Chapter 7 Power dividers and directional couplers

7.1 Basic properties of dividers and couplers three-port network (T-junction), four-port network (directional coupler), directivity measurement 7.2 The T-junction power divider lossless divider, lossy divider 7.3 The Wilkinson power divider even-odd mode analysis, unequal power division divider, n-way Wilkinson divider 7.5 The quadrature (90) hybrid branch-line coupler 7.6 Coupled line directional couplers even- and odd-mode Zo, single-section and multisection coupled line couplers
7-1

7.7 The Lange coupler 7.8 The 180 hybrid rat-race hybrid, tapered coupled line hybrid 7.9 Other couplers reflectometer

7-2

7.1 Basic properties of dividers and couplers N-port network

1 2 3 4

N-port network
N

S11 S12 S13 S S22 S23 21 S31 S32 S33 SN 1 SN 2

S1N S2 N Vi Sij = + Vj + Vk =0,k j SNN

Discussion 1. matched ports Sii = 0 2. reciprocal network symmetric property Sij = S ji 3. lossless network unitary property

S
i =1

2 ij

= 1 j ,

S
i =1

* S k j ik kj = 0

7-3

 three-port network (T-junction)

2 1

P2= 2P1

P1 =2P2 + 2P3
2 1

P1

divider or coupler
3

combiner or coupler
3

P2 P3

P3 = 2P1

Discussion 1. Three-port network cannot be lossless, reciprocal and matched at all ports. 2. A lossless and matched three-port network is nonreciprocal circulator
1 2

3 7-4

0 1 0

0 0 1

1 0 0

0 0 1

1 0 0

0 1 0

3. A matched and reciprocal three-port network is lossy resistive divider. 4. A matched and lossy three-port network can have isolation at two output ports (S23=S32=0) Wilkinson power divider .

7-5

(derivation of 1) For a matched, reciprocal three-port network

0 S12 S 12 0 S13 S23 S12 + S13 = 1 S * S = 0 S13 S12 = 1 13 23 lossless 2 2 * S23 S S S 1 , S13 = 0 if S13 = 0, S23 = 0 lossy + = 12 23 12 * 2 2 S13 = 1 0 0 S + S = 1 S12S23 = 0
2 2 13 23

(derivation of 2) For a matched, lossless, nonreciprocal three-port network

0 S12 S 21 0 S31 S32 0 1 0 S13 lossless if S =1 S31 =0,S32 =1,S23 =0,S13 =1,S12 =0 2 2 * S23 S12 + S32 = 1 , S12 S13 = 0 21 if S21 =0 S31 =1,S32 =0,S23 =1,S13 =0,S12 =1 * 2 2 S = 0 S 0 S13 + S23 = 1 21 23 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 2

S21 + S31 = 1 S * S = 0 31 32

3 7-6

0 0 1

1 0 0

0 1 1 0

 four-port network (directional coupler) input port P1 isolated port P4

4 3 1 2

P2 through port P3 coupled port

coupling C (dB) 10 log

1 2

P 1 = 20 log S31 P3 S P3 P P = 10log 3 1 = 20log 31 S41 P4 P 1 P 4

directivity D(dB) 10 log

4 3

isolation I (dB) 10 log

P 1 = C + D = 20 log S41 P4
C(dB)/ 20

voltage coupling factor C = 10 directivity D = 10

7-7
D ( dB ) / 20

V3 = + <1 V1

V3 = >1 V4

Discussion 1. Matched, reciprocal and lossless four-port network symmetrical (90) directional coupler or antisymmetrical (180) directional coupler
0 j 0

0 0 j

j 0 0

0 j 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

2. C=3dB 90 hybrid (quadrature hybrid, symmetrical coupler), 180 hybrid (magic-T hybrid, rate-race hybrid)
0 1 1 2 j 0 1 0 0 j j 0 0 1 0 j 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 7-8 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

(derivation of 1) For a matched, reciprocal and lossless four-port network

* * S23 + S14 S24 = 0...(1) (1) S* (2) S* 0 S12 S13 S14 row 1* , 2: S13 24 13 2 2 S * * * * 0 S S S ( S S )=0 row 3, 4 : S S S S 0...(2) + = 12 23 24 14 13 24 14 13 24 23 * * S13 S23 0 S34 row 1* , 3: S12 S23 + S14 S34 = 0...(3) (3) S12 (4) S34 2 2 S ( S S )=0 23 12 34 * * * S S S 0 24 34 14 row 2, 4 : S14 S12 + S34 S23 = 0...(4)

