon in inches? 11. 5.4
2.7 104 10 3

10.

11.

12. Find the degree of the polynomial 2x2y

4x5

6xy3. 3y3 x3

12. 13.

13. Arrange the terms of the polynomial 3x2y xy2 so that the powers of x are in descending order.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

511

Glencoe Algebra 1

Assessment

NAME

DATE

PERIOD

Chapter 8 Test, Form 2D

(continued)

Find each sum or difference. 14. (7m2 15. (4y2 16. (3a3 3m 3y 4b) 4) 7) (3m2 (4y2 b) 7y 9m 2) 5) 14. 15. 16.

(2a3

Find each product. 17. 3x2y(2x2y 18. (3r2 19. (2n 20. (5y 21. (2k 22. (2c 5xy2 8y3x2) 5s2) 4n 1) 17. 18. 19. 20. 5r) 21. 22.

5s2)(3r2 3)(3n2 6)2 5r)(2k 1)2

For Questions 23 and 24, solve each equation. 23. 5x 24. 8 3 3) 2(3x 7(3 4) n) 23. 24. 25.

5(2n

25. GARDENING The length of a rectangular garden is 5 feet longer than its width. The garden is surrounded by a 2-foot-wide sidewalk. The sidewalk has an area of 76 square feet. Find the dimensions of the garden. Bonus If (x 1)10 is multiplied out, how many terms will there be? (Hint: Look for a pattern in the smaller powers of (x 1).)

B:

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

512

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME

DATE

PERIOD SCORE

8
Simplify.

Chapter 8 Test, Form 3

1. (ab8)(3a6b2)
4

1.

2. 2 h3
3

2.

3 3. 2 r (27r)(5s)2 1 s4

3.

4. (43x

7)(42x 9)

4.

For Questions 57, simplify. Assume that no denominator is equal to zero. 5.

54c2d5 9c6d2

5.

3) 6. ( 2mx5 0

8m

6.

7.

3a2b 3 2 5b 6a3b 4 4a 3

7.

8. Express 196,783 in scientific notation.

8.

For Questions 9 and 10, express each result in scientific and standard notation. 9. (7.2 10
3)(8.1

10

2)

9.

10. 4.59

5.1

10 3 102

10.

11. Arrange the terms of the polynomial 2xy 6 4x5y2 so that the powers of x are in descending order. 12. Find the degree of the polynomial m2np2 mn3p2

7x6y3

11.

4m4n.

12.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

513

Glencoe Algebra 1

Assessment

NAME

DATE

PERIOD

Chapter 8 Test, Form 3

(continued)

For Questions 13 and 14, find each sum or difference. 13. (8w2 14. (7u2v 4w 3uv 2) (2w2 w (4uv 6) 3u2v 2uv2) 13. 14. 15.
x2
2x 2

4uv2)

15. GEOMETRY The measures of two sides of a triangle are given on the triangle at the right. If the perimeter of the triangle is 6x2 8y, find the measure of the third side. 16. Simplify 5n2(n 6) 2n(3n2 n 6) 7(n2

5y

3).

16.

For Questions 1720, find each product. 17. (2y 18. 2 m

3

7)(4y 1 1m
2

4)

17.

18.

19. (4x 20. (5r2

y)(2x2 3s2)(5r2

xy

5y2) 3s2)

19. 20. 21.

21. A square has sides of length (3x 1) feet. Write an expression that represents the area of the square. 22. Solve y(y 23. If f(x) 24. If a2 x2 b2 6) (5y2 36) (4y2 2x 3y). 1) g(a b)2. 1).

22. 23. 24.

5x and g(x) 11 and ab

x2, find f(a

3, find the value of (a

25. GEOMETRY The length of a rectangle is 4 centimeters 25. more than its width. If the length is increased by 8 centimeters and the width is decreased by 4 centimeters, the area will remain unchanged. Find the original dimensions of the rectangle. Bonus Graph the solution set of (x 3)(x 5) (x 1)2 2(x
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

B: 1).

514

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME

DATE

PERIOD SCORE

Chapter 8 Open-Ended Assessment

Demonstrate your knowledge by giving a clear, concise solution to each problem. Be sure to include all relevant drawings and justify your answers. You may show your solution in more than one way or investigate beyond the requirements of the problem. 1. For each equation determine why the statement is incorrect. Explain how to change the right side of the equation to make a true statement. a. (4u 5v) (u v) 3u 4v b. x2y(3x3 4) 3x6y 4x2y c. (3a 5b)2 9a2 25b2 2. a. State whether the number 23.4 108 is in scientific notation. Explain how you determined your answer. b. Explain why scientific notation is helpful when dividing 22,100,000 by 0.00000013. Find the quotient 22,100,000 0.00000013. 3. Give a counterexample for each statement. a. The degree of a polynomial is always 2 or greater. b. The degree of a trinomial is always greater than the degree of a monomial. 4. a. Simplify
4a3 4 by using the Quotient of Powers property 2a 2 4a3 4 by using the Power of a Quotient property 2a 2

first, then use the Power of a Power property. b. Simplify

first, then use the Quotient of Powers property. c. Write a statement that generalizes the results of part a and part b. 5. Draw an area model demonstrating the product (3x y)(x 2y). Find the product algebraically. Explain how the algebraic product verifies the area model.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

515

Glencoe Algebra 1

Assessment

NAME

DATE

PERIOD SCORE

Chapter 8 Vocabulary Test/Review

monomial negative exponent polynomial Power of a Power Power of a Product Product of Powers Power of a Quotient Quotient of Powers scientific notation trinomial zero exponent

binomial constant degree of a monomial degree of a polynomial difference of squares FOIL method

Write the letter of the term that best matches each statement or phrase.

1. constant 2. Power of a Power 3. Product of Powers 4. FOIL method 5. Quotient of Powers 6. Power of a Quotient 7. monomial 8. zero exponent 9. trinomial 10. binomial

a. property that tells us to find the power of the numerator and the power of the denominator b. property that tells us that any nonzero number raised to the zero power is 1 c. property that tells us to multiply exponents d. the sum of three monomials e. monomials that are real numbers f. used to multiply two binomials g. property that tell us to add exponents when multiplying two powers that have the same base h. the sum of two monomials i. property that tells us to subtract exponents when dividing two powers that have the same base j. a number, a variable, or a product of a number and one or more variables

In your own words Define each term.

11. degree of a monomial 12. degree of a polynomial 13. scientific notation

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

516

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME

DATE

PERIOD SCORE

8
Simplify.

Chapter 8 Quiz
(Lessons 81 and 82)
1. 2. 2. (x5)4 4. ( 5x4y2)3 6. (5y2w4)2 2(yw2)4 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. (r3)(2r5) 3. ( 4m2n3)(3mn4) 5. (2cd)2( 4c3)2

Simplify. Assume that no denominator is equal to zero.

15 7. 6 9 6 8 8. y3 y 6n 7 9. r 4 2 r n

10. STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE Write the ratio of the area of a circle with radius r to the circumference of the same circle. A. 2
r

B. 2

C. r

D. 1

2r

10.

NAME

DATE

PERIOD SCORE

Chapter 8 Quiz
(Lessons 83 and 84)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

For Questions 1 and 2, express each number in scientific notation. 1. 57,600 3. Express 6.4871 10
3

2. 0.0000061 in standard notation.

Evaluate. Express each result in scientific and standard notation. 4. 7.2

4.5 10 5 102

5. (3.5

106)(8.2

103)

Find the degree of each polynomial. 6. 5a 2b2 1 7. 24xy xy3 x2 7.

For Questions 8 and 9, arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in descending order. 8. 4x2 9. 5x3y 3x3 3xy4 2x 12 y4 x2 4x so that 8. 9. 10.
Glencoe Algebra 1

x2y3

10. Arrange the terms of the polynomial 3 the powers of x are in ascending order.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

517

Assessment

NAME

DATE

PERIOD SCORE

Chapter 8 Quiz
(Lessons 85 and 86)

For Questions 1 and 2, find each sum or difference. 1. ( 2x2 2. (5a x 9b) 6) (2a (5x2 4b) 5xy 10) 7(5 7y2). 4c(2c2 p) 6. 6c 1). 4x 2) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

3. Find 3xy(2x2 4. Simplify 5c2(c 5. Solve 3(2p 1)

NAME

DATE

PERIOD SCORE

Chapter 8 Quiz
(Lesson 87)

Find each product. 1. (4m 2. (2c 3. (4h 4. (a 5. (2x 6. (m2 7. (9x 8. (a 1)(m 3)(c2 3)2 9)2 6y)(2x 2n)2 7)(9x 3b)(a 7) 3b) 6y) 2) 4c 5) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

For Exercises 9 and 10, use the figure.

a
3

a
4a 4

9. Write an expression to represent the area of the top side of the prism. 10. Write an expression to represent the volume of the prism.

9.

10.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

518

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME

DATE

PERIOD SCORE

Chapter 8 Mid-Chapter Test

(Lessons 81 through 84)

Part I Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question.
1. Simplify (n5)(n2)(m3)(m4). A. n10m12 B. n7m7 2. Simplify (3w2v)2( A. 72w19v8 2w5v2)3. B. 72w12v7 C. nm7 D. nm14 1.

C.

36w32v10

D. 36w19v6

2.

For Questions 3 and 4, simplify. Assume the denominator is not equal to zero.
6 3 3. m2n6

m n 4 A. m3 n (z w ) A. 17 w

B.

m4 n3

C.

m8 n3

8 D. m3

3.

2w 1 3 4. (z 3 2 ) 2 12 B. z 7

C. w

D. 1

4.

5. Express 31,000,000 in scientific notation. A. 31 106 B. 3.1 7 C. 3.1 10 D. 31 6. Find the degree of the polynomial 4x2y3 2xy2 A. 4 B. 3 C. 6 7. Express 4.02 A. 0.00402 10
3

10 10

7 6

5.

5x3y.

in standard notation. B. 402,000 C. 4020

D. 402

7.

Part II
Evaluate. Express each result in scientific and standard notation.
2 8. 1.17 10 5 10 1

8. 9. (8.3 102)(9.1 10
7)

9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

For Questions 10 and 11, simplify. Assume that no denominator is equal to zero. 10.
2x3y5 5(x4y2)3

11. 3c4 2c3

10m 1y0r 14m 7y 3r

12. Find the degree of 5c2

1.

Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in descending order. 13. 6 2x2 3x 8x4 4x3 3a4x2 8x

14. 2a2x3

14.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

519

Glencoe Algebra 1

Assessment

D. 5

6.

NAME

DATE

PERIOD

Chapter 8 Cumulative Review

(Chapters 18)
1.

1. Find a counterexample for the conditional statement. If a number is divisible by 5, then the ones digit is a 5.
(Lesson 1-7)

2. Solve a(b

c)

a for c. (Lesson 3-8) b

O

2.
x

3. Write an equation in function notation for the relation.

(Lesson 4-8)

3.

4. TUITION The average cost of tuition and fees at a four-year college was $3,356 for the year 19992000. For the year 19971998 the average cost was $3,111. Find the rate of change between the year 19971998 and the year 19992000. (Lesson 5-1) 5. Write y 6. Solve 14u 7. Solve 3y 4 1 9 4(x 2) in slope intercept form. 21.
(Lesson 6-3) (Lesson 5-5)

4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

10u 7.

(Lesson 6-5)

8. RECREATION Barrington needs to buy snorkels and fins for his family for their annual beach vacation. Snorkels cost $8 a set and fins cost $12 a pair. Write an inequality that represents this situation if Barrington has $62 to spend. (Lesson 6-6) 9. Graph the system of equations. Then determine whether the system has no solution, one solution, or infinitely many solutions. If the system has one solution, name it. (Lesson 7-1) x y 4 y x 10. Determine the best method to solve the system of equations. Then solve the system. (Lesson 7-4) 5x 2y 7 2x 5y 3
1 3 11. Simplify 51x 2 y . Assume the denominator is not equal to

9.
y

x
O

10.

17x y

zero.

(Lesson 8-2)

11. 12.

12. Evaluate (6 105)(2.3 103). Express the result in scientific and standard notation. (Lesson 8-3) 13. Find 2 a2
3 1 a 4 1 5 1 2 a 3 3 a 4 2 . (Lesson 8-5) 5

13. 14.

14. Find (3x

2)2.

(Lesson 8-8)

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

520

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME

DATE

PERIOD

Standardized Test Practice

(Chapters 18)
Part 1: Multiple Choice
Instructions: Fill in the appropriate oval for the best answer.

1. Write y A. y
1 x 2

11 5

1 (x 2

12) in standard form.

1 x 2

(Lesson 5-5)

B. y

17

C. x

2y

10 D. x

2y

17

1.

2. Ashanti wants to collect more than 50 food items for the local homeless shelter. If he has already collected 13, how many more items must he collect? (Lesson 6-1) E. 37 F. at least 38 G. at least 37 H. more than 36 2. 3. Solve 5n 22 19} 2 73.
(Lesson 6-3)

A. {n n 4. Solve 5k E. k k G.

B. {n n 1.
(Lesson 6-5)

19}

C. n n

51 5

D. {n n

90}

3.

3 or k 5

1 5

F. k k

3 5

1 5

H. {k k is a real number.}
(Lesson 7-2)

4.

D. (4,
(Lesson 7-3)

8)

5.

6. Use elimination to solve the system of equations. x 3y 6 2x 3y 9 E. ( 2, 4) F. ( 6, 1) G. ( 3, 1)

2 3 7. Simplify (32)(3 )3 .

H. (3,

5)

6.

(3

)(3

(Lesson 8-2)

A. 310

B. 312

C.

D. 1
3

7.

8. Express 0.46 103 in scientific notation. (Lesson 8-3) E. 0.46 103 F. 4.6 102 G. 4.6 103 9. Find (3n2 6n) (5n3 A. 3n3 2n2 8n C. 3n3 4n2 4n 10. Find (7b 11)(b 3). E. 7b2 10b 33 G. 7b2 11b 8
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

H. 46

101

8.