0 S12 S 0 case 1: S14 = S23 = 0 12 S13 0 0 S24

S13 0 0 S34

S12 = S34 = 0 2 2 S12 + S24 = 1 S13 = S24 choose S13 = e j S24 2 2 = S34 S S S24 = e j S13 + S34 = 1 12 34 2 2 0 2 + 2 =1 S24 + S34 = 1

S12 + S13 = 1
2 2

* * S13 + S24 S34 = 0 e j + e j = 0 + = row 2* ,3 S12

(a) 90o directional coupler with = = 0 j 0

(b) 180o directional coupler with = 0, = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 j

j 0 0

0 j 0

7-9

* * S23 + S14 S24 = 0...(1) (1) S* (2) S* 0 S12 S13 S14 row 1* , 2: S13 24 13 2 2 S * * * * 0 S S S ( S S + = row 3, 4 : S S S S 0...(2) 12 23 24 14 13 24 ) = 0 14 13 24 23 * * S13 S23 0 S34 row 1* , 3: S12 S23 + S14 S34 = 0...(3) (3) S12 (4) S34 2 2 S ( S S )=0 23 12 34 * * * S14 S24 S34 0 row 2, 4 : S14 S12 + S34 S23 = 0...(4)

* S13 = S24 choose S13 = S24 = j (1) : j (S23 + S14 )=0 case 2 : if * S12 = S34 S12 = S34 = (3) : (S23 + S14 )=0

(a) S14 = S23 = 0 directional coupler as case 1 0 0 (b) = = 0 0 S14 0 0 S23 0 0 S14 S23 0 , two decoupled two-port networks 0 0 0 0
1 2

input port P1, 1 isolated port P4, 0

P2 through port, 2 P3 coupled port, 2

4 7-10

3. directivity measurement If C=20dB, D=35dB, RL=30dB(require <35dB)

1 2

For <

-30dB
3 4

1 D with the use of a sliding load e j P4 max = P 1( C + C )2 D C P4 min = P ( C )2 1 D P3 D P3 = C 2 P M , = = 1 P4 max 1 + D P4 max 1 + D = P4 min 1 D 2m m +1

-20dB > -55dB -85dB -50dB 13 (C ,-20dB)4 (C/D,-55dB) V 3 C + + V 3 = C V 1 , D = V 4 = V1 V4 D 124 (C,-50dB)3 (C/D-85dB) C + V 4 C V1+ ( = C 1 C 2 V1+ ), V3 V1 D

m=

V4-

CV1+
7-11

D=M

V-4min

C/DV1+ V-4max

7.2 The T-junction power divider lossless divider

1 2

Z2 Zo -jB Z3 Yin
3

1 1 1 Yin = jB + + = Z 2 Z3 Zo

B = 0 "not practical"

A lossless divider has mismatched ports.

7-12

Discussion 1. Ex. 7.1 Zo=50, P2:P3=1:2, calculate 2 and 3.

1 2 1 1 1 : : 1: : = : : P P P = 1 2 3 3 3 Zo Z 2 Z3 Z 2 = 3Z o = 150, Z 3 = Z in = Z 2 // Z 3 = 50 2 = 50 //150 Z 3 50 // 75 Z 2 = 0.666, 3 = = 0.333 50 // 75 + Z 2 50 //150 + Z 3 3 Z o = 75 2

2. Its a lossless and mismatched three-port divider, but not good in isolation.

7-13

 resistive (lossy) divider R R

+ + +

V2
_

Zo

Zo

V1
_

V
_

R
+

Zin

V3 Zo
_

matched ports ( R + Z o ) //( R + Z o ) + R = Z o

R=

Discussion 1.

2 Zo R + Zo 2 2 3 = = = = , Z Z V V V1 1 o 0 1 1 in 2 2 3 3 R + Zo 1 3 [ S ] = 1 0 1 2 Zo 3 1 1 1 0 = V = V1 V2 ,V3 = V Zo 2 + Zo 4 3
7-14

Zo 3

Pin 1 V12 1 V12 Pin P = P = P = = P = , , for each R 2. in 2 3 loss 2 Zo 8 Zo 4 4 lossy divider

3. Its a lossy and matched three-port divider, but not good in isolation.

7-15

7.3 The Wilkinson power divider basic concept

2Z o , / 4
2

Zo

Zo 1 2Zo
2Z o , / 4
3

0 j j 1 j 0 0 2 j 0 0

Zo

Input port 1 matched, port 2 and port 3 have equal potential 2Z o , / 4 Input port 2, port 2 and port 3 have perfect isolation => a lossy, matched and good isolation (equal phase) three-port divider
7-16

 even-odd mode analysis A linear, symmetric network

2Z o , / 4

2Zo even mode O.C. odd mode S.C.