2n)

(2n3 n2). B. 6n3 D. 6n3

(Lesson 8-5)

n2 4n 4n2 8n

9.

(Lesson 8-7)

F. 7b2 H. 7b2

11b 10b

33 8

10.

521

Glencoe Algebra 1

Assessment

5. Use substitution to solve the system of equations. y 2x 5x 3y 4 A. ( 4, 8) B. (8, 4) C. ( 8, 4)

NAME

DATE

PERIOD

Standardized Test Practice

Part 2: Grid In

(continued)

Instructions: Enter your answer by writing each digit of the answer in a column box and then shading in the appropriate oval that corresponds to that entry.

11. Evaluate 4x(y2

(Lesson 1-2)

z2) if x

3, y

5 and z

4.

11.
. / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

12.
. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

12. After receiving his allowance, Spencer spent half of his money on a card for his mother. He bought 2 toy cars for $0.98 to give to his brothers, and a soft drink for $0.35. How much did Spencer receive for his allowance if he has $0.42 left over? (Lesson 3-4) 13. At the end of the 2001 football season, the Dallas Cowboys and the Denver Broncos had won a total of 7 Super Bowls. The Cowboys had won 2.5 times as many Super Bowls as the Broncos. How many Super Bowls had the Dallas Cowboys won? (Lesson 7-2) 14. Express 5.7
(Lesson 8-3)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

13.
. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

14.
. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

in standard notation.

Part 3: Quantitative Comparison

Instructions: Compare the quantities in columns A and B. Shade in A if the quantity in column A is greater; B if the quantity in column B is greater; C if the quantities are equal; or D if the relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

Column A 15.
5 7
(Lesson 2-7)

Column B
9 11

15.

16. y
x
(Lesson 7-2)

3x 2x

10 15.
y

16.

17.
(Lesson 8-4)

the degree of 7x 5 4x 3 x 6

the degree of 2y 2 6x 2y 3 8x 3y 2 3x

17.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

522

Glencoe Algebra 1

NAME

DATE

PERIOD

Standardized Test Practice

Student Record Sheet
(Use with pages 470471 of the Student Edition.)

Part 1 Multiple Choice

Select the best answer from the choices given and fill in the corresponding oval. 1 2 3
A B C D

4 5 6

7 8

9 10

Part 2 Short Response/Grid In

Solve the problem and write your answer in the blank. For Questions 11 and 13, also enter your answer by writing each number or symbol in a box. Then fill in the corresponding oval for that number or symbol. 11 12 13 14 15 16
(grid in) (grid in)

11
. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

13
. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Part 3 Quantitative Comparison

Select the best answer from the choices given and fill in the corresponding oval.

18 19 20

22 23

Part 4 Open-Ended
Record your answers for Question 24 on the back of this paper.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

A1

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

17

21

Lesson 8-1

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-1 6-1

Study Guide and Intervention

(continued)

8-1

Study Guide and Intervention

Multiplying Monomials

Multiplying Monomials
Powers of Monomials

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
An expression of the form (xm) n is called a power of a power and represents the product you obtain when x m is used as a factor n times. To find the power of a power, multiply exponents.
Power of a Power am Power of a Product
n.

A monomial is a number, a variable, or a product of a number and one or more variables. An expression of the form xn is called a power and represents the product you obtain when x is used as a factor n times. To multiply two powers that have the same base, add the exponents.
For any number a and all integers m and n, (am) n For any number a and all integers m and n, (ab) m amb m. amn.

Multiply Monomials

Product of Powers

For any number a and all integers m and n, am an

Example
Simplify ( 2ab2)3(a2)4.
Power of a Power Power of a Product Commutative Property Product of Powers Power of a Power

Example 1
Simplify ( 4a3b)(3a2b5). ( 2ab2)3(a2)4 ( 4a3b)(3a2b5) ( ( ( ( 8a11b6.

Simplify (3x6)(5x2).

Example 2

(3x6)(5x2) ( 4)(3)(a3 a2)(b b5) 12(a3 2)(b1 5) 12a5b6 12a5b6. The product is

Associative Property

Product of Powers

(3)(5)(x6 x2) (3 5)(x6 2) 15x8 The product is

Simplify.

The product is

15x8.

2ab2)3(a8) 2)3(a3)(b2)3(a8) 2)3(a3)(a8)(b2)3 2)3(a11)(b2)3 8a11b6

Answers

Exercises
Simplify. 2. n2 n7 3. ( 7x2)(x4) 1. (y5) 2

Exercises

A2
n9
4. 3(ab4) 3

Simplify.

1. y( y5)

2. (n7) 4

3. (x2) 5(x3)

y6

7x 6

y 10

n 28
5. ( 3ab4) 3

x13
6. (4x2b) 3

4. x(x2)(x4)

5. m m5

6. ( x3)( x4)

(Lesson 8-1)

x7

m6

x7

3a 3b12
7. (4a2)2(b3)

27a 3b12
8. (4x) 2(b3)

64x 6b 3
9. (x2 y 4) 5

7. (2a2)(8a)

8. (rs)(rs3)(s2)

9. (x2y)(4xy3)

16a 4b 3
10. (2a3b2)(b3) 2

16x 2b 3
11. ( 4xy)3( 2x2)3

x10y 20
12. ( 3j 2k3) 2(2j 2k) 3

16a 3

r 2s 6

4x 3y 4 2a 3b 8
13. (25a2b) 3
2 1 abc 5 625a 8b 5c 2

1 10. (2a3b)(6b3) 3 4a 3b 4

11. ( 4x3)( 5x7)

12. ( 3j 2k4)(2jk6)

512x 9y 3
14. (2xy)2( 3x2)(4y4)

72j 10k 9
15. (2x3y2z2)3(x2z)4

20x10

6j 3k10

13. (5a2bc3)

1 abc4 5

14. ( 5xy)(4x2)( y4)

15. (10x3yz2)( 2xy5z)

48x 4y 6
16. ( 2n6y5)( 6n3y2)(ny) 3 17. ( 3a3n4)( 3a3n) 4 18.

8x17y 6z10
3(2x) 4(4x5y)2

a 3b 2c7

20x 3y 5

20x 4y 6z 3

12n12y10
455
Glencoe Algebra 1

243a15n 8
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

768x14y 2
456
Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

6. 2a 9. ( 18m2n)2 11. 8. 10. ( 2k2)( 3k) 12. (cd2)(c3d2) 15.

3ab 2 6a 2b 4

3b No; This is the sum of two monomials.

1 mn2 6

Lesson 8-1

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-1

Skills Practice
(Average)

8-1

Practice
Multiplying Monomials

Multiplying Monomials
1. 2.
2 b3c2 21a2 7b

Determine whether each expression is a monomial. Write yes or no. Explain.

Determine whether each expression is a monomial. Write yes or no. Explain.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
No; this involves the quotient, not the product, of variables. Yes; this is the product of a number, 1 , and two variables.
2
Simplify. 3. ( 5x2y)(3x4) 5. (3cd4)( 2c2) 7. ( 15xy4)
1 3 xy 3

1. 11 Yes; 11 is a real number and an example of a constant.

2. a

b No; This is the difference, not the product, of two variables.

p2 3. 2 q

No; This is the quotient, not the product, of two variables. 15x 6y 6c 3d 4 5x2y 7 54m 5n 4

4. y Yes; Single variables are monomials.

4. (2ab2c2)(4a3b2c2) 8a 4b 4c 4 6. (4g3h)( 2g5) 8. ( xy)3(xz)

5. j 3k Yes; This is the product of two variables.

8g 8h

x 4y 3z
10. (0.2a2b3)2 0.04a 4b 6 12.
1 3 2 1 2 6 cd c d 4 16

Simplify. x(x2)(x7)
5k 3

7.

a2(a3)(a6)

a11

x10

2 2 4 2 p p 3 9

13. (0.4k3)3 0.064k 9

14. [(42)2]2 48 or 65,536

Answers

9. (y2z)(yz2)

y3z3 c 4d 4
20a 9 18a 3b 6

A3
14. 16. (7a5b2)(a2b3) 7a7b 5 18. ( 2c4d)( 4cd) 8c 5d 2 20. (p3)12 22. ( 3y)3 24. (2b3c4)2 4b 6c 8 (5a7)(4a2)

GEOMETRY Express the area of each figure as a monomial.

16.
5x 3 6ac 3 4a 2c

11. (e2f 4)(e2f 2)

e 4f 6

17.

13.

(2x2)(3x5)

6x7

15. (4xy3)(3x3y5) 12x 4y 8

(25x 6)

12a 3c 4
GEOMETRY Express the volume of each solid as a monomial.
18.
3h 2

(Lesson 8-1)

17. ( 5m3)(3m8)

15m11

19. (102)3 106 or 1,000,000

p 36
27y 3

19.
mn 3 m 3n
3h 2 3h 2

20.

3g 7g 2

21. ( 6p)2 36p 2

23. (3pq2)2 9p 2q 4

27h 6

m 4n 5

(63g 4)

GEOMETRY Express the area of each figure as a monomial.

26.
cd
4p

25.

27.

21. COUNTING A panel of four light switches can be set in 24 ways. A panel of five light switches can set in twice this many ways. In how many ways can five light switches be set? 25 or 32

x2

x5 cd

9p 3

22. HOBBIES Tawa wants to increase her rock collection by a power of three this year and then increase it again by a power of two next year. If she has 2 rocks now, how many rocks will she have after the second year? 26 or 64

x7
457

c 2d 2

18p 4
Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

458

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

Reading the Lesson

Lesson 8-1

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-1

Reading to Learn Mathematics

An Wang

8-1

Enrichment

Multiplying Monomials

Pre-Activity

Why does doubling speed quadruple braking distance?

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Braking Distance (feet) Speed Doubled (miles per hour) Braking Distance Quadrupled (feet)

Read the introduction to Lesson 8-1 at the top of page 410 in your textbook.

Find two examples in the table to verify the statement that when speed is doubled, the braking distance is quadrupled. Write your examples in the table.

Speed (miles per hour)

An Wang (19201990) was an Asian-American who became one of the pioneers of the computer industry in the United States. He grew up in Shanghai, China, but came to the United States to further his studies in science. In 1948, he invented a magnetic pulse controlling device that vastly increased the storage capacity of computers. He later founded his own company, Wang Laboratories, and became a leader in the development of desktop calculators and word processing systems. In 1988, Wang was elected to the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

20 45 60 180

20

40

80

30

1. Describe the expression 3xy using the terms monomial, constant, variable, and product. 10011012 1 1 64 0 64 0 32 0 26 25 0 0

Digital computers store information as numbers. Because the electronic circuits of a computer can exist in only one of two states, open or closed, the numbers that are stored can consist of only two digits, 0 or 1. Numbers written using only these two digits are called binary numbers. To find the decimal value of a binary number, you use the digits to write a polynomial in 2. For instance, this is how to find the decimal value of the number 10011012. (The subscript 2 indicates that this is a binary number.) 24 16 0 1 1 8 77 Find the decimal value of each binary number. 23 8 1 1 4 22 4 0 0 0 21 2 1 1 1 20 1

Answers

The monomial 3xy is the product of the constant 3 and the variables x and y.

2. Complete the chart by choosing the property that can be used to simplify each expression. Then simplify the expression.
Expression Simplified

A4
37 or 2187
1. 11112 15

Expression

Property

Product of Powers

35 32

Power of a Power

Power of a Product

2. 100002 16

3. 110000112 195

4. 101110012 185

(Lesson 8-1)

Product of Powers

Write each decimal number as a binary number. 5. 8 1000 6. 11 1011 7. 29 11101 8. 117 1110101

(a 3)4

Power of a Power

a12

Power of a Product

Product of Powers

( 4xy)5

Power of a Power

1024x 5y 5

Power of a Product

The American Standard Guide for Information Interchange (ASCII)

Helping You Remember

9. The chart at the right shows a set of decimal code numbers that is used widely in storing letters of the alphabet in a computer's memory. Find the code numbers for the letters of your name. Then write the code for your name using binary numbers. Answers will vary.

3. Write an example of each of the three properties of powers discussed in this lesson. Then, using the examples, explain how the property is used to simplify them.

Sample answer: For z 2 z 5, since the bases are the same, use the Product of Powers Property and add the exponents to get z 7. For (a 4)3, use the Power of a Power Property. Multiply the exponents to get a12. For (3rs)3, use the Power of a Product Property. Raise the constant and each variable to the power to get 27r 3s 3.
459
Glencoe Algebra 1

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

a b c d e f g h i j k l m

97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

n o p q r s t u v w x y z

110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122

Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

460

Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-2

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-2 6-2

Study Guide and Intervention

Dividing Monomials
Negative Exponents
To divide two powers with the same base, subtract the

8-2

Study Guide and Intervention

(continued)

Dividing Monomials

Quotients of Monomials
am an

exponents.
am
a m b am . bm
n.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
0, Zero Exponent Negative Exponent Property For any nonzero number a, a0 1.
n

Quotient of Powers

For all integers m and n and any nonzero number a,

Any nonzero number raised to the zero power is 1; for example, ( 0.5)0 1. Any nonzero number raised to a negative power is equal to the reciprocal of the 1 number raised to the opposite power; for example, 6 3 . These definitions can be used 63 to simplify expressions that have negative exponents.

Power of a Quotient

For any integer m and any real numbers a and b, b

For any nonzero number a and any integer n, a

1 1 and n a an

an.

Example 1
Simplify Assume that b is not equal to zero.
2a3b5 3 3b2
Power of a Quotient

Simplify

a4b7 . Assume ab2

Example 2 Example
Simplify
1 c
5

2a3b5 3 . 3b2

neither a nor b is equal to zero.

(2a3b5)3 (3b2)3 23(a3)3(b5)3 (3)3(b2)3
Power of a Product

The simplified form of an expression containing negative exponents must contain only positive exponents.

a4b7 ab2 4a 3b6 16a2b6c 5 4 16 a 3 a2 b6 b6

a4 a

b7 b2

Group powers with the same base.

4a 3b6 . Assume that the denominator is not equal to zero. 16a2b6c 5

Group powers with the same base.

Quotient of Powers

Simplify.

(a4 1)(b7 2) a3b5 The quotient is a3b5 .

8a9b15 27b6 8a9b9 27
Quotient of Powers Power of a Power

1 (a 3 2)(b6 6)(c5) 4 1 a 5b0c5 4 1 1 (1)c5 4 a5 c5 4a5 c5 The solution is 5 . 4a

Quotient of Powers and Negative Exponent Properties

Answers

Simplify.

A5
8a9b9 The quotient is . 27

Negative Exponent and Zero Exponent Properties

Simplify.

Exercises

(Lesson 8-2)

Simplify. Assume that no denominator is equal to zero. 2.

m6 m4

1.

55 52

53 or 125
3.

m2

p5n4 p2n

p 3n 3

Exercises
Simplify. Assume that no denominator is equal to zero. 1.
22 2 3
4

4.

a2 a

a
5. 6.

x5y3 x5y2

2y7 14y5

1 2 y 7

25 or 32

2.

m m 4

m5
1 y)0

3.

p 8 p3

1 p11
4.

7.
a 3p2q2

xy6

y4x

y2
8. 9.

2a2b 3

8a 3b 3

4p4q4 3

64 6 6 pq 27
7.

b b

5.

( x 4w

1 y2

w 4y 2
x4 y0 x 2

6.

(a2b3)2 (ab) 2

a 6b 8

x6 r 4s 4
5

8.

(6a 1b)2 (b2)4

36 a 2b 6
10. 11.
1

9.

(3st)2u 4 9s 3 s 1t2u7 u11

3

10.

2v5w3 4 v4w3

16v 4
11.

3r 6s3 4 81 4 8 r s 2r 5s 16

12.

r7s7t 2 s3r3t2

s 3t (s2t 3)

1 st 2

4m2n2 0 8m 1

12.

( 2mn2) 4m 6n4

m3 32n10

Glencoe Algebra 1
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Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Glencoe Algebra 1

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462

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

Lesson 8-2

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-2

Skills Practice
(Average)

8-2

Practice
Dividing Monomials

Dividing Monomials
Simplify. Assume that no denominator is equal to zero. 1.
88 84

Simplify. Assume that no denominator is equal to zero. 2.

912 98

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
94 or 6561
2. 3.

1.

65 64

61 or 6

84 or 4096

a4b6 ab3

a 3b 3 y

xy2 xy

3. 4.

x4 x2

x2
4.
m5np m4p

r3s2 r3s4

1 s2

mn
5.

5c2d3 4c2d

5d 2 4

6.

8y7z6 4y6z5

2yz

5. 7.
4f 3g 3 64f 9g 3 3h6 27h18

m m3

1 m2
6. 8.
6w5 2 36w10 7p6s3 49p12s 6

9d7 3d6

3d

9.

4c2 24c5

1 6c 3
2

7. 10. x3( y 11. p(q

5)(x 8)

12n5 36n

n4 3
8.
w4u3 w4u

u2
1 x 5y 5
4 2)(r 3)

p q 2r 3

12. 12

1 144

9. 13.
3 7
2

a3b5 ab2

a 2b 3
10.

m7n2 m3n2

m4
49 9
14.
1

4 3

81 256

15.

22r3s2 11r 2s 3

2rs 5

Answers

11. 16.
15w0u 5u3

21w5u2 7w4u5

3w u3
12.

32x3y2z5 8xyz2

4x 2yz 3
3 u4

A6
14. 4 19. 16. 22.
m 2n (m4n3) 5 3
2
2g 5h3

17.

8c3d2f 4 4c 1d 2f 3

2c 4f 7

18.

x 3y5 0 4 3

4p7 2 16p14 13. 7s2 49s 4

4

1 256
6f 54f
2g3h5

g 8h 2 9
5 1

20.

12t 1u5v 2t 3uv5

6t 2u 4 v9
(j
4

21.

r4 r (3r)3 27

15. 8

1 64
18.
h
6

9 25

(Lesson 8-2)

17.

9 11

11 9

h3

h9
25.

m2 n2
5

23.

1k3) j 3k3

j k15
1

24.

(2a 2b) 5a2b4

a4 40b 7
2

19.

k0(k4)(k 6) 20. k

1 k2
1( 6)(m3)

m3 k 6

q 1r 3 qr 2

q10 r 25

26.

7c 3d 3 c5de 4

c8 7d 2e 4

27.

2x3y2z 3x4 yz 2

9x 2 4y 2z 6

21.

f 7 f4

1 f 11
22.

16p5q2 0 2p3q3

28. BIOLOGY A lab technician draws a sample of blood. A cubic millimeter of the blood contains 223 white blood cells and 225 red blood cells. What is the ratio of white blood cells to red blood cells? 1

484

23.

5g 4

h 48x6y7z5 6xy5z6

g 4h 2 f5
24.
15x6y 9 5xy 11

3x 5y 2
8x 5y 2
29. COUNTING The number of three-letter words that can be formed with the English alphabet is 263. The number of five-letter words that can be formed is 265. How many times more five-letter words can be formed than three-letter words? 676

25.

15w0u 1

5u3

3 u4
26.

Glencoe Algebra 1
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Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

464

Glencoe Algebra 1

A7
3. 3

34

1. The Quotient of Powers Property says that when you divide

Lesson 8-2

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-2

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Patterns with Powers
Use your calculator, if necessary, to complete each pattern. a. 210 29 28 27 26 25
am an

8-2

Enrichment

Dividing Monomials

Pre-Activity
1 pH , identify the base and the exponent. 10

How can you compare pH levels?

Read the introduction to Lesson 8-2 at the top of page 417 in your textbook. b. 510 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
c. 410 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41

In the formula c

base

1 , exponent 10

pH

How do you think c will change as the exponent increases?

c will decrease.

Reading the Lesson

am means. 23 22 21 24
n

1. Explain what the statement

To divide two powers that have the same base, subtract the exponents.
1 pH , you can find the power of the numerator, the power of 10

2. To find c in the formula c

1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2

9,765,625 1,953,125 390,625 78,125 15,625 3125 625 125 25 5

1,048,576 262,144 65,536 16,384 4096 1024 256 64 16 4

the denominator, and divide. This is an example of what property? 1. Sample answer:

Power of a Quotient Property

Answers

3. Use the Quotient of Powers Property to explain why 30

Study the patterns for a, b, and c above. Then answer the questions. 1. Describe the pattern of the exponents from the top of each column to the bottom.

34

The exponents decrease by one from each row to the one below.
2. Describe the pattern of the powers from the top of the column to the bottom. To get

two powers that have the same base, you subtract the exponents.

4 So 34

3
is not simplified. An expression involving

30.

each power, divide the power on the row above by the base (2, 5, or 4).
3. What would you expect the following powers to be? 20 1 50 1 40 1 4. Refer to Exercise 3. Write a rule. Test it on patterns that you obtain using 22, 25, and 24 as bases. Any nonzero number to the zero power equals one. Study the pattern below. Then answer the questions. 03 0 02 5. Why do 0 0 01
1,

4. Consider the expression 4

(Lesson 8-2)

a. Explain why the expression 4

exponents is not considered simplified if the expression contains negative exponents. b. Define the term reciprocal. The reciprocal of a number is 1 divided by the number. c. 4 3 is the reciprocal of what power of 4? 43 1 1 d. What is the simplified form of 4 3? 3 or
4 64

0 00 0
2,

? and 0
3

does not exist. 0 not exist?

does not exist. 0

does not exist.

Helping You Remember

4x2 . 2x5

Negative exponents are not defined unless the base is nonzero.

6. Based upon the pattern, can you determine whether 00 exists?

5. Describe how you would help a friend who needs to simplify the expression

No, since the pattern 0n

0 breaks down for n

00

1.
7. The symbol is called an indeterminate, which means that it has no unique value. Thus it does not exist as a unique real number. Why do you think that 00 cannot equal 1?

Divide the constants and group powers with the same base to get

4 2

x2 . Use the Quotient of Powers Property to get (2)(x 2 5) or (2)(x 3 ). x5

To simplify (2)(x

3),

use the Negative Exponent Property to get

Answers will vary. One answer is that if 00

1, then 1

1 1

10 00

1 0 , 0

(2) 13 , or 23 .
465
Glencoe Algebra 1

which is a false result, since division by zero is not allowed. Thus, 00 cannot equal 1.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Glencoe Algebra 1

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466

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

Lesson 8-3

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-3 6-3

Study Guide and Intervention

(continued)

8-3

Study Guide and Intervention

Scientific Notation
You can use properties of

Scientific Notation
Products and Quotients with Scientific Notation
powers to compute with numbers written in scientific notation.

Scientific Notation Example 1 Evaluate (6.7 standard notation.

103)(2 10
Associative Property Product of Powers 13.4 1.34 101 Associative Property Product of Powers

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
5).

Keeping track of place value in very large or very small numbers written in standard form may be difficult. It is more efficient to write such numbers in scientific notation. A number is expressed in scientific notation when it is written as a product of two factors, one factor that is greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10 and one factor that is a power of ten.
10n, where 1 a 10

Express the result in scientific and

Scientific Notation

A number is in scientific notation when it is in the form a and n is an integer.

(6.7

103)(2 10

5)

Example 1
104 in 10 The solution is 1.34 Express 6.21 standard notation. 6.21 6.21 10
5 5

Express 3.52 standard notation. in

1 105

Example 2

(6.7 13.4 (1.34 1.34 1.34 10 1 or

2)(103 10 5) 10 2 101) 10 2 (101 10 2) 10 1 or 0.134 0.134.

3.52

104

3.52 10,000 35,200

Example 2
Evaluate standard notation.
1.5088 108 4.1 105 1.5088 4.1 108 105

1.5088 108 . Express the result in scientific and 4.1 105

The decimal point moved 4 places to the right.

6.21 0.00001 0.0000621 The decimal point moved 5 places to the left. Express 0.0000549 in scientific notation. 0.0000549 5.49 10 5 The decimal point moved 5 places so that it is between the 5 and the 4. Since 0.0000549 1, the exponent is negative.

Associative Property Quotient of Powers 0.368 3.68 10 Product of Powers

1

Answers

Express 37,600,000 in scientific notation.

Example 3

Example 4

37,600,000 3.76 107 The decimal point moved 7 places so that it is between the 3 and the 7. Since 37,600,000 1, the exponent is positive.

0.368 103 (3.68 10 1) 103 3.68 (10 1 103) 3.68 102 or 368 The solution is 3.68 102 or 368.

Associative Property

A8
Exercises
1.
1.4 2 104 102

Exercises
2. 7.02 10
4

Evaluate. Express each result in scientific and standard notation.

12

Express each number in standard notation. 3. 8.003 108 10 1015

1

2.

3 2

10 10

15

3. (3.2

10

2)(2.0

102)

(Lesson 8-3)

1. 3.65

105

10; 70

1.5
5. (7.7

103;

1500
105)(2.1 102)

6.4

100;
9.72 108 6. 7.2 1010

6.4

365,000
5. 5.91 100 6. 7.99

0.000702 5.91
8. 8.1 10
9

800,300,000 0.799
9. 4

4. 7.451

106

7,451,000 0.0000000081 4,000,000,000,000,000

1.2672 10 8 4. 2.4 10 12 5.28 103;

5280
7. (3.3 105)(1.5 10
4)

1.617
3.3 8. 1.1

108; 161,700,000

1.35

10
4 10 4 9. 2.5 102

2;

0.0135

7. 8.9354

1010

89,354,000,000

4.95

101;

49.5

10 12 10 14 102; 300

1.6
1016 10. FUEL CONSUMPTION North America burned 4.5 At this rate, how many BTUs will be burned in 9 years?

10

6;

0.0000016
BTU of petroleum in 1998.
Source: The New York Times 2001 Almanac

Express each number in scientific notation. 11. 0.00001 12. 590,000,000

5

10. 0.0000456

4.56
14. 0.000080436 15. 0.03621
5

10 8.0436
17. 0.0042 10
3

1 10
6

10 3.621 5 10
2

5.9

108

4.05

1017
11. OIL PRODUCTION If the United States produced 6.25 109 barrels of crude oil in 1998, and Canada produced 1.98 109 barrels, what is the quotient of their production rates? Write a statement using this quotient. Source: The New York Times 2001 Almanac

13. 0.00000000012

1.2 4.2
467

10 10

10

16. 433

104

18. 50,000,000,000

4.33

106

1010
Glencoe Algebra 1

About 3.16; Sample answer: The United States produces more than 3 times the crude oil of Canada.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

468

Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-3

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-3

Skills Practice
(Average)

8-3

Practice
Scientific Notation

Scientific Notation
Express each number in standard notation. 3. 3.2 105 1. 7.3 2. 2.9 107 103 104 2. 2 108

Express each number in standard notation.

1. 4

103

3. 9.821 6. 4.268

1012

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
200,000,000
4. 3.54 5. 9 10
2

4000
10
1

320,000
5. 7.3642 6. 4.7 10
7

73,000,000 0.354 73,642

2900

9,821,000,000,000
10
6

4. 3

10

0.000004268

0.000003
7. An electron has a negative charge of 1.6 10

0.09

0.00000047
PHYSICS Express the number in each statement in standard notation.
19

ASTRONOMY Express the number in each statement in standard notation.

105 kilometers. 142,984 10
6

Coulomb. 0.00000000000000000016

7. The diameter of Jupiter is 1.42984 grams per centimeter

8. In the middle layer of the suns atmosphere, called the chromosphere, the temperature averages 2.78 104 degrees Celsius. 27,800 Express each number in scientific notation.

8. The surface density of the main ring around Jupiter is 5 squared. 0.000005 107 kilometers. 54,500,000 9. 915,600,000,000 10. 6387

9. The minimum distance from Mars to Earth is 5.45

11. 845,320

12. 0.00000000814

9.156
13. 0.00009621

1011 10 108
5

6.387
14. 0.003157

103 3.157
18. 4740

8.4532
15. 30,620

105 10
105
3

8.14 3.062
19. 0.076

10 104
10
3

Express each number in scientific notation.