Zo R/2

4V +|

2V 2V

2Zo
2Z o , / 4

R/2 Zo 2V -2V even- oddmode excitation

7-17

even-mode 2Zo 1 0
2 2 +1 V1e = jV = j 2V 1 2+ 2 (derivation of V1e ) V ( z ) = V + e j z + V e j z = V2 e = V e
+ j 2 4

2Z o , / 4 2

2V Zo +|

Zine =Zo /4

ports 2, 3 matched, V2 e = V ,symmetry of ports 2 and 3 V3e = V

+V e

2 4

=V e

+V e

= jV + (1 ) V 2 2 V = j 4 V = j 2V 2 2 2 2

2 1+ 2+ V =j V1e = V + + V = V + (1 + ) = j 1 2 1 2+ 1+
7-18

odd-mode
1

2Z o , / 4 2

2V Zo +|

R/2 Zino =Zo

R = Z o R = 2 Z o ports 2 and 3 matched, V2 o = V , V3o = V ,symmetry of ports 2 and 3 2 V2 e = V V1e = j 2V V V V V = + = 2 , V1 = V1e + V1o = j 2V 2 2e 2o V2 o = V V1o = 0 V3e = V V3 = V3e + V3o = 0 V3o = V V1 V1 S12 = + = V2 V2 V3 V3 S32 = + = V2 V2 =
S11 = S 22 = 0

j 2V 1 =j = S 21 = S31 = S13 2V 2 0 = 0 = S 23 2V
7-19

=
S11 = S33 = 0

Discussion 1. 3dB Wilkinson power divider has equal amplitude and phase outputs at port 2 and port 3. 2. Ex. 7.2 3dB Wilkinson power divider Zo=70.7, R=100. frequency response (p.322, Fig. 7.12) 3. 3dB Wilkinson power combiner
a2 a3 1 ( ) + j a a 2 3 b1 0 j j 0 2 b = 1 j 0 0 a = 0 2 2 2 0 b3 j 0 0 a3

1 1 1 2 2 2 if a2 = a3 P ( a2 + a3 ) = ( a2 + a3 ) = P2 + P3 1 = 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 if a2 a3 , P ( ) ( a2 + a3 ) = + a a 1 2 3 2 2 2 a2 + a3 a2 a3 2 1 a2 + a3 2 2 even 2 , odd a3 a2 a2 + a3 2 2 2 2 7-20

4. unequal power division (Wilkinson power divider) Zin2 Zo

1

Zo2 ,

R2 Zo4

Zo
(1) port1 match Zo = Zin2 // Zin3
2 P3 V32 2 V2 2 =K =K (2) P2 Zin3 Zin2

R
4
3

Zin3

Z o3 ,

(3) V2 = V3 Zin2 = K 2 Zin3

R3

Zo5
2

Zo
1+ K 2 Zo = 2 K

(1), (3) Z in 2 = (1 + K ) Z o , Z in 3 R2 = K 2 R3 , R2 = KZ o R3 =
2

Zo Z , Z o 4 = K Z o , Z o5 = o K K 1+ K 2 Zo = Z in 3 R3 = 3 K

Z o 2 = Z in 2 R2 = K (1 + K ) Z o , Z o 3
7-21

I2 Zo V1 I1=0
I1 V1 Zo ,
I1 =

Zo2

Va IR R

Zo4

Zo

2V +|

Zo

I2 V2

Zo3 I1 GND Zo5

jZ o sin cos = 0 V 2 I = j 2 Z o jZ o V1 = jZ o I 2 V 2 j I = I V2 0 1 2 Zo

cos V 1 I = j sin 1 Z o

V V V1 , I2 = a , 1 = Zo jZ o 3 jZ o 2 I 2 Va jZ I Z I Z Z V + 1 = o 2 2 + o 2 = jI 2 ( o 2 o ) R jZ o 3 R jZ o 3 R Z o3

I R + I1 = 0 =

Z o 2 Z o3 1 + K 2 R= = Z o , K = 1 for a 3dB Wilkinson divider Zo K

7-22

5. N-way Wilkinson power divider (not in planar shape)

N Z o , / 4

R=Zo R

Zo

Zo

Zo

NZo

7-23

7.5 The quadrature (90) hybrid branch-line coupler Port 2 and port 3 have equal amplitude and 90 phase difference
1

Z o / 2 , / 4 2
Z o , / 4

Z o , / 4

Z o / 2 , / 4 even-odd mode analysis

4

0 1 j 2 1 0

j 0 0 1

1 0 0 j

0 1 j 0

1 1 , 2 2 1 1 , 2 2

b2

b1 b4
4 3 7-24

b3

even-mode
1 2 1 e 2
1

odd-mode
2

1 , 4 2

1 1 Te 2 2

1 To 2

,1 8

O.C.