16. 0.0000000000112

Answers

9.621
11. 65,100 12. 283,000,000

1.12
20. 0.0057

10
103

11

10. 41,000,000

A9
6.51 5.6
14. 0.019 15. 0.000007

4.1

107 2.83

104

108

17. 56

107

4.74

108

7.6

10

5.7 or 5.7

100

13. 264,701

2.64701
17. 264.9 18. 150 102

105 1.9 10 7 10

Evaluate. Express each result in scientific and standard notation. 21. (5 10

2)(2.3

1012)

22. (2.5

10

3)(6

1015)

16. 0.000010035

1.15
23. (3.9

1011; 115,000,000,000
103)(4.2 10
11)

1.5
24. (4.6

1013; 15,000,000,000,000
10
4)(3.1

(Lesson 8-3)

1.0035

10

2.649

102 1.5

104

10

1)

1.638
25. 20. (5 10
2)(1.4

10
3.12 1.56

7;

0.0000001638
26.
6.72 4.2 103 108

1.426

10

4;

0.0001426
27.
1.17 102 5 10 1

Evaluate. Express each result in scientific and standard notation. 10

4)

19. (3.1

107)(2

10

5)

6.2
22. (3 10
2)(5.2

102; 620 7.0

109)

10

6;

0.000007
28.

2.0
1.82 9.1

103 10 3 106; 105 107

2,000,000
29.

1.6

10
104 1.68 8.4 10
4

5;

0.000016
30.

2.34
2.015 3.1

102; 234
3

21. (3

103)(4.2

10

1)

10 102

1.26
24. (1.5 10
4)(7

103; 1260 1.56

10
5)

108; 156,000,000

2.0

10

3;

0.002

2.0

107; 20,000,000

6.5
106

10

6;

0.0000065

23. (2.4

102)(4

10

10)

9.6
26.
7.2 4 10 5 10 3

10

8;

0.000000096

1.05

10

8;

0.0000000105

31. BIOLOGY A cubic millimeter of human blood contains about 5 red blood cells. An adult human body may contain about 5 106 cubic millimeters of blood. About how many 13 or 25 trillion red blood cells does such a human body contain? about 2.5 10 32. POPULATION The population of Arizona is about 4.778 106 people. The land area is about 1.14 105 square miles. What is the population density per square mile?

25.

5.1 1.5

106 102

3.4
469

104; 34,000 1.8

10

2;

0.018
Glencoe Algebra 1

about 42 people per square mile

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

470

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

Lesson 8-3

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-3

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Converting Metric Units
Scientific notation is convenient to use for unit conversions in the metric system.

8-3

Enrichment

Scientific Notation

Pre-Activity

Why is scientific notation important in astronomy?

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Example 1 How many kilometers are there in 4,300,000 meters?
milligrams. Multiply by the number of milligrams (1000) in 1 gram. (3.7 103)(1 103) 3.7 106 106 mg in 3700 g. There are 3.7 Divide the measure by the number of meters (1000) in one kilometer. Express both numbers in scientific notation.
4.3 1 106 103

Read the introduction to Lesson 8-3 at the top of page 425 in your textbook.

In the table, each mass is written as the product of a number and a power of 10. Look at the first factor in each product. How are these factors alike?

Example 2

Convert 3700 grams into

They are all greater than 1 and less than 10.

Reading the Lesson

4.3 103 The answer is 4.3 3 103 km.

1. Is the number 0.0543

104 in scientific notation? Explain.

No; the first factor is less than 1.

Complete the following. Express each answer in scientific notation. 1. 250,000 m 2.5 2.47 4 6 10 106 5.2 101 104
1

2. Complete each sentence to change from scientific notation to standard notation.

a. To express 3.64 102 .

3

106 in standard notation, move the decimal point

6 3
3. 247 m 5. 0.0004 km places 7. 6000 m 9. 52,000 mg Solve.

places to the in standard notation, move the decimal point .

right left

km cm m mm g

2. 375 km 4. 5000 m 6. 0.01 mm 8. 340 cm 10. 420 kL

3.75 5 1 3.4 4.2

105 106 10 10
5

m mm m
3

b. To express 7.825

10

Answers

places to the

A10
4 10 7.865
.

3. Complete each sentence to change from standard notation to scientific notation.

4

a. To express 0.0007865 in scientific notation, move the decimal point

to the right and write

10 5.4
.

km 105 L

b. To express 54,000,000,000 in scientific notation, move the decimal point

(Lesson 8-3)

places to the left and write

1010

4. Write positive or negative to complete each sentence. powers of 10 are used to express very large numbers in

a.

Positive
powers of 10 are used to express very small numbers in

scientific notation.

b.

Negative

11. The planet Mars has a diameter of 6.76 103 km. What is the diameter of Mars in meters? Express the answer in both scientific and decimal notation. 6,760,000 m; 6.76 106 m

scientific notation.

Helping You Remember

12. The distance from earth to the sun is 149,590,000 km. Light travels 3.0 108 meters per second. How long does it take light from the sun to reach the earth in minutes? Round to the nearest hundredth. 8.31 min 13. A light-year is the distance that light travels in one year. (See Exercise 12.) How far is a light year in kilometers? Express your answer in scientific notation. Round to the nearest hundredth.

5. Describe the method you would use to estimate how many times greater the mass of Saturn is than the mass of Pluto.

Divide 5.69 1026 by 1.27 1022. Since 5.69 1.27 4.48 and 1026 1022 is 104, the mass of Mars is about 4.48 104 times the mass of Pluto.

9.46

1012 km

Glencoe Algebra 1
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Glencoe Algebra 1

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Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-4

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-4 6-4

Study Guide and Intervention

Polynomials

8-4

Study Guide and Intervention

(continued)

Polynomials

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Example 1 Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in ascending order.
a. x4 x2 5x3 x2 5x3 x4 b. 8x3y y2 y2 xy2 6x2y 6x2y xy2 8x3y a. x4 4x5 4x5 x4 b. 6xy y3 x4y2 x2y2 x2 x2 x2y2 6xy x4y2 y3
Polynomial? binomial monomial none of these 0 3 Monomial, Binomial, or Trinomial? Degree of the Polynomial 25 is a real number.
4

A polynomial is a monomial or a sum of monomials. A binomial is the sum of two monomials, and a trinomial is the sum of three monomials. Polynomials with more than three terms have no special name. The degree of a monomial is the sum of the exponents of all its variables. The degree of the polynomial is the same as the degree of the monomial term with the highest degree.

Degree of a Polynomial

Write Polynomials in Order The terms of a polynomial are usually arranged so that the powers of one variable are in ascending (increasing) order or descending (decreasing) order. Example 2 Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in descending order.

Example State whether each expression is a polynomial. If the expression is a polynomial, identify it as a monomial, binomial, or trinomial. Then give the degree of the polynomial.

Expression

3x

7xyz

Yes. 3x 7xyz 3x ( 7xyz ), which is the sum of two monomials

25
3 , which is not n4

Yes.

Exercises
Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in ascending order. 1. 5x 6 x2 2. 6x 9 4x2 3. 4xy 2y 6x2

7n3

3n

No. 3n

a monomial trinomial 3

9x3

4x

2x

Answers

Yes. The expression simplifies to 9x3 7x 4, which is the sum of three monomials

A11
6
4. 6y2x

5x 6y 2x

x2
6x2y 2

9
5. x4

6x
x3 x2

4x 2 6x 2y

2y
6. 2x3

4xy
x 3x7

6x 2

Exercises
2
7.

x2
5cx 10c2x3 15cx2 8. 4nx

x3
5cx 15cx 2 10c 2x 3 5 4nx

x4
5n3x3 5

x
9. 4xy

2x 3
2y

3x7
5x2

State whether each expression is a polynomial. If the expression is a polynomial, identify it as a monomial, binomial, or trinomial. 2. 4. 8g2h 7gh x2 yes; binomial 2 yes; trinomial 6. 6x
3 q2

5n 3x 3

2y

4xy
Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in descending order. 10. 2x x2 5 11. 20x 10x2 5x3 12. x2 4yx

5x 2

(Lesson 8-4)

1. 36 yes; monomial

5 no

3. 7x

5 yes; binomial

5.

1 4y2

5y

8 no

10x5

x2
13. 9bx

2x
3bx2

5
6x3 14.

5x3
x3 x5

10x2
x2

20x
15.

10x5
ax2

x2
8a2x5 4

4yx 6x 3 3bx 2 9bx

Find the degree of each polynomial. 8. 11. 22 0 14. 17. 8b 20. 9abc bc d5 5 bc5 2x3y2 4xy3 12. 18x2 4yz 7r2s 8zx2 18. 21. h3m 6h4m2 2abc 3 9. 15m 1 10y 2 4r7s6 13 2x5

7. 4x2y3z 6

x5
16. 3x3y 4xy2 x4y2 y5

x3 x 4y 2
18. 3x6 x5

x2
17. x4 4x3 7x5

8a 2x 5
1

ax 2
3x 3y
2x8

4 4xy 2 2x 8 3x 6

10. s

5t 1

y5
19.

7x 5
15cx2

x4
8c2x5

4x 3
cx

13.

x4

6x2

2x3

10 4 15.

2r8s4 4x4y

16.

9x2

yz8

5
7 6

x5
20. 24x2y 12x3y2 6x4 21.

8c 2x 5
15x3

15cx 2
10x4y2

cx
7xy2

19. 4x2

1 2

6x 4
Glencoe Algebra 1

12x 3y 2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

24x 2y
474

10x 4y 2

15x 3

7xy 2
Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe Algebra 1
473

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Answers

21. x2 22. 25 x

3x3

27

x3

Lesson 8-4

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-4

Skills Practice
(Average)

8-4

Practice
Polynomials

Polynomials

State whether each expression is a polynomial. If the expression is a polynomial, identify it as a monomial, a binomial, or a trinomial. 2. 4by 2b by 3. 32 1. 7a2b 2. 9 3b2 a2b
1 3 y 5

State whether each expression is a polynomial. If the expression is a polynomial, identify it as a monomial, a binomial, or a trinomial. y2 3. 6g2h3k

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
yes; binomial
5. 5x2 3x 8c 9 3
4

1. 5mn

n2

yes; binomial
6. 2c2

yes; monomial

yes; binomial

yes; trinomial

yes; monomial

3x 4. 7

yes; monomial
b d a

no

yes; trinomial

GEOMETRY Write a polynomial to represent the area of each shaded region. 1 b 4. ab b 2 5. d2 d2 4

GEOMETRY Write a polynomial to represent the area of each shaded region.

7. 8.
r

ab
Find the degree of each polynomial. 6. x 8. 10. 11. b 2b2 1 3 12. 8x2 15 5x5 14. 8x5y4 2x8 9 6 1 a3b2c 2a5c b3c 2 2x2y 3xy3 x2 4 3x4 21x2 x3 4

xy

4r 2

r2

7. 3g2h3 9. 5n3m 11. 10s2t2

g 3h 5 2m3 4st2 n2m4 5s3t2 n2 6

Answers

Find the degree of each polynomial. 10. 3r4 4 13. 5abc

A12
15
14. 3x3y

9. 12 0

12. 4a3

2a 3

Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in ascending order. 13. 10bx 7b2 x4 4b2x3

Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in ascending order. 16. 5x 6 3x3 4x 10x3 ax2 x2 3x2

8x 2
8y2

5x 5
xy4

7b 2
15. 7ax 12

10bx
3ax3

4b 2x 3
a2x2

x4
3x 3y 12 7ax

(Lesson 8-4)

15. 3x

2x2 1

3x 6 3 3a 2x 4 4x 9x 2
20. 3a2x4 14a2

2x 2 5x

3x 2

8y 2

xy 4

a 2x 2

3ax 3

17. 9x2

x3

x 2

x
15x 3 14a 2

x 3 18. 3 ax 2
10x 3

x2

3x3

Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in descending order. 16. 13x2 5 6x3 x 17. 4x 2x5 6x3 2

19. 7r5x

21r4

r2x2

15x3

21r 4

7r 5x

r 2x 2

6x 3
18. g2x 20. 7a2x2

13x 2
3gx3

x
7g3

5
4x2 19.

2x 5 3gx 3
17

6x 3
11x2y3 6y

4x
2xy

2
2x4

Arrange the terms of each polynomial so that the powers of x are in descending order.

4x 2
a3x3

g 2x
2ax

7g 3

2x 4
21. 12rx3

11x 2y 3
9r6 r2x

2xy
8x6

6y

a 3x 3
25
7x3

7a 2x 2

2ax

17

8x 6

12rx 3

r 2x

9r 6
22. MONEY Write a polynomial to represent the value of t ten-dollar bills, f fifty-dollar bills, and h one-hundred-dollar bills. 10t 50f 100h

3x 3

x2 x
64 x 24. x2

x
7x 3

27

x3 x2 x
64
x x2y2 x3y3

23. x

3x2

5x3

5x 3
26. 13

3x 2

x x 3y 3
475

25. 2cx

32

c3x2

6x3

23. GRAVITY The height above the ground of a ball thrown up with a velocity of 96 feet per second from a height of 6 feet is 6 96t 16t2 feet, where t is the time in seconds. According to this model, how high is the ball after 7 seconds? Explain.

6x 3

c 3x 2

2cx

32

x 2y 2

13
Glencoe Algebra 1

106 ft; The height is negative because the model does not account for the ball hitting the ground when the height is 0 feet.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

476

Glencoe Algebra 1

Helping You Remember

6. Use a dictionary to find the meaning of the terms ascending and descending. Write their meanings and then describe a situation in your everyday life that relates to them.

ascending: going, growing, or moving upward; descending: moving from a higher to a lower place; Sample answer: climbing stairs, hiking

Glencoe Algebra 1
477

Lesson 8-4

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-4

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Polynomial Functions
x
1 1 2

8-4

Enrichment

Polynomials
y
3 2 8

Pre-Activity
9t3 26t 18t 76 have?

How are polynomials useful in modeling data?

Read the introduction to Lesson 8-4 at the top of page 432 in your textbook.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Suppose a linear equation such as 23x y 4 is solved for y. Then an equivalent equation, y 3x 4, is found. Expressed in this way, y is a function of x, or f(x) 3x 4. Notice that the right side of the equation is a binomial of degree 1.
1 0 1 1
1 2

How many terms does t4

five

What could you call a polynomial with just one term?

0 1 2 4
3 8
O

a monomial

Reading the Lesson

1. What is the meaning of the prefixes mono-, bi-, and tri-?

Higher-degree polynomials in x may also form functions. An example is f(x) x3 1, which is a polynomial function of degree 3. You can graph this function using a table of ordered pairs, as shown at the right.

Mono- means one, bi- means two, and tri- means three.
For each of the following polynomial functions, make a table of values for x and y f(x). Then draw the graph on the grid. 1. f(x)
y

2. Write examples of words that begin with the prefixes mono-, bi-, and tri-. 1 x2

Sample answer: monocycle (one wheel), bicycle (two wheels), tricycle (three wheels)

2. f(x)

x2

5
y

Answers

3. Complete the table.

binomial 2x2 3x 2 5 3x 5x2 7s 2 trinomial polynomial with more than three terms

A13
s4 s
2s3

monomial

Example

3r 2t

Number of Terms

(Lesson 8-4)

4. What is the degree of the monomial 3xy2z? 4 2x3y3 14? Explain how you found 3. f(x) x2 4x
y

y2

5. What is the degree of the polynomial 4x4 your answer.

4. f(x)

x3
y

6; Since 0 4 4 , 4x 4 has degree 4; since 0 3 3 6, 2x 3y 3 has degree 6; y 2 has degree 2; and 14 has degree 0. The highest degree of these terms is 6.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

478

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

Lesson 8-5

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-5 6-5

Study Guide and Intervention

(continued)

8-5

Study Guide and Intervention

Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

Subtract Polynomials

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
You can subtract a polynomial by adding its additive inverse. To find the additive inverse of a polynomial, replace each term with its additive inverse or opposite. 2x 6) (2x x2 3). Vertical Method Align like terms in columns and subtract by adding the additive inverse. ( ) ( ) 3x2 x2 3x2 x2 2x 2x 2x 2x 6 3 6 3 9 2x2 The difference is 2x2 9. 8) Horizontal Method Use additive inverses to rewrite as addition. Then group like terms. (3x2
Put the terms in descending order.

Add Polynomials

To add polynomials, you can group like terms horizontally or write them in column form, aligning like terms vertically. Like terms are monomial terms that are either identical or differ only in their coefficients, such as 3p and 5p or 2x2y and 8x2y. x 2). Vertical Method Align like terms in columns and add. [( 8) 5x2 6xy 6xy. The difference is 2x2 9. The sum is 5x2 2)] 3x2 ( ) 2x2 5xy xy

Example 1
Find (3x2 5xy) (xy 2x2).

Find (2x2 (3x 4x2

Example 2

Example
Find (3x2

Horizontal Method Group like terms.

(2x2

x 8) (3x [(2x2 ( 4x2)] 2x2 4x 6.

4x2 2) (x 3x )

The sum is

2x2

4x

6.

2x 6) (2x x2 3) (3x2 2x 6) [( 2x) ( x2) ( 3)] [3x2 ( x2)] [2x ( 2x)] [ 6 ( 3)] 2x2 ( 9) 2x2 9

Exercises Exercises
2. (6x 7) 1. (3a y2) 3. (9xy 5xy 4y2) ( xy 6x2 5. 2x2 2) 7. (8p 5q) ( 6p2 6q 3) 8. (6p2 2y2) y 2x) 5) (5a 1) Find each difference. 2. (9x 9) (4x2

Find each sum.

Answers

1. (4a

5)

(3a

6)

A14
4x 2 6x 2
( x2 y2) 4. (x2

7a 2a 6
(6xy

2)

( 3x2

5)

3. (6xy

2y

6x)

(4xy

x)

3x 2
2x) 4. (x2

9x
y2)

7
( x2 y2)

10xy
7) 6. (2x2

5x 3xy 4p 2
8. (4x2 x 4) (5x

2y

2y 2

5. (3p2

2p

3)

(p2

7p

y
4p 5) (2p2 5p 1)

2x 2
6. (6x2 5xy 2y2) ( xy 2x2 4y2)

4p2 4xy

9p

10

4x2

6y2

(Lesson 8-5)

9p 6p 2 8p
9. (3x2 2x)

4 11q
(3x2 5x

8x 2
(8x2

6xy
4x 3)

2y 2
( 2x x2 5)

7. (5p

2q)

(2p2

8q

1)

2p2 4x 6
y2) xy (x2 2y2) 2xy 10. (x2

5p

6q

6x2

3
1)

9x 2
10. (4x2

2x
6xy

8
2y2) ( x2 2xy 5y2)

9. (6x2

3x)

(x2

4x

3)

7x2

x
4c) 12. (6xy2 4xy) (2xy 10xy2 y2)

2x2

xy

y2

7x
11. (2h 6j

1
2k) ( 7h 5j 4k)

5x 2
12. (9xy2

4xy
5xy)

7y 2
( 2xy 8xy2)

11. (2a

4b

c)

( 2a

5b
q) 14. (2x2 6) 2) (5x2 ( x2 7)

5c

4xy2 6xy

y2

9h
13. (2a

j
8b)

2k
( 3a 5b)

17xy 2
14. (2x2 8)

7xy
( 2x2 6)

13. (2p

5q)

(3p

6q)

(p

6p 11
4x 3y2 y) (6x2 4) 16. (8x2

6x2

5a
x 4y) 15. (6z2

13b
4z 2) (4z2 z)

4x 2
16. (6x2

2
5x 1) ( 7x2 2x 4)

15. (3z2

5z)

(z2

2z)

(z

4z2 3x
479

8z

14x2

3y2

5y
Glencoe Algebra 1

2z 2

3z

2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

13x 2
480

3x

3
Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Lesson 8-5

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-5

Skills Practice
(Average)

8-5

Practice
Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

Find each sum or difference. 2. (6s 5t) (4t 8s) 14s

Find each sum or difference.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
12y 3y 4
8k 2) (2k 3) 4. (2m2

1. (2x

3y)

(4x

9y) 6x

9t 3x 2 1
1) (4w (7a2 7a 7 (7bc2 2 4 y) 12x) b3) 5) 7) 6. (g3

1. (4y 3x)

5)

( 7y

1)

2. ( x2

(5x (m2

2x2) 5m 7)

2x
6m)

3. (5a

9b)

(2a

4b) 3a 4. (11m 7n) (2m 3. (4k2

5b 4k 2 6k
3w

6n) 9m

13n 3m 2 8x
5. (2w2

m
2g2)

7
(6g 4g2 2g3)

5. (m2

m)

(2m

m2) 2m 2

m
3x) 5x)

6. (x2

(2x2

x2
2w 2

7. (d2

w
6
2) 6a

g3
8. ( 4p2

6g 2
p 9)

6g
(p2 3p 1)

d 7. (5a2 10. (6k2 2k 9) 5k) 9. (x3 3x 1) 5) (x3 (4k2

5)

(2d

5)

d2
3d
5e) (7e 8. (2e2 3e2)

e2
2e 2a 2 13a 3 6
8bc2

9. (5f

2)

( 2f

3)

3p 2
10. (6c2 c

2p
1)

8
( 4 2c2 8c)

3f 9 9x
12. (b2 ab 11. ( b3 2) 2ab) (2b2

10k 2 3k

4c 2
12. (5n2

9c
3n

5
2) ( n 2n2 4)

11. (x3

1)

(3x

1)

x3 ab
2
( 6m 8) 13. (4y2 2y 8)

4x 7
14. (5 4n 2m)

2 3y 2 3y
2u 3) 15. (4u2 8g 3)

b2
12

2b 3

bc 2

7n2
(7y2 (3u2 14. (w2

4n
4w 1)

2
( 5 5w2 3w)

13. (7z2

z)

( 5

3z2)

6w 2
u 4) 16. (5b2 8

7w
2b)

6
(b 9b2 5)

Answers

4z 2 3
16. (3g 3 7g) (4g

z
7u 2
17. (4d 2

4n

4m

A15
5g 3 3g
7x 5) ( x2 4x) 18. (3x2

15.

(4t2

2)

( 4

2t)

3u
2d

1
2) (5d 2 2 d)

4b 2
18. (8x2 x

b
6)

13
( x2 2x 3)

4t 2

2t

9d 2
19. (3h2

d
7h 1) (4h 8h2 1)

9x 2
20. (4m2

x
3m

3
10) (m2 m 2)

17. (2a2

8a

4)

(a2

3)

a2
11x 5
4) (c2 1 9c) 7c 3) 20. (2c2

8a

4x 2

5h 2
21. (x2 y2

3h
6)

2
(5x2 y2 5)

5m 2
22. (7t2 2

2m
t)

8
(t2 7 2t)

(Lesson 8-5)

19. (7z2

1)

( 4z

3z2

4x 2
23. (k3 2k2

2y 2
4k

1
6) ( 4k k2 3)

8t 2
24. (9j 2

3t
j jk)

5
( 3j 2 jk 4j)

4z 2 2c 5
3b2) ab) (b2 4a2 ab 2) 22. (a2

5z

3c 2

21.

(n2

3n

2)

(2n2

6n

k3
25. (2x 26. (6f 2

3k 2
6y 7f

8k
3z) 3) (4x

9
6z (5f 2 1 8y) 2f ) (x (2f 2 3y 3

6j 2
z) 7x f)

3j 5y 4z

n2
) 24. (2m2 5m 1) (4m2 3m 3)

9n

5a 2

2b 2

f2

10f

1
27. BUSINESS The polynomial s3 70s2 1500s 10,800 models the profit a company makes on selling an item at a price s. A second item sold at the same price brings in a profit of s3 30s2 450s 5000. Write a polynomial that expresses the total profit from the sale of both items. 2s 3 100s 2 1950s 15,800

23. (

6)

(2

3
4) 26. (5b2 9b 5) (b2 6

2m 2 8m 4

25. (x2

6x

2)

( 5x2

7x

2b)

6x 2 7b
(3x2 x 5) 6x 2

13x

6b 2

11

27. (2x2

6x

2)

(x2

4x)

28. GEOMETRY The measures of two sides of a triangle are given. If P is the perimeter, and P 10x 5y, find the measure of the third side. 2x 2y

3x

4y

5x

Glencoe Algebra 1
481

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

482

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

Lesson 8-5

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-5

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Circular Areas and Volumes
Area of Circle A
r h r h r

8-5

Enrichment

Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

Volume of Cylinder V r2h V Volume of Cone
1 3

Pre-Activity
r2

How can adding polynomials help you model sales?

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
r2h 4x2 5x 1) 2x 7). ( 5x3 2x2

Read the introduction to Lesson 8-5 at the top of page 439 in your textbook.

What operation would you use to find how much more the traditional toy sales R were than the video games sales V ?

subtraction

Reading the Lesson

1. Use the example ( 3x3

a. Show what is meant by grouping like terms horizontally.

[ 3x 3 (5x [1
1.
x x

( 5x 3)] 2x) ( 7)]

2.
y x x

[(4x 2

( 2x 2)]

Write an algebraic expression for each shaded area. (Recall that the diameter of a circle is twice its radius.) 3.
y
2x 2x 3x

b. Show what is meant by aligning like terms vertically.

Answers

( )

3x 3 5x 3 1 7

4x 2 2x 2

5x 2x

c. Choose one method, then add the polynomials.

A16
6

8x 3

2x 2

7x

2. How is subtracting a polynomial like subtracting a rational number?

x2

x 2 2

x2

(y 2

2xy)

19 x2 2

You subtract by adding the additive inverse.

4.
x
5x

Write an algebraic expression for the total volume of each figure. 5.

x
2x
3x 2

(Lesson 8-5)

3. An algebra student got the following exercise wrong on his homework. What was his error? (2x5 [2x3 ( 2x2)] (5 4) x3 2x2 4) ( x3)] [ 4x2

(3x5 3x4 2x3 4x2 5) [3x5 ( 2x5)] ( 3x4) x5 3x4 x3 6x2 9

He did not add the additive inverse of

x 3.

2 5 x3 3

12

[13x 3

(4a

9b)x 2]
Each figure has a cylindrical hole with a radius of 2 inches and a height of 5 inches. Find each volume. 6.
5x

Helping You Remember

7.
3x

4. How is adding and subtracting polynomials vertically like adding and subtracting decimals vertically?

Aligning like terms when adding or subtracting polynomials is like using place value to align digits when you add or subtract decimals.

7x

4x

175 x3 4
Glencoe Algebra 1

20
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

in3
484

x3

20 in3
Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe Algebra 1
483

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Lesson 8-6

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-6 8-6

Study Guide and Intervention Study Guide and Intervention

Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial
Solve Equations with Polynomial Expressions Example
Solve 4(n
Original equation Distributive Property Combine like terms. Add 6n to both sides. Add 8 to both sides. Divide each side by 15.

(continued)

Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
6x 2(4x2 5x) x( x2 6x) 2(4x2) ( 2)(5x) ( x)(x2) ( x)(6x) 8x2 ( 10x) ( x3) ( 6x2) ( x3) [ 8x2 ( 6x2)] ( 10x) x3 14x2 10x The solution is 3. 4(n 4n 2) 5n 8 5n 9n 8 15n 8 15n n 6(3 18 37 37 45 3 n) 6n 6n 19 19 8).

Product of Monomial and Polynomial

The Distributive Property can be used to multiply a polynomial by a monomial. You can multiply horizontally or vertically. Sometimes multiplying results in like terms. The products can be simplified by combining like terms.

Many equations contain polynomials that must be added, subtracted, or multiplied before the equation can be solved.

Example 1
Simplify 2(4x 2 x(x2 6x). 5x)

Find

3x2(4x2

Example 2

2)

5n

6(3

n)

19.