O.C.

,1 8

1 o 2
S.C. S.C.

1 2 1 e 2

1 Te 2

1 2 1 o 2

1 To 2

1 1 1 1 b1 = e + o = S11 , b2 = Te + To = S 21 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 b3 = Te To = S 31 , b4 = e o = S 41 2 2 2 2

b1 b 2 b3 b4

b2 b1 b4 b3

b3 b4 b1 b2

b4 b3 b2 b1

7-25

Z o , / 4

A C A C

B cos = D jYo sin B 1 = D Y 0 1

jZ o sin 0 = cos = jYo

2

jZ o 0

even-mode:

1 0 open-circuit stub 8 jYo 1 0 1 odd-mode: short-circuit stub 1 jY 8 o

AZ o + B CZ o2 DZ o 2Z o = S11 = = = , T S 21 AZ o + B + CZ o2 + DZ o AZ o + B + CZ o2 + DZ o

7-26

A C

B 1 = j D e

0 0 1 j 2

j 1 2 j 0

0 1 1 j = 1 2 j 1

j 0 A B 1 0 1 0 = 1 1 j 2 = C D j 1 2 j 1 o j 1 0 j 2 1 1 e = 0 , o = 0 ,Te = (1 + j ), To = (1 j ) 2 2 Zb j 1 b1 = 0, b2 = , b3 = , b4 = 0 Za 2 2

Za

Zb

Discussion 1. Unequal power division branch-line coupler uses Za, Zb /4 lines (prob. 7.17). 2. Ex. 7.5, frequency response (p.336, Fig. 7.25), BW: 10% ~ 20% 3. Multisection branch-line couplers can increase the operation BW.
7-27

4. Smith chart consideration

1

Z o / 2 , / 4 2
Z= Zo 1 ,z = ,y = j j j open
Zo , / 8

Z o / 2 , / 4 2

Zo , / 8

Z = jZ o , z = j , y = j

short odd-mode
G
y = 1 j

even-mode
G
y = 1 j

(1 j ) y= 2

y=

(1 j ) 2

y=1+j

(1 + j ) y= 2
7-28

y=1+j

y=

(1 + j ) 2

7.6 Coupled line directional couplers coupled line theory C12 W S W C11 even-mode excitation +V +V C22

Ce = C11 = C22
C11 C22

Z oe =

H wall odd-mode excitation +V -V

1 veCe

Co = C11 + 2C12
2C12 C11 2C12 C22

1 Z oo = vo C o

E wall

7-29

Discussion 1. In general vevo (effe>effo), for TEM mode ve = vo = v. 2. Zoe, Zoo (W/b, S/b) (p.339, Fig. 7.29 and p.340, Fig. 7.30) for coupled striplines and microstrip lines. 3. Zoe > Zoo, W/b Zoe Zoo , S/b Zoe Zoo and Zoe, Zoo Zo. 4. Ex.7.6 derive Zoe, Zoo of coupled striplines (p.337, Fig.7.26(b))
W W 4bW W + = 2 , C = 12 (b S ) 2 (b + S ) 2 b S 2 S Ce = C11 , Co = C11 + 2C12 C11 = 1 b2 S 2 Z oe = = Zo vCe 4bW r 1 1 Z oo = = Zo vCo 2W r [2b /(b 2 S 2 ) + 1/ S ]
7-30

b W

 coupled line coupler

matched port Z o = Z oe Z oo C Z oe Z oo , = Z oe + Z oo 2
C
1

2 0 j 1 C 2 0 j 1 C C 0 0 C j

0 C 2 0 j 1 C 2 1 C 0
0

design equations : Z oe = Z o

1+ C 1 C , Z oo = Z o S,W 1 C 1+ C
7-31

Discussion 1. Design procedure: given C and Zo, calculate Zoe and Zoo, then use Fig. 7.29 or 7.30 to find W/b and S/b for stripline or microstrip. 2. even-odd mode analysis
3

even odd V -V 2V V V
|+

+ + V3, I3 Zoe, Zoo I4, V4

1 2

+ I1 V1

I2 + V2

e e even mode: I1e = I 3e , I 2 = I4 , V1e = V3e , V2e = V4e o o odd mode: I1o = I 3o , I 2 , V1o = V3o , V2o = V4o = I4

7-32

e o e o I1 = I1e + I1o , I 2 = I 2 , I 3 = I1e I1o , I 4 = I 2 + I2 I2 o V1 = V1e + V1o ,V2 = V2e + I 2 ,V3 = V1e V1o ,V4 = V2e V2o

e ,o in

= Zoe,o

Z o + jZ oe,o tan Z oe,o + jZ o tan

e ,o 1

e ,o Zin V , I1e,o = e,o = V e ,o Zin + Zo Zin + Z o

e o Zin Z o2 ) 2( Zin V1 V1e + V1o ...(1) Zin = = e o = Zo + e o Zin + Zin + 2Z o I1 I1 + I1 e o = Z o if Z o2 (= Zin Zin ) = Zoe Z oo ...(2)

e ,o 1

=V

Z o + jZ oe,o tan 2Z o + j ( Z oe + Z oo ) tan

...(3)

j ( Zoe Z oo ) tan V3 = V V = V 2Z o + j ( Z oe + Z oo ) tan

e 1 o 1

Z oe Z oo jC tan V3 = V C ...(4) 2 Zoe + Z oo 1 C + j tan

7-33

e o Zin Zin V e +V o e o Zin + Z o Zin + Z o V V +V = derivation of (1) : Zin = 1 = 1e 1 V V I1 I1 + I1o + e o Zin + Z o Zin + Zo e o o e e o o e Zin + Z o ) + Zin + Z o ) Zo ( Zin + Zin + 2Z o ) + 2Zin Zin 2Zo2 ( Zin ( Zin = = e o e o Zin + Zin + 2Z o Zin + Zin + 2Z o e o Zin Z o2 ) 2( Zin = Zo + e o Zin + Zin + 2Z o e o derivation of (2) : Zin Zin = Zoe
2 Zoe Zoo = Zo

Zo + jZ oe tan Z + jZ oo tan Z oo o Zoe + jZo tan Zoo + jZ o tan

Z oe Zoo

Z oe Z oo + jZ oe tan 1/ Z oe Z oe Zoo + jZoo tan 1/ Zoo Z oe + j Z oe Z oo tan 1/ Z oe Z oo + j Z oe Z oo tan 1/ Zoo = Zoe Z oo = Z o2 Zin = Z o : i/p match

= Z oe Z oo

Z oo + j Zoe tan Z oe + j Zoo tan Z oe + j Z oo tan Z oo + j Z oe tan

7-34

Z o + jZ oe tan e Zin Zoe + jZo tan e derivation of (3):V1 = V e =V Z + jZ oe tan Zin + Zo + Zo Z oe o Z oe + jZ o tan Z oe
2 tan 1/ Z oe Z oe Z o + jZ oe Z o + jZ oe tan =V = V 2 2Z oe Z o + jZ oe tan + jZo2 tan 1/ Z oe 2Z o + jZoe tan + jZ oo tan

V3 = V1e V1o = V

j ( Z oe Z oo ) tan 2Z o + j ( Z oe + Z oo ) tan Zoe Z oo Z oe + Z oo Z oe Z oo tan Z oe + Z oo jC tan V3 = V =V 2Z o 2Z o + j tan + j tan Z oe + Z oo Z oe + Z oo j

derivation of (4):C

( Z oe + Z oo )2 ( Z oe Z oo )2 2 Zoe Z oo 2Z o Z oe Zoo 2 1 C = 1 ( ) = = = Zoe + Zoo Z oe + Z oo Z oe + Z oo Z oe + Z oo

2

V3 = V

jC tan 1 C 2 + j tan
7-35

V1e , o cos e ,o = I1 jYoe , o sin V2e , o

e 2

jZ oe , o sin V2e , o e ,o cos I2 Zo .......(5) =V 2 Z o cos + j ( Z oe + Z oo ) sin

o 2

2Zo V2 = V + V = V =V 2 Z o cos + j ( Z oe + Z oo ) sin V4 = V2e V2e = 0

1 C2 1 C 2 cos + j sin

3. frequency response at port 2 and port 3 1 1-C2 C2

0 7-36

|S21|2 |S31|2
2

derivation of (5) jZ oe , o sin V1e , o jZ oe , o sin V2e , o cos V1e , o cos V2e , o e ,o = e ,o e ,o = e ,o cos cos I2 I1 I1 jYoe , o sin I 2 jYoe , o sin Z o + jZ oe , o tan Z o cos + jZ oe , o sin =V V1e , o = V 2 Z o cos + j ( Z oe + Z oo ) sin 2 Z o + j ( Z oe + Z oo ) tan V Z o + jZ oe tan e I1e = e , Z in = Z oe Z in + Z o Z oe + jZ o tan V V Z oe + jZ o tan I1e = e = =V Z in + Z o Z oe Z o + jZ oe tan + Z o Z oe ( Z o + jZ oe tan ) + Z o ( Z oe + jZ o tan ) Z oe + jZ o tan =V 1 + j Z oo / Z oe tan cos + j Z oo / Z oe sin Z oe + jZ o tan 1 / Z oe =V =V 2 2 2 Z o + j ( Z oe + Z oo ) tan 2 Z o cos + j ( Z oe + Z oo ) sin 2 Z oe Z o + j ( Z oe + Z o ) tan 1 / Z oe cos + j Z oo , e / Z oe , o sin 2 Z o cos + j ( Z oe + Z oo ) sin