Horizontal Method 3x2(4x2 6x 8) 3x2(4x2) ( 3x2)(6x) ( 3x2)(8) 12x4 ( 18x3) ( 24x2) 12x4 18x3 24x2

Vertical Method 4x2 6x 8 ( ) 3x2

12x4 24x2. 1. 2(a 3) 3( 2a Solve each equation.

18x3

24x2

Exercises

The product is

12x4

18x3

Answers

Exercises
3. 3x(x 5)

6) 3

2. 3(x

5)

18 3

A17
2. x(4x2 3x 2) 3. 2xy(2y 4x2)

Find each product. 3x2 30 2 4. 6(x2 2x) 2(3x2 12) 2

1. x(5x

x2)

5x 2 2x
x2) 6. 2x 3) 4x(2x3 5. 3x(x4 x3

x3 3x 5 12x
5x) 8. 3y( 4x 6x3 2y) 2y 9. 2x2y2(3xy

4x 3 3x 4 18x 3y 6y 2 6x 3y 3 4x 2y 3 10x 3y 2 3x 3 8x 4 8x 2

3x 2

4xy 2

8x 3y
5. 4(2p 1) 12p 2(8p 12)

4.

2g( g2

2g

2)

6. 2(6x

4)

4(x

4)

31

2g 3 12xy

4g 2

4g

(Lesson 8-6)

7.

4cx(10

3x)

40cx

12cx 2

7.

2(4y

3)

8y

4(y

2) 1

8. c(c

2)

c(c

6)

10c

12 6

Simplify. 11. 4x) x(2x2 6x2

9. 3(x2

2x)

3x2

5x

11 1

10. 2(4x

3)

4(x

1)

10. x(3x

4)

5x

3x 2
13. 4r(2r2 3r 5) 6r(4r2 2r

9x 32r 3 68r
15. 2b(b2 4b 8)

2x 3

2x 2
8)

11. 3(2h

6)

(2h

1)

9 7

12. 3(y

5)

(4y

8)

2y

10

13

12. 6a(2a

b)

2a( 4a

5b)

4a 2 7b 3
2z 1) 17. 2(4x2 2x)

4ab 19b 2 6x 12

13. 3(2a 3b(3b2 9b 18)

6)

( 3a

1)

4a

2 2

14.

4n(3n2

4)

n(3

n)

3 5

14. 5(2x2

1)

(10x2

6)

(x

2)

3 70b

12n 3 28x 2
485

5n 2

19n

16.

2z(4z2

3z

1)

z(3z2

3( 6x2

4)

2x(x

1)

15. 3(x

2)

2(x

1)

5(x

3)

7 10

16. 4(3p2

2p)

12p2

2(8p

6)

3 2

11z 3

4z 2

Glencoe Algebra 1

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486

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

3. x(2x

5)

4. 2y(y

4)

Lesson 8-6

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-6

Skills Practice
(Average)

8-6

Practice
Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial

Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial

Find each product. 1. 2h( 7h2 4h) 4q) 3. 2. 6pq(3p2 2u2n(4u 2n) 2. c(11c 4)

Find each product.

1. a(4a

3)

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
11c 2 4c
4. 5jk(3jk 2k) 5. 3rs( 2s2 3r) 8. 3n

4a 2 15j 2k 2
7. 7)
1 m(8m2 m 4 1 2 2m 3 m 2 2 n ( 9n2 3 6n 4 2n 3

3a 10jk 2 6rs 3 9r 2s 2y 2 8y
5) 6. 4h(3h

14h 3

8h 2

18p 3q

24pq 2

8u 3n
6. 4mg2(2mg

4u 2n 2
4g)

2x 2 12h 2 20h
2c2 c3) Simplify.

8m 2g 3
6)

16mg 3

5x
4 7 m 4

5.

3n(n2

2n)

3n 3
8. 7c(5

6n 2 35c
9. 2 (3 4) 7 5(2t2 9t 2g 2z 2) 1) 3) 3g( 5g 3z(4z 2)

4n 2

7. 3x(5x2

4)

15x 3 6 24y 3 2t 2 63t 15

3(g2 5z(z2 2) 7) 13. 14. Solve each equation. 14. f(5f 3) 2f 17. 4(8n 5) 6y2 21. t(t 9a 19. h(h 3) 4) 3) 15. 5(2s 1) 3 5 2h 1 t(t 3(3s 2(6n h(h 2) 2) 8 8) 2) 2 4z2(z 3g(7g 3n 4) 11. 6t(2t 3)
2

3x 2 15
10. 6y( 5 y 4y2)

12x 30y
12. 3n2( 2n2

14c 3 6y 2 9n 3 12n 2

7c 4

10. 5w( 7w

3)

2w( 2w2

19w

2)

4w 3
12. 3) 2(3m3

3w 2
5m

19w
6) 3m(2m2 3m 1)

9.

4b(1

9b

2b2)

4b 6n4

36b 2

8b 3

9m 2 3g 2

7m 3g

12 3

11. 2m2(2m2

3m

5)

Answers

4m4

6m 3

10m 2

z3

6z 2

4z

A18
5f 2 5f
4y 16. y2(

Simplify.

13. w(3w

2)

5w

16. 3(3u

2)

2(2u

2)

3
1 1 2
12 4 18. 8(3b 20. w(w 1) 6) 4(b 4w 3) 7 9 w(w

3w 2 4y 3
18. 4a(5a2 4)

7w

1 4
9)

15.

p(2p

8)

5p

7
3 2
22. u(u 5) 8u u(u 2) 4

(Lesson 8-6)

2p 2 20a 3 7a
6) 3(m2 4m 1) 4) 20. 3m(3m

3p

y2

17.

2x(3x2

4)

3x3

3x 3 6m 2 6m 3

8x

23. NUMBER THEORY Let x be an integer. What is the product of twice the integer added to three times the next consecutive integer? 5x 3

19. 4b( 5b

3)

2(b2

7b

INVESTMENTS For Exercises 2426, use the following information.

Kent invested $5,000 in a retirement plan. He allocated x dollars of the money to a bond account that earns 4% interest per year and the rest to a traditional account that earns 5% interest per year. 24. Write an expression that represents the amount of money invested in the traditional account. 5,000 x 25. Write a polynomial model in simplest form for the total amount of money T Kent has invested after one year. (Hint: Each account has A IA dollars, where A is the original amount in the account and I is its interest rate.) T 5,250 0.01x

22b 2

2b

Solve each equation. 22. 2(4x 6 10 2) 6) 5) 2 2(c 6) 2(b 5) 2 8 4(x 3) 4

21. 3(a

2)

2a

7 5
24. 4(b

23. 5( y

1)

4( y

2)

6
2 1

25. 6(m

2)

14

3(m

2)

2
26. 3(c

26. If Kent put $500 in the bond account, how much money does he have in his retirement plan after one year? $5,245
Glencoe Algebra 1

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Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

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488

Glencoe Algebra 1

this rectangle,

x
3
and w . How would you

2x

substitute these values in the area formula?

A
1 5 12

(x

3)(2x)
q q

Lesson 8-6

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-6

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Figurate Numbers

8-6

Enrichment

Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial

Pre-Activity

How is finding the product of a monomial and a polynomial related to finding the area of a rectangle?

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
w. In
22

Read the introduction to Lesson 8-6 at the top of page 444 in your textbook.

The numbers below are called pentagonal numbers. They are the numbers of dots or disks that can be arranged as pentagons.

You may recall that the formula for the area of a rectangle is A

Reading the Lesson

1. Find the product
1 n(3n 2

1. Refer to Lesson 8-6.

1).

3n 2 2

n 2

a. How is the Distributive Property used to multiply a polynomial by a monomial?

2. Evaluate the product in Exercise 1 for values of n from 1 through 4. 1, 5, 12, 22 3. What do you notice? They are the first four pentagonal numbers.

The monomial is multiplied by each term in the polynomial.

b. Use the Distributive Property to complete the following.

Answers

2y2(3y2 ) )

2y

7)

2y2(

3y 2
2y2(

2y
2y2(

7
)

4. Find the next six pentagonal numbers. 35, 51, 70, 92, 117, 145 5. Find the product
1 n(n 2

A19
6y 4 3x 3(x 3) 3x 6 6x 5 9x 3 ( 3x 3)(2x 2) ( 3x 3)(3) 4y 3 14y 2 2x 2 10x 5x 2 9x 3x 2 5x 2 5x 2 35x 36x 9 35x 35x 9 9 9

1).

n2 2

n 2

3x3(x3

2x2

3)

6. Evaluate the product in Exercise 5 for values of n from 1 through 5. On another sheet of paper, make drawings to show why these numbers are called the triangular numbers.

1, 3, 6, 10, 15
7. Find the product n(2n 1). 2n2

(Lesson 8-6)

2. What is the difference between simplifying an expression and solving an equation?

n
8. Evaluate the product in Exercise 7 for values of n from 1 through 5. Draw these hexagonal numbers. 1, 6, 15, 28, 45 9. Find the first 5 square numbers. Also, write the general expression for any square number. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25; n 2 The numbers you have explored above are called the plane figurate numbers because they can be arranged to make geometric figures. You can also create solid figurate numbers.

Simplifying an expression is combining like terms. Solving an equation is finding the value of the variable that makes the equation true.

Helping You Remember

3. Use the equation 2x(x 5) 3x(x 3) 5x(x 7) 9 to show how you would explain the process of solving equations with polynomial expressions to another algebra student.

Use the Distributive Property.

Combine like terms.

x x x

Subtract 36.

5x 2

from both sides.

10. If you pile 10 oranges into a pyramid with a triangle as a base, you get one of the tetrahedral numbers. How many layers are there in the pyramid? How many oranges are there in the bottom layers? 3 layers; 6

Subtract 35x from both sides.

Divide each side by

0.25

11. Evaluate the expression

1 3 n 6

1 2 n 2

1 n for values of n from 1 through 5 to find the 3

first five tetrahedral numbers. 1, 4, 10, 20, 35

Glencoe Algebra 1
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490

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Answers

Lesson 8-7

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-7

Study Guide and Intervention

(continued)

8-7

Study Guide and Intervention

Multiplying Polynomials
The Distributive Property can be used to multiply any

Multiplying Polynomials
Multiply Polynomials
two polynomials.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4). Find (x the FOIL method. (3x
Distributive Property Distributive Property Combine like terms.

To multiply two binomials, you can apply the Distributive Property twice. A useful way to keep track of terms in the product is to use the FOIL method as illustrated in Example 2.

Multiply Binomials Example

Find (3x 4x 5). 2)(2x2

Example 1
2)(x 2)(2x2 5) using (x
First Outer Inner Last

Find (x 2)(x 5) 4x 5) 3x(2x2 4x 5) 2(2x2 4x 5) 6x3 12x2 15x 4x2 8x 10 6x3 8x2 7x 10 8x2 7x 10.

3)(x

Example 2

Horizontal Method (x 3)(x 4) x(x 4) 3(x 4) (x)(x) x( 4) 3(x) x2 4x 3x 12 x2 x 12 (x)(x) (x)(5) ( 2)(x) ( 2)(5) x2 5x ( 2x) 10 x2 3x 10 The product is x2 3x 10. The product is 6x3

3( 4)

Vertical Method

Exercises
Find each product. 1. (x 2x 1) 2)(x2 2. (x 3)(2x2 x 3)

( )

3 4 12

x2 x2

x x 4x 3x x

12

Answers

The product is x2 3. (2x 1)(x2 x 2)

12.

x3
3x 2

2x 3
4. (p

7x 2
3)(p2

9
4p 2)

A20
2x 3
5. (3k 2)(k2 k

Exercises

3x 2

5x
4)

p3
6. (2t

7p 2
1)(10t2

14p
2t

6
4)

Find each product. 2. (x 4)(x 1) 3. (x 6)(x 2)

1. (x

2)(x

3)

(Lesson 8-7)

x2
3x 4
2) 6. (2x 1)(x 5)

5x 12
5. (y 5)(y

x2
8x
7. (3n

x2

3k 3

5k 2
4)(n2

10k
5n 4)

20t 3
8. (8x

6t 2
2)(3x2

10t
2x 1)

4. (p

4)(p

2)

p2
7y 10
2) 9. (k 4)(5k 1)

2p 5
8. (8m 2)(8m

y2
9x

2x 2

3n 3
9. (2a

11n 2
4)(2a2

32n
8a 3)

16

24x 3
10. (3x

10x 2
4)(2x2 3x

12x
3)

7. (3n

4)(3n

4)

9n 2 4
1) 12. (5t 4)(2t 6)

24n 4
11. (x 8)( 3x

16

64m 2 19k

5k 2

4a 3 3x 2 25x 8
5b) 15. (8x 5)(8x 5)

8a 2
11. (n2 2n

26a
1)(n2 n

12
2)

6x 3
12. (t2 4t

x2

3x
1)(2t2 t

12
3)

10. (3x

1)(4x

3)

12x 2 22t 24
14. (a 3b)(2a

13x

10t 2

13. (5m

3n)(4m

2n)

n4
13. (y2

3n 3
5y

3n 2
3)(2y2

3n
7y 4)

2t 4
14. (3b2

7t 3
2b

9t 2
1)(2b2

11t
3b

3
4)

20m 2 11ab 25
4)(7g 3)(5m 5) 18. (7g 17. (4m

22mn

6n 2

2a 2

15b 2

64x 2

16. (2n

4)(2n

5)

4)

4n 2 35m 15
491

2n

20

20m 2

49g 2

16
Glencoe Algebra 1

2y 4

3y 3

33y 2

41y

12

6b 4

13b 3

4b 2

5b

Glencoe Algebra 1

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492

Glencoe Algebra 1

Lesson 8-7

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-7

Skills Practice
(Average)

8-7

Practice
Multiplying Polynomials

Multiplying Polynomials
Find each product. 2. (x 2)(x 2) 1. (q 6)(q 5) 2. (x 7)(x 4) 3. (s

Find each product.