I1e , o = V

V2e , o = cos V1e , o jZ oe , o sin I1e , o =V =V jZ oe , o sin (cos + j Z oo , e / Z oe , o sin ) ( Z o cos + jZ oe , o sin ) cos V 2 Z o cos + j ( Z oe + Z oo ) sin 2 Z o cos + j ( Z oe + Z oo ) sin

Z o cos 2 + jZ oe , o sin jZ oe , o sin + Z oe Z oo sin 2 2 Z o cos + j ( Z oe + Z oo ) sin Zo =V 2 Z o cos + j ( Z oe + Z oo ) sin

7-37

4. selection of line length

2 V1 = 1

l=

= l =
V1 = 1 V2 = 1 V3 = 0 V4 = 0

V2 = j 1 C 2 , P2 = (1 C 2 ) P1 V3 = C , P2 = C 2 P1 V4 = 0

, V2 and V3 have 90 o phase difference quadrature coupler

5. In general vevo eo, coupled line coupler is suited for a weakly coupled coupler. 6. C=3dB Zoe=120.7, Zoo=20.7 S becomes not practical and coupled line theory is not applicable Lange coupler
7-38

7. Ex.7.7 design a 20dB coupled stripline coupler, b=0.32cm, r=2.2, Zo=50, f=3GHz.
C = 10 20 / 20 = 0.1 Z oe = 55.28, Z oo = 45.23 from p.339, Fig. 7.29, W / b = 0.809, S / b = 0.306 S = 0.098cm frequency response (p.346, Fig. 7.34)

multisection coupled line coupler

3

C1 C2 C3 CN

7-39

C << 1, N : odd single section V3 jC tan jC tan = = jC sin e j V1 1 C 2 + j tan 1 + j tan

1 C2 1 V2 = = e j V1 1 C 2 cos + j sin cos + j sin

multisection

V3 = jC1 sin e j + jC2 sin e j e j 2 + .... jC N sin e j e j 2( N 1) V1

if C1 = C N , C2 = C N 1 ,.... V3 N +1 1 = j 2sin e jN [C1 cos( N 1) + C2 cos( N 3) + .... + CM ], M = V1 2 2 C= V3 V ( = ), 3 () Cn S n , Wn V1 2 V1

7-40

Discussion 1. Ex. 7.8 design a 20dB coupler with binomial response, N=3, Zo=50, fo=3GHz.

C=

V3 1 = 2sin [C1 cos 2 + C2 ] = C1 sin 3 + (C2 C1 ) sin V1 2

dC d 2C 20 / 20 = 0, = = = = = 0.1 C C C 10 0, ( ) C -2C 10 1 2 2 1 2 d = d = 2
2 2

1 3 1 3 = Z oe = 50.63, Z oo = Z oo = 49.38 C1 = C3 = 0.0125 Z oe 2 2 = 56.69, Z oo = 44.1 C2 = 0.125 Z oe

frequency response (p.348, Fig. 7.37)

7-41

7.7 The Lange coupler (interdigitated coupler)

3

/4

1 2 3

4 3 4

4 1 1 2

Unfolded Lange coupler

7-42

four-wire coupled line model

3 4

even + odd + Cm Cex

+ Cm

+ + Cm

+ -

Cin

Cin
Cex

Cex

Ze4, Zo4

approximate two-wire coupled line model C ex C in + C m in series with C ex

3 4
ex m nearest C in C ex C ex + C m neighbor coupling C e 4 = C ex + C in

C C

Ze4, Zo4
1

Cm Cex Cex

C o 4 = C ex + C in + 3 2 C m C e = C ex C o = C ex + 2 C m
7-43

4-line model : C e 4 = C ex + C in , C o 4 = C ex + C in + 6 C m 2-line model : C e = C ex , C o = C ex + 2 C m Ce4 = Zo = C e (3C e + C o ) C (3C o + C e ) , Co4 = o ...(1) Ce + Co Ce + Co

Z + Z oe Z + Z oe 1 Z e 4 = oo Z oe , Z o 4 = oo Z oo ...(2) vC 3 Z oo + Z oe 3 Z oe + Z oo Z e4 Z o4 Z e4 + Z o4 Z oe 4 C 3 + 9 8C 2 = Zo 2 C (1 C ) /(1 + C ) 4 C 3 9 8C Zo 2 C (1 + C ) /(1 C )

2

Zo =

Z e4Z o4 , C

W ,S

Z oo =

Discussion 1. Lange coupler is suitable for wideband 3dB 90 hybrid, and MMIC design uses air bridges instead of bond wires.
7-44

C in C ex

derivation of (1) : 4-line : C e 4 = C ex + C in 2-line : C e = C ex , C o = C ex + 2 C m C m = Ce

C ex C m C ex + C m

2 C ex

C ex C m C ex + C m

Co Ce 2

Ce4

Co 4

Co Ce C e C o C e2 2 C e2 + 2 C e C o C e C o + C e2 C e (3C e + C o ) 2 = 2C e = 2C e = = Co Ce + + C C C C Ce + Co e o e o Ce + 2 C e (3C e + C o ) 3C e2 + C e C o + 3C o2 3C e2 C o (3C o + C e ) = C ex + C in + 6 C m = + 3( C o C e ) = = Ce + Co Ce + Co Ce + Co 1 vC Z + Z oe 1 1 C e + C o 1 / vC e C o 1 1 / vC o + 1 / vC e = = = = Z oe oo C (3C e + C o ) vC e 3C e + C o 1 / vC e C o vC e 3 / vC o + 1 / vC e 3 Z oo + Z oe v e Ce + Co

derivation of (2) : Z o = Z e4 = 1 vC e 4

Zo4 =

Z + Z oe 1 1 1 C e + C o 1 / vC e C o 1 1 / vC o + 1 / vC e = = = = Z oo oo vC o 4 v C o (3C o + C e ) vC o 3C o + C e 1 / vC e C o vC o 3 / vC e + 1 / vC o 3 Z oe + Z oo Ce + Co

7-45

7.8 The 180 hybrid rat-race coupler

(1) input port 1 port 1 match 2Z o Z o = 2Zo 3 1 port 4 " GND" = 4 4 2 or isolated port (2) input ports 2 and 3

()

/4
2Z o

/4
3

3 / 4

port 1 : port, port 4 : port

/4
Zo
4

()

0 1 j 1 0 2 1 0 0 1
7-46

0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

Discussion 1. even-odd mode analysis

2

1/2 e
1

1/2 1/2 1

, 2

Te
3 , 2 8

, 2
O.C. O.C.

1/2 -1/2

1 1 e + o , 2 2 1 1 b2 = Te + To 2 2 1 1 b3 = e o , 2 2 1 1 b4 = Te To 2 2 b1 =

1/2 o
1

, 2

To
3 , 2 8

, 2
S.C. S.C.

7-47

Z o , / 4

A C

B = D

0 jY o

jZ o 0 0 even - mode open - circuit /8 stub 1 0 even - mode open - circuit 3/8 stub 1 0 odd - mode short - circuit /8 stub 1 0 odd - mode short - circuit 3/8 stub 1

A C

1 jYo 1 B jYo = D 1 jYo 1 jY o

7-48

A C A C

1 B = j D e 2

0 0 j 1 2

j 2 1 j 0 2

0 = 1 1 j 2

j 2 1 j 2 1

0 0 0 1 j 2 1 1 B = = j j j 1 1 D o 0 j 2 2 2 2 j j j j e = , o = ,Te = , To = 2 2 2 2 j j b1 = 0, b2 = , b3 = , b4 = 0 2 2

2. input port 2 ports 1, 4 180 phase difference, port 3 isolated port input port 4 ports 2, 3 180 phase difference, port 1 isolated port

7-49

3. Ex. 7.9 3dB rat-race hybrid Zo=70.7, BW 20~30% (p.357, Fig.7.46) 4.

b1 0 b2 j 1 = 2 1 b3 0 b4 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 a 2 + a3 1 a2 j 0 = 2 0 1 a3 0 0 a 2 + a3

5. Unequal power division rat-race coupler uses Za, Zb lines

Za Zb Za
7-50

Zb

 tapered coupled line hybrid

2

1/2 -1/2
even odd
4

Z oe ( z ) Z oo ( z ) = Z o2

Zo

Z oe ( z ), Z oo ( z )
tapered coupled line 3 uniform uncoupled line

1/2 1/2 input at port 4

Zo / k Zo kZo

Zo

1 1 Te To 2 2 1 1 b2 = e o 2 2 1 1 b3 = Te + To 2 2 1 1 b4 = e + o 2 2 b1 =

Z oe ( z )