1. (m

4)(m

1)

5)(s

6)

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
x2
4x 4
3) 4. (n 4)(n 6) 5. (a 5)(a 8) 4)(t 4. (t

m2 t2 t
12
7. (4c 6. (z 5)(z 1) 6)(c 4) 8. (2x 9)(2x

5m

q2
11q 30 24
4)

x2
11x 28 40 36
3)

s2
6. (w

s
6)(w

30
9)

3. (b

3)(b

4)

b2
4c 2 10c 24
4) 11. (4m 3)(3b 10. (4b

7b 4x 2 16m 2
14. (6h

12 10x
2)(4m

n2
10n 13a

a2

w2
9. (4d

15w
5)(2d

54
3)

5. (r

1)(r

2)

8d 2
12. (5c

22d
5)(7c 9)

15 4m 6 35c 2 10c 45

r2
4z 5
3) 13. (6a 3)(7a 4) 6)(x 8. (2x

r
12b 2 7b 12 12
b)

2 2x 2 18 42a 2 45a
b)(2a 16. (3a 5)(
2

z2

7. (3c

1)(c

2)

3c 2
10. (2 4)

5c 2 6a 2 5ab
5)(m2 4m 3h 19. (m

2 3 20

3)(4h

2)

15. (2x

2)(5x

4)

24h 2
17. (4g

24h
3h)(2g

6
3h)

10x 2
18. (4x

18x
y)(4x y)

8 8g 2 18gh 9h 2 16x 2 8xy

9. (d

1)(5d

4)

5d 2

9d

b2
8)

y2
20. (t 3)(t2 4t 7)

11. (3n

7)(n

3)

12. (q

5)(5q

1)

Answers

3n 2 24q 5
3) 21. (2h 2)(3m 14. (2m

2n 6m 2 6
23. (3q 16. (5a 2)(2a 3)

21 4h 3 27q 3 6
25. (3c2 2c

5q 2

m3
3)(2h2

9m 2 12h 2
2)(9q2

12m
4)

40 17h
12q 4)

t3
22. (3d

7t 2
3)(2d 2

19t
5d

21
2)

A21
10a 2 19a
y) 18. (x y)(2x

13. (3b

3)(3b

2)

9b 2

3b

12 18q 2
1)(2c2

6d 3
24. (3r

21d 2
2)(9r2 6r

9d
4)

6 12q
c

15. (4c

1)(2c

1)

8
9)

27r 3
26. (2
2

36r 2
3)(4
2

24r
2

8
2)

8c 2 2x 2 3xy
1)(t2 2t 4) 20. (t

6c

(Lesson 8-7)

17. (4h

2)(4h

1)

6c 4

7c 3
27. (2x2 2x

27c 2
3)(2x2 4x

17c
3)

9 4x 4 12x 3 8x 2 6x 9

8
28. (3y2 2y

10
2)(3y2

4
4y 5)

6 9y 4 6y 3 17y 2 18y
GEOMETRY Write an expression to represent the area of each figure.
29.

16h 2

12h

y2
6t 4
5) 3m

10

19. (e

4)(e2

3e

6)

e3
22. (m 3)(m2

7e 2

6e

24

t3 m3
14m 15 6m 2

3t 2

21. (k

4)(k2

3k

6)

4x 2
2x 2

2x

2 units2 30.
x
4x 2 1

5x

4x 2

3x

1 units2

k3

7k 2

6k

24

GEOMETRY Write an expression to represent the area of each figure. 24.

2x 4

3x

23.

4x

31. NUMBER THEORY Let x be an even integer. What is the product of the next two consecutive even integers? x 2 6x 8

2x

32. GEOMETRY The volume of a rectangular pyramid is one third the product of the area of its base and its height. Find an expression for the volume of a rectangular pyramid whose base has an area of 3x2 12x 9 square feet and whose height is x 3 feet.

8x 2
493

18x

5 units2

(x 2

4x

4) units2
Glencoe Algebra 1

x3

7x 2

15x
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

9 feet3

Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

494

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

1. How is multiplying binomials similar to multiplying two-digit numbers?

Lesson 8-7

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-7

Reading to Learn Mathematics

Pascals Triangle
1 1 1 1 1 4 3 6 2 3 4 1 1 1 This arrangement of numbers is called Pascals Triangle. It was first published in 1665, but was known hundreds of years earlier. 1. Each number in the triangle is found by adding two numbers. What two numbers were added to get the 6 in the 5th row?

8-7

Enrichment

Multiplying Polynomials

Pre-Activity

How is multiplying binomials similar to multiplying two-digit numbers?

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1

Read the introduction to Lesson 8-7 at the top of page 452 in your textbook.

In your own words, explain how the distributive property is used twice to multiply two-digit numbers.

The ones of the first factor are multiplied by the tens and the ones of the other factor. Then the tens of the first factor are multiplied by the tens and ones of the other factor. 3 and 3
2. Describe how to create the 6th row of Pascals Triangle.

Reading the Lesson

The first and last numbers are 1. Evaluate 1 to find the other numbers.

4, 4

6, 6

4, and 4

Binomials have two terms and each term of one binomial is multiplied by each term of the other binomial.
Row 6: Row 7:

3. Write the numbers for rows 6 through 10 of the triangle.

Answers

2. Complete the table using the FOIL method.

Product of Outer Terms Product of Inner Terms Product of Last Terms

A22
(x)( 3) (5)( 3) 15
4. (a b)2 b)3 5. (a 6. (a b)4

Product of First Terms

1 1 Row 8: 1 Row 9: 1 Row 10: 1

5 6 7 8 9

10 15 21 28 36

10 20 35 56 84

5 1 15 6 1 35 21 7 1 70 56 28 8 1 126 126 84 36 9 1

(x

5)(x

3)

(x )(x ) 3x 2x 15 (6)(y ) (6)( 2) 12 6y (3y )( 2) 6y 12 5x

(5)(x )

x2

Multiply to find the expanded form of each product.

(Lesson 8-7)

x2

a2 a3 a4

2ab 3a 2b 4a 3b

b2
3ab 2 6a 2b 2

(3y

6)(y

2)

(3y)(y )

b3
4ab 3

3y 2

b4

3y 2

Now compare the coefficients of the three products in Exercises 46 with Pascals Triangle. 7. Describe the relationship between the expanded form of (a b) n and Pascals Triangle.

Helping You Remember

3. Think of a method for remembering all the product combinations used in the FOIL method for multiplying two binomials. Describe your method using words or a diagram.

The coefficients of the expanded form are found in row n Triangle.

8. Use Pascals Triangle to write the expanded form of (a b)6.

1 of Pascals

Sample answer: Imagine that the two binomials are written on the floor. For FOIL, think of all the possible ways you could have your left foot on a term of the first binomial and your right foot on a term of the second binomial. Your feet could be on the first terms, the outer terms, the inner terms, or the last terms.

a6

6a 5b

15a 4b 2

20a 3b 3

15a 2b 4

6ab 5

b6

Glencoe Algebra 1
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Glencoe Algebra 1

A23
2. (3p 4)2 3. (4x 5)2

1. (x

6)2

Lesson 8-8

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-8

Study Guide and Intervention

Special Products
Product of a Sum and a Difference

8-8

Study Guide and Intervention

(continued)

Special Products

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
(a Product of a Sum and a Difference (a

Squares of Sums and Differences Some pairs of binomials have products that follow specific patterns. One such pattern is called the square of a sum. Another is called the square of a difference.
b)(a b)(a b) a2
2ab

There is also a pattern for the product of a sum and a difference of the same two terms, (a b)(a b). The product is called the difference of squares.
a2 b2

Square of a sum

(a

b)2 b) b2
2ab (a

a2 b)(a b)

b2

Square of a difference

(a

b)2

Example
Find (5x
a
5x and b

3y)(5x

3y).
Product of a Sum and a Difference 3y

Example 1
4). Find (2z
Simplify.

Find (3a 9)(2z 9). Use the square of a difference pattern with a 2z and b 9. (2z The product is 4z2 36z Find each product. 1. (x 4)(x 4) 2. (p 81. 9)(2z 9) (2z)2 2(2z)(9) 4z2 36z 81 (9)(9) The product is 25x2 9y2.

4)(3a

Example 2

Use the square of a sum pattern, with a 3a and b 4. (4)2

(a b)(a b) (5x 3y)(5x 3y)

a2 b2 (5x)2 (3y)2 25x2 9y2

(3a

4)(3a

4)

(3a)2 2(3a)(4) 9a2 24a 16

The product is 9a2

24a

16.

Exercises

Exercises
x2
16
1)(2x 1) 4. (2x

2)(p

2)

3. (4x

5)(4x

5)

Answers

Find each product.

p2
5. (h

4
7)(h 7)

16x 2
6. (m

25
5)(m 5)

x2
24p 16
6. (m 5)2

12x 25
5. (2h 3)2

36

9p 2 40x 4x 2 25
7. (2c

16x 2

4. (2x

1)2

1
3)(2c 3)

h2
8. (3

49
5q)(3 5q)

m2
9. (x

25
y)(x y)

4x 2 12h 9
9. (x 5y)2 p)2

4x
8. (3

4h 2 10m

m2

(Lesson 8-8)

7. (c

3)2

4c 2 25y 2
10. ( y

9
4x)( y 4x)

9
11. (8

25q 2
4x)(8 4x)

x2
12. (3a

y2
2b)(3a 2b)

c2
9
11. (8 x)2 12. (3a 2b)2

6c

6p

p2
10xy

x2

10. (8y

4)2

64y 2 64
14. (x2 1)2 15. (m2 2)2

64y

16

16x

x2
12ab

9a 2

4b 2

y2
13. (3y

16x 2
8)(3y 8)

64
14. (x2

16x 2
1)(x2 1)

9a 2
15. (m2

4b 2
5)(m2 5)

13. (2x

8)2

4x 2 1
18.
1 x 4

32x
17. (2h2 3 k2)2
2

64

x4

2x 2

m4

4m 2

9y 2
16. (x3

64
2)(x3 2)

x4
17. (h2

1
k2)(h2 k2) 18.

m4
1 x 4

25
2
1 x 4

16. (x3

1)2

x6
20. (2p 4q)2
2 21. x 3

2x 3

4h 4

4h 2k 2

k4

1 2 x 16
2
2

3 x 2

x6
19. (3x

4
2y2)(3x 2y2)

h4
20. (2p

k4
5s)(2p 5s) 21.

1 2 x 16
4 x 3

4
2y
4 x 3

19. (x

4y2)2

2y

x2
16pq

8xy 2

16y 4

4p 2

16q 2

4 2 x 9

8 x 3

9x 2
Glencoe Algebra 1

4y 4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

4p 2

25s 2
498

16 2 x 9

4y 2
Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe Algebra 1
497

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Answers

A24
14. (r s)2

36
22. (4b 7v)2 16. (c e)2

12u 16b 2 56bv

7b)(6a 7b)

u2
2rs 2ce
25. (6a 3h)2

r2 c2
18. (w

s2 e2
36a 2 9h 2 4u 2
7) 31. 28. (3p3

Lesson 8-8

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-8

Skills Practice
(Average)

8-8

Practice
Special Products

Special Products
Find each product. 2. (x 4)(x 4) 1. (n 9)2 2. (q 3. ( 8)2 10)2
2

Find each product.

1. (n

3)2

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
x2
8x 16
3) 4. (r 11)2 5. ( p 7)2 6. (b 3)(t 4. (t

n2 t2
6t 9
5) 7. (z 13)(z 13) 8. (4e 2)2 5)(a 6. (a

6n

n2
18n 81 121 16e 2 16e 4 16
7) 4)2 11. (3s

q2
16q 64 49 14p

20
6)(b

100
6)

3. ( y

7)2

y2 a2
25
3)(z 3) 10. (6h 1)2 8. (z

14y

49

r2
22r 169 12h 1
3) 14. (4d 7)(4d 3)(7k

p2

b2
9. (5w

36
4)2

5. (b

1)(b

1)

b2 z2
9
13. (7k 10. (r 1)(r 1)

1 36h 2 24s 49
6u)2

z2
9s 2 16d 2
5t) 17. (a

25w 2
12. (7v 2)2

40w 49v 2
15. (3g

16 28v
9h)(3g

7. (p

4)2

p2
49k 2 9
5t)(4q 16. (4q 3) 19. (6c m)2

8p

16

4
9h)

9. (

2)(

2)

9g 2
18. (5r

81h 2
s)2

4
12. (2m 3)(2m

4 16q 2 36c 2 12cm 25t 2

r2
2r 1

11. (3g

2)(3g

2)

a2
20. (k

12au
6y)2

36u 2

25r 2
21. (u

10rs
7p)2

s2 k2
12ky 36y 2

9g 2 9

4m 2

Answers

13. (6

u)2

m2
49v 2

u2
23. (6n 4p)2 24. (5q

14up
6s)2

49p 2 36n 2
26. (8h

15. (3q

1)(3q

1)

48np
3d)(8h

16p 2
3d)

25q 2
27. (9x

60qs
2y2)2

36s 2 64h 2 9d 2 81x 2 36xy 2 4y 4

9q 2

17. (2k

2)2

49b 2
2m)2

(Lesson 8-8)

4k 2 6wh
2u)2 20. (t

8k

w2 t2
4tu
7)(3b 22. (3b

29. (5a2

2b)2

30. (4m3

2t)2

9p 6
(6e3

12p 3m
c)2

4m 2
32.

25a 4
(2b2

20a 2b
g)(2b2 g)

4b 2
33.

16m 6
(2v2

16m 3t
3e2)(2v2

4t 2
3e2)

19. (3p

4)(3p

4)

9p 2 9b 2 49
r2)2 24. (s2

16

36e 6

12e 3c

c2

4b 4

g2

4v 4

12v 2e 2

9e 4
34. GEOMETRY Janelle wants to enlarge a square graph that she has made so that a side of the new graph will be 1 inch more than twice the original side s. What trinomial represents the area of the enlarged graph? 4s 2 4s 1

21. (x

4y)2

x2 s4
26. (3u2 n)2

8xy 2s 2r 2 6u 2n

16y 2

23. (3y

3g)(3y

3g)

9y 2 9u 4

9g 2

r4 n2

GENETICS For Exercises 35 and 36, use the following information.

In a guinea pig, pure black hair coloring B is dominant over pure white coloring b. Suppose two hybrid Bb guinea pigs, with black hair coloring, are bred. 35. Find an expression for the genetic make-up of the guinea pig offspring.

25. (2k

m2)2

4k 2

4km 2

m4

27. GEOMETRY The length of a rectangle is the sum of two whole numbers. The width of the rectangle is the difference of the same two whole numbers. Using these facts, write a verbal expression for the area of the rectangle. The area is the square of the

0.25BB

0.50Bb

0.25bb
36. What is the probability that two hybrid guinea pigs with black hair coloring will produce a guinea pig with white hair coloring? 25%
Glencoe Algebra 1

larger number minus the square of the smaller number.

499

Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

500

Glencoe Algebra 1

square of a sum: squaring the sum of two monomials; square of a difference: squaring the difference of two monomials; product of a sum and a difference: the product of the sum and the difference of the same two terms a3 3a 2b
Product Example Product

Lesson 8-8

____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

8-8 8-8

Reading to Learn Mathematics Enrichment

Sums and Differences of Cubes
Recall the formulas for finding some special products: Perfect-square trinomials: (a (a 2ab 2ab a2 b2 b)3. Difference of two squares: (a b)(a b) b)2 b)2 a2 a2 b2 or b2

Special Products

Pre-Activity

When is the product of two binomials also a binomial?

Read the introduction to Lesson 8-8 at the top of page 458 in your textook.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
A pattern also exists for finding the cube of a sum (a 1. Find the product of (a b)(a b)(a b).

What is a meant by the term trinomial product?

a three-term polynomial answer when multiplying polynomials

Reading the Lesson

1. Refer to the Key Concepts boxes on pages 458, 459, and 460.

a. When multiplying two binomials, there are three special products. What are the three special products that may result when multiplying two binomials?

a3

3a 2b

3ab 2

b3
2)3.

square of a sum, square of a difference, product of a sum and a difference x3 12x 6x 2 8

2. Use the pattern from Exercise 1 to evaluate (x

Answers

b. Explain what is meant by the name of each special product.

3. Based on your answer to Exercise 1, predict the pattern for the cube of a difference (a b)3.

A25
a3 b)2 2ab 2ab a2 (x 9)(x 9) 81 b2 x2 b2 (x 8x 16 4)2 x2 (x 14x 49 b)2 b) a2 a2 b2 7)2 x2 x3
6. (x 6)3

3ab 2

b3
b)(a b)(a b) and compare it to your

c. Use the examples in the Key Concepts boxes to complete the table.

4. Find the product of (a answer for Exercise 3.

Symbols

3a 2b

3ab 2

b3
5. Use the pattern from Exercise 4 to evaluate (x 4)3.

Square of a Sum

(a

(Lesson 8-8)

Square of a Difference

(a

12x 2

48x

64

Product of a Sum and a Difference

(a

b)(a

Find each product. 7. (x 10)3

2. What is another phrase that describes the product of the sum and difference of two terms? difference of squares

x3
8. (3x

18x 2
y)3

108x

216

x3
9. (2x

30x 2
y)3

300x

1000

Helping You Remember

27x 3
10. (4x

3. Explain how FOIL can help you remember how many terms are in the special products studied in this lesson. For the square of a sum and the square of a

27x 2y
3y)3

9xy 2

y3

8x 3
11. (5x

12x 2y
2)3

6xy 2

y3

difference, the inner and outer products are equal, so there are are only three terms. For the product of the sum and difference of two terms, two of the products for FOIL are opposites. That means that the final product has only two terms.

64x 3

144x 2y

108xy 2

27y 3

125x 3

150x 2

60x

Glencoe Algebra 1
501

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

502

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

Chapter 8 Assessment Answer Key

Form 1 Page 503
1.

Page 504
13.

Form 2A Page 505

1.

2.

14.

C A C

2.

3.

15.

3.

4.

16.

4. 17.

D B
5.

5.

D
18.

6.

D
19.

6.

7.

20.

A
7.

8.

21.

8.

9.

22.

D D

9.

10.

23.

10. 11.

24.

B B 39n
1

11.

12.

25. B:

(continued on the next page)

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

A26

Glencoe Algebra 1

Chapter 8 Assessment Answer Key

Form 2A (continued) Page 506
12.

Form 2B Page 507

1.

Page 508
12.

13.

2.

13.

3. 14.

C
14.

C D

4. 15.

15.

16.

5.

B
16.

17.

C C

6.

17.

18.

7. 19.

18.

A
8.

19.

9.

20. B:

C 7
2x 2

20. 10.

C 37n
1

B:

11.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

A27

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

Chapter 8 Assessment Answer Key

Form 2C Page 509
1. 2. 3. 4.

Page 510

3y8 18m4n7 w15y12 8a3n6 4a18n6

14.

4n2

6ny 2mn

13y2 6n2

2 15. 19m

16.

x2

17. 18.

10h3k3 5h2k5 20h3k4

5.

p3q
4r4 s7 y x5
4

8x4
14s2

2y4
22s 30

3 19. 6s

6.

20. 7. 21.

25c2 49a2 16n2

40c 9b2 8n

16

8. 9.

4.98

10

22.

127,000
23.

22
5

10. 1.0 11.

105; 100,000

24. 25.

6
length is 20 ft; width is 12 ft

about 1.09 102 or 109 times greater

12. 13.
x5y

6
B:
3x3y3 xy 4

21 terms

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

A28

Glencoe Algebra 1

Chapter 8 Assessment Answer Key

Form 2D Page 511
1. 2. 3. 4.

Page 512

5x7 6a3b8 w 9z 21 10a 4b 8

14. 15. 16.

4m2 8y2 a3

6m 4y 3b

1 9

17.

6x4y2 15x3y3 24x4y4

5.

3 m2 d7 2b 5

18.
3 19. 6n

9r4
n2

25s4
10n 3

6.

20. 7.

25y2 4k2 4c2

60y 25r2 4c

36

3r 5s
21.

8. 9.

1.2556

104
22.

0.00743 13 2
length is 10 ft; width is 5 ft

23. 10.
about 1.43 1010 or 14,300,000,000 in.

25. 11. 2 107; 20,000,000

12.
3 13. x

5
3x2y xy2 3y3

B:

11 terms

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

A29

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

24.

Chapter 8 Assessment Answer Key

Form 3 Page 513
1.

Page 514

3a7b10
16 12 h 81

13.

10w2

3w
7uv

4
6uv2

2.

2 14. 10u v

15. 3.

3x2

5y

25r 4s14 45x

2

4.

16.

n3

25n2

12n

21

5.

6d3 c4 mx12

17.

8y2
1 2 m 3
2x2y

20y
11 m 6
19xy2

28 2

18.

6.

128
19. 8x3
5y3

7.

16 125a11b

20.

25r4 6x

9s4 1) ft2

8.

1.96783

105

2 21. (9x

22. 9.

4 7a 5
length is 16 cm; width is 12 cm

23. 24. 25.

10. 9.0

10

6;

0.000009

11. 7x6y3

4x5y2

2xy

12.

B:
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

A30

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

5.832 10 4; 0.0005832

2a2

Chapter 8 Assessment Answer Key

Page 515, Open-Ended Assessment Scoring Rubric
Score 4 General Description Superior A correct solution that is supported by welldeveloped, accurate explanations Specific Criteria Shows thorough understanding of the concepts of multiplying and dividing monomials, using scientific notation, the degree of a polynomial, and adding, subtracting, and multiplying polynomials. Uses appropriate strategies to solve problems. Computations are correct. Written explanations are exemplary. Graphs are accurate and appropriate. Goes beyond requirements of some or all problems. Shows an understanding of the concepts of multiplying and dividing monomials, using scientific notation, the degree of a polynomial, and adding, subtracting, and multiplying polynomials. Uses appropriate strategies to solve problems. Computations are mostly correct. Written explanations are effective. Graphs are mostly accurate and appropriate. Satisfies all requirements of problems. Shows an understanding of most of the concepts of multiplying and dividing monomials, using scientific notation, the degree of a polynomial, and adding, subtracting, and multiplying polynomials. May not use appropriate strategies to solve problems. Computations are mostly correct. Written explanations are satisfactory. Graphs are mostly accurate. Satisfies the requirements of most of the problems. Final computation is correct. No written explanations or work is shown to substantiate the final computation. Graphs may be accurate but lack detail or explanation. Satisfies minimal requirements of some of the problems. Shows little or no understanding of most of the concepts of multiplying and dividing monomials, using scientific notation, the degree of a polynomial, and adding, subtracting, and multiplying polynomials. Does not use appropriate strategies to solve problems. Computations are incorrect. Written explanations are unsatisfactory. Graphs are inaccurate or inappropriate. Does not satisfy requirements of problems. No answer may be given.

Satisfactory A generally correct solution, but may contain minor flaws in reasoning or computation

Nearly Satisfactory A partially correct interpretation and/or solution to the problem

Nearly Unsatisfactory A correct solution with no supporting evidence or explanation Unsatisfactory An incorrect solution indicating no mathematical understanding of the concept or task, or no solution is given

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

A31

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

Chapter 8 Assessment Answer Key

Page 515, Open-Ended Assessment Sample Answers
In addition to the scoring rubric found on page A31, the following sample answers may be used as guidance in evaluating open-ended assessment items. 1a. Students should recognize that the v terms were not subtracted correctly. Since 5v ( v) 5v v 6v, the right side of the equation should be 3u 6v. 1b. Students should recognize that the Product of a Power property was not used correctly to multiply x2y(3x3). The right side of the equation should be 3x5y 4x2y. 1c. Students should recognize that the pattern for the Square of a Sum was not used correctly. The middle term 2(3a)(5b) was omitted. Since (3a 5b)2 (3a)2 2(3a)(5b) (5b)2, the right side of the equation should be 9a2 30ab 25b2. 2a. The number 23.4 108 is not in scientific notation. A number in scientific notation is of the form a 10b where 1 a 10. The number needs to be adjusted to fit the form of scientific notation. 23.4 108 2.34 10 108 2.34 109 2b. Using scientific notation for division of very large and small numbers results in the division of two numbers that are between one and ten. The correct decimal place is found by using the Quotient of Powers property on two powers of ten. Thus, 22,100,000 0.00000013 2.21 107 1.3 10 7 2.21 107 107 2.21 1.7 1014 7 10 7 1.3 1.3 10 3a. Sample Answer: The binomial x degree 1. 3b. Sample Answer: The trinomial x2 x 1 has degree 2, yet the monomial x3 has degree 3. 4a. 4b.
4a3 4 2a 2 4a3 4 2a 2

1 has

(2a5)4
(4a3)4 (2a 2)4

16a20
256a12 16a 8

16a20

4c. Sample answer: When simplifying monomials, the order of applying the Quotient of Powers property and Power of a Quotient property does not matter. 5a.
x x x
2y 3x

y x y

y y

3x2 7xy 2y2 The length of the rectangular region is 3x y. The width of the region is x 2y.The rectangular area is made up of 3 x2-areas, 7 xy-areas, and 2 y2-areas. When added together the area of the rectangular region is exactly equal to the product of the two binomials.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

A32

Glencoe Algebra 1

Chapter 8 Assessment Answer Key

Vocabulary Test/Review Page 516 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Quiz (Lessons 81 and 82) Page 517
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Quiz (Lessons 85 and 86) Page 518

1. 2.
3 3. 6x y

e c g f i a j b d

2r 8 x20 12m3n7 125x12y6 64c8d2 27y 4w8 66 or 46,656 y5

r2 n9

3x2 3a

3x 5b

15x2y2

21xy3

4. 5.

3c3

74c2 2

4c

10.

h exponents of all the variables

Quiz (Lesson 87) Page 518

1.

11. the sum of the

4m2
11c2

7m
22c

2
15

12. the greatest degree

of any term
13. a number written as

Quiz (Lessons 83 and 84) Page 517

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1.6

3 2. 2c

3. 4. 5.

16h2 a2 4x2

24h 18a

9 81

a product of a factor greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10 and a power of 10

5.76 6.1

104 10
6

36y2 4n2 49

0.0064871
10
7;

4 6. m

4m2n 81x2 a2

0.00000016

7. 8.

2 4

8.

3x3

4x2
x2y3

2x
3xy4

12
y4

9.

(4a2
(4a3

4) units2
12)

9. 5x3y 10.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

4x
A33

x2

10.

12a2 4a units3

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers

2.87 1010; 28,700,000,000

9b2

Chapter 8 Assessment Answer Key

Mid-Chapter Test Page 519
1.

Cumulative Review Page 520

1.

B A

10 c f(x) b 2x
1 b

2.

2. 3.

3.

4.

$122.50 per yr.

4.

A
5. 6.

4x

9 3} 32
3

{u u y y 8x 12y

5.

C D A

7. 8.

62

6.

7.

9. one solution; (2, 2)

y x y
4 (2, 2)

8.

2.34
10

102; 234
4;

x y x
O

9. 7.553 10. 11. 12. 13.

0.0007553

2 5x9y 5m6y3r5 7

10. elimination (x); (1, 1)

4
4x3 2x2 3x 6

11. 12. 1.38

3y2 x3
109; 1,380,000,000

14.

8x4 2a2x3 3a4x2 8x

13. 14.

1 2 a 3

a 12x

3 5

9x2

4
Glencoe Algebra 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

A34

Chapter 8 Assessment Answer Key

Page 521
1.
A B C D

Standardized Test Practice Page 522

11.

1 0 8
. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

12.

3 . 5 0
. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2.

3.

13.

5
. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

14.

. 0 5 7
. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

4.

5.

6.

7.

15. 8.
E F G H

16. 9.
A B C D

10.

17.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

A35

Glencoe Algebra 1

Answers