0 k 1 coupling factor

Z oo ( z )
L
7-51

2L

b1 b 2 b3 b4 z

b2 b1 b4 b3

b3 b4 b1 b2

b4 b3 b2 b1

Even mode 4

k :1 Z o , L Z o , L Zo / k
3

Odd mode 4

1: k Z o , L
k j sin cos 0

Z o , L kZ o

A C

B cos = D e j sin

1 2 2 k cos sin k = 1 j k ( ) sin cos + k

0 j sin cos 1 j sin cos k 1 j( k + ) sin cos e = k 1 Te = cos 2 k sin 2 + k

7-52

(p.185, Table 4.1) A+ BC D A+ B+C + D 2 A+ B+C + D

 0 A B cos cos j sin = j sin cos C D o j sin k 1 1 A+ BC D 2 2 k j k + cos sin ( ) sin cos = k o k A+ B+C + D = 1 1 2 2 2 j k + + k T = ( ) sin cos sin cos o A+ B +C + D k k k 1 j 2 2 k j 2 2 k j 2 1 k j 2 e , o = e ,Te = e , To = e k +1 k +1 k +1 k +1 1 1 b1 = Te To k 1 j 2 2 2 b1 = 0 = S14 , b2 = e j 2 = S 24 , e 1 1 k +1 b2 = e o 2 2 2 k j 2 e j 2 = S 34 , b4 = 0 = S 44 b3 = e 1 1 k +1 b3 = Te + To 2 2 2 2 + =1 1 1 b4 = e + o 2 2 e =
7-53

1 j sin k cos 0

input at port 2 = input at port 4 S12 = S34 , S22 = S44 , S32 = S14 , S42 = S24 reciprocal S23 = S32 , S41 = S14 1 k j 2 k 1 j 2 e ,o = e k +1 k +1 1 1 1 k j 2 b1 = (e + o ) = 0 = S11 , b3 = ( e o ) = e e j 2 = S31 2 2 k +1 input at port 3 = input at port 1 S13 = S31 input at port 1 e = 0 0 0 0 [ S ] = e j 2 0 0 0 0

7-54

 waveguide magic-T
4

1 4 4

input at port 1 port 4: 0 port 2 and port 3: equal amplitude and phase
7-55

input at port 4 port 1: 0 port 2 and port 3: 180 phase difference

7.9 Other couplers reflectometer Vi

3

Vi
3 C/D C/D C 1

Vr
4 C 2

Vr
4

C<<1 load

Vi = C +

C C e j ,V r = + C e j D D 1 Vr D , as D Vr = V i m a x ,m in Vi 1 D
7-56

Prob. 7.3 Two 90 8.34dB couplers are connected in cascade, find S 2 '1 , S 3 '1
1

j
4

C = 8.34 dB = 20 log = 0.383, 2 + 2 = 1 = 0.924

+ + + + V 3 ' = V 4 ' + j V1 ' = V 3 + j V 2 = ( j V1 ) + j ( V1 )

= 2j V1 + = 0.70 7 90 o V1 +
+ + + V 2' = V1 + ' + j V 4 ' = V 2 + j V 3 = ( V1 ) + j ( j V1 )

= ( 2 2 )V1 + = 0.707V1 + V
4'

=0

3 dB quadra ture coupler 1 connection problem in m icrostrip circuits

7-57

Prob. 7.17 Design an unequal power branch-line coupler Zb Za Zb

A C A C

Za

a a a S.C. O.C. Z Z (even mode) a = a , b = b (odd mode)

Zo Zo

B 0 0 jb 1 0 jb b / a 1 = = 2 D b / a e j / a 1 j / b 0 j / a 1 j / b jb / a B 0 0 jb 1 0 b/a jb 1 = = 2 D o j / a 1 j / b 0 j / a 1 j / b jb / a b / a

1 1 j (b 1 / b + b / a 2 ) j (b 1 / b + b / a 2 ) , Te = , To = , = o 2 2 b / a + jb 2 b / a + j (b + 1 / b b / a ) b / a + jb 2b / a + j (b + 1 / b b / a ) 1 1 1 input match b1 = ( e + o ) = 0 1 2 + 2 = 0...(1) b a 2 j 1 / a 1 1 2 2 b2 = (Te + To ) = , b3 = (Te To ) = , P2 = P3 b2 = b3 1 = 2 a = 2 2 2 b (1 + 1 / a ) 2 b (1 + 1 / a ) a e = (1) b = a 1+ a2 = Za = 1+ Zo , Zb = Zo 1+

Suggested homework (due 2 weeks): 4, 6, 8, 28, 29, 33 ADS examples: Ch7_prj 7-